Self-sacrifice[1] is the giving up of something that a person wants for themselves so that others can be helped or protected or so that other external values can be advanced or protected.[2][3] Generally, the act of self-sacrifice conforms to the rule that it does not serve the person’s best self-interest and will leave the person in a worse situation than the person otherwise would have been.

The other two common types of sacrifice might be easily confused with self-sacrifice. The first one is that someone gives up some interests accidentally and/or unintentionally. Everyone frequently engages in this behavior in everyday life even when attempting to serve self-interests, as people are not aware of it. The other one is that someone willfully forgoes a minor benefit in favor of a greater benefit even while such action could feel like a sacrifice if they result in deferred gratification, there is never a true cost to be paid. These two kinds of sacrifice do not obey the principle and not belongs to self-sacrifice.[4]

Although there were many heroic events of self-sacrifice worth eulogizing, suicide terrorism, a violent type of self-sacrifice, has been more prevalent in recent decades and drawing wide attention. An estimated 3,500 such assaults have been reported in the previous 30 years.[5]

Measurement

Bélanger et al. created the Self-Sacrifice Scale in 2014, which is a 10-item, Likert-scaled assessment and consists of a single factor plus two method factors to statistically evaluate people's tendency for self-sacrifice developed through the integration of 8 research. The Self-Sacrifice Scale has great levels of dependability, according to the results (alpha =.90). It shows strong convergent validity that it is connected to favorable appraisal and dedication to a specific cause, discriminant validity that it is not connected to psychological dysfunctions like depression and suicidal thoughts, test-retest reliability, and the capacity to foresee important future events that is the devotion to a goal and sadness if the cause fails. It also implies that the ability to sacrifice oneself is better understood as a goal-oriented behavior than as a disorder. Finally, this measure demonstrated acceptable predictive validity for emotional, cognitive, and behavioral variables.[6]

Motivation

Identity fusion

Identity fusion refers to a feeling of unity among a group. People who have a stronger sense of belonging to a group are also more prepared to make sacrifices for the good of fellow ingroup members.[7] According to studies, assessments of fusion are incredibly good indicators of excessive pro-group behavior.[8] Extreme actions do not develop as a result of a persistently frail or shaky sense of self. On the contrary, people's individual and social identities are functionally identical and both prominent when they merge with a group. Igniting the individual or social identities of fusion people and integrating their agency into collective activity to make those two types of identity work together harmoniously can encourage high degrees of extreme acts involving self-sacrifice for the group.[9] On the other hand, merging identities encourages feelings of kinship with the ingroup. To put it another way, fellow members of the group start to feel like family and are consequently deemed to be worth dying for.[10]

Sacred causes

Several sorts of organizations, ideologies, and principles stand out to people as deserving of sacrifice. According to cross-cultural research, the greatest expressions of primary group identification are constrained by sacred principles, frequently manifested as religious convictions or transcendental philosophies, which causes certain groups to succeed because at least some members hence take nonrational commitment and engage in combat for a large cause even sacrifice themselves. When a group of comrades develop sacred ideals, they may first be inspired by one or more of them before coming together to form an idealized family-like group that is defined and motivated by these values, which can be associated with identity fusion. This is proved by the facts during War II that due to loyalty to ingroup members and cause rather than normal reward mechanisms, such as money and promotion, revolutionary and insurgent forces (such as the ISIS) have defeated armies even with greater weapons and personnel.[11]

Quest for Significance

People are motivated to self-sacrifice to feel self-worth, especially after suffering a loss of significance, according to the quest for personal significance theory. People report being more willing to sacrifice themselves when their sense of significance is low, which inspires self-sacrifice more than normal destructive feelings. Various events that lead to a devaluation of oneself might spark the desire to restore significance via self-sacrifice. Acting in a pro-social manner that requires self-sacrifice may be a useful strategy as self-sacrifice boosts perceptions of significance along with self-worth and approval more compared to joyful experiences.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Self-Sacrifice". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  2. ↑ Krupp, D. B.; MacIejewski, Wes (7 January 2022). "The evolution of extraordinary self-sacrifice". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 90. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12...90K. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04192-w. PMC 8741978. PMID 34997081.
  3. ↑ Sachdeva, S.; Iliev, R.; Ekhtiari, H.; Dehghani, M. (15 April 2015). "The Role of Self-Sacrifice in Moral Dilemmas". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0127409. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1027409S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127409. PMC 4468073. PMID 26075881.
  4. ↑ Heathwood, Chris (16 February 2011). "Preferentism and self‐sacrifice". Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. 92 (1): 18-38. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0114.2010.01384.x.
  5. ↑ McCauley, Clark (August 2014). "How many suicide terrorists are suicidal?". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 37 (4): 373–374. doi:10.1017/s0140525x13003452. PMID 25162852. S2CID 45259476.
  6. ↑ Bélanger, J. J.; Caouette, J.; Sharvit, K.; Dugas, M. (2014). "The psychology of martyrdom: Making the ultimate sacrifice in the name of a cause". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 107 (3): 494–515. doi:10.1037/a0036855. PMID 25133728.
  7. ↑ "Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory". Peace Psychology Book Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6. ISBN 978-3-319-29867-2. ISSN 2197-5779.
  8. ↑ Swann, W. B.; Jetten, J.; Gómez, A.; Whitehouse, H.; Bastian, B. (2012). "When Group Membership Gets Personal: A Theory of Identity Fusion". Psychological Review. 119 (3): 441–456. doi:10.1037/a0028589. PMID 22642548.
  9. ↑ Swann, W. B.; Gómez, A.; Seyle, D. C.; Morales, J. F.; Huici, C. (2009). "Identity fusion: The interplay of personal and social identities in ex- treme group behavior". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 96 (5): 995–1011. doi:10.1037/a0013668. PMID 19379032.
  10. ↑ Swann, W. B.; Buhrmester, M. D.; Gómez, A.; Jetten, J.; Bastian, B.; Vázquez, A.; Ariyanto, A.; Besta, T.; Christ, O.; Cui, L.; Finchilescu, G.; González, R.; Goto, N.; Hornsey, M.; Sharma, S.; Susianto, H.; Zhang, A. (2014). "What makes a group worth dying for? Identity fusion fosters perception of familial ties, promoting self-sacrifice". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 106 (6): 912–926. doi:10.1037/a0036089. PMID 24841096.
  11. ↑ Atran, S.; Sheikh, H.; Gomez, A. (2014). "Devoted actors sacrifice for close comrades and sacred cause". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (50): 17702–17703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1420474111. PMC 4273409. PMID 25472844.
  12. ↑ Dugas, M.; Bélanger, J. J.; Moyano, M.; Schumpe, B. M.; Kruglanski, A. W.; Gelfand, M. J.; Touchton-Leonard, K.; Nociti, N. (2016). "The quest for significance motivates self-sacrifice". Motivation Science. 2 (1): 15–32. doi:10.1037/mot0000030.


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