September 2019 Israeli legislative election
Israel
17 September 2019
All 120 seats in the Knesset
61 seats needed for a majority
Turnout69.83% (Increase1.37pp)
PartyLeader % Seats +/–
Blue and White Benny Gantz 25.95 33 −2
Likud Benjamin Netanyahu 25.10 32 −6
Joint List Ayman Odeh 10.60 13 +3
Shas Aryeh Deri 7.44 9 +1
Yisrael Beiteinu Avigdor Lieberman 6.99 8 +3
UTJ Yaakov Litzman 6.06 7 −1
Yamina Ayelet Shaked 5.87 7 +1
Labor–Gesher Amir Peretz 4.80 6 0
Democratic Union Nitzan Horowitz 4.34 5 +1
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Prime Minister before Prime Minister after
Benjamin Netanyahu
(caretaker government)
Likud		 Benjamin Netanyahu
(caretaker government)
Likud

Snap legislative elections were held in Israel on 17 September 2019 to elect the 120 members of the 22nd Knesset. Following the previous elections in April, incumbent Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu failed to form a governing coalition for a second consecutive time.[1] On 30 May, the Knesset voted to dissolve itself and trigger new elections, in order to prevent Blue and White party leader Benny Gantz from being appointed Prime Minister-designate.[2] This election marked the first time the Knesset voted to dissolve itself before a government had been formed.[3]

Background

Following the April 2019 elections, Likud leader and incumbent Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had until the end of 29 May to form a governing coalition, including a two-week extension granted by President Reuven Rivlin.[4] Though the deadline passed without a coalition being formed and Rivlin would have been tasked with appointing a new Prime Minister-designate, presumed to be Blue and White party head Benny Gantz,[5] Netanyahu successfully pushed to dissolve the Knesset to avoid this.[6]

Negotiations between Netanyahu and a number of potential coalition partners stalled.[7] One sticking point between Netanyahu and Yisrael Beitenu leader Avigdor Lieberman was the passage of a draft law which is opposed by the Haredi parties in the coalition.[8] The law would remove the current exemption of yeshiva students from conscription.[9] Netanyahu needed both Yisrael Beitenu and the Haredi parties in his coalition in order to have enough seats to form a majority.[10]

As an alternative, Netanyahu approached Labor about the possibility of their support, but they rejected the offer. Meanwhile, Netanyahu's legal troubles overshadowed further possible coalition negotiations, with Blue and White refusing to work with him in the circumstances. The new elections also mean Netanyahu's proposed immunity law cannot proceed for the time being.[11]

On 28 May, the Knesset passed on first reading a bill which would dissolve the Knesset and force a snap election. This move was intended to place additional pressure on coalition partners to reach an agreement in time, as well as to prevent Gantz from being given the opportunity to put together a coalition should the deadline pass.[12][5] Later that day, the committee approved the bill for second and third reading.[13]

Late in the evening on 29 May, it was announced that talks had failed. That night, and into the morning of 30 May, the Knesset passed second and third readings of the bill to dissolve itself and force a snap election with a vote of 74 in favour to 45 against.[14] The 45 votes against the resolution came from the entire membership of three parties: the Blue and White alliance (35 votes), Labor (6 votes), and Meretz (4 votes). All other Knesset members voted for the resolution, with the exception of Roy Folkman, who was absent.[6]

The election was held on 17 September 2019.[2]

Electoral system

The 120 seats in the Knesset are elected by closed list proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency. The electoral threshold for the election is 3.25%. In most cases, this implies a minimum party size of four seats, but it is mathematically possible for a party to pass the electoral threshold and have only three seats (since 3.25% of 120 members = 3.9 members).[15]

Surplus-vote agreements

Two parties can sign an agreement that allows them to compete for leftover seats as though they are running together on the same list. The Bader–Ofer method disproportionately favors larger lists, meaning that such an alliance is more likely to receive leftover seats than both of its comprising lists would be individually. If the alliance receives leftover seats, the Bader–Ofer calculation is then applied privately, to determine how the seats are divided among the two allied lists.[16] The following agreements were signed by parties prior to the election:

Parties

Parliamentary factions

The table below lists the parliamentary factions represented in the 21st Knesset.

Name Ideology Symbol Primary demographic Leader April 2019 result
Votes (%) Seats
Likud National liberalism מחל‎ – Benjamin Netanyahu 26.46%
35 / 120
Blue and White Liberalism פה‎ – Benny Gantz, Yair Lapid 26.13%
35 / 120
Shas Religious conservatism שס‎ Sephardi and
Mizrahi Haredim		 Aryeh Deri 5.99%
8 / 120
United Torah Judaism Religious conservatism ג‎ Ashkenazi Haredim Yaakov Litzman 5.78%
8 / 120
Hadash–Ta'al Communism
Arab nationalism		 ום‎ Israeli Arabs Ayman Odeh 4.49%
6 / 120
Labor Social democracy אמת‎ – Avi Gabbay 4.43%
6 / 120
Yisrael Beiteinu Nationalism
Secularism		 ל‎ Russian-speakers Avigdor Lieberman 4.01%
5 / 120
Union of Right-Wing Parties Religious conservatism טב‎ Modern Orthodox and
Chardal Jews		 Rafi Peretz 3.70%
5 / 120
Meretz Social democracy
Secularism		 מרצ‎ – Tamar Zandberg 3.63%
4 / 120
Kulanu Economic egalitarianism כ‎ – Moshe Kahlon 3.54%
4 / 120
Ra'am–Balad Islamism
Arab nationalism		 דעם‎ Israeli Arabs Mansour Abbas 3.33%
4 / 120

Contesting parties

The Likud (election symbol: מחל‎) was tied with Blue and White for the largest political party in the 21st Knesset, with 35 of the 120 seats. It is the party of Israel's current prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, who is seeking to gain more power to build a government after failing to do so following the April election. Prior to the September election, the Likud and Kulanu parties announced on 29 May their intention to run together in the new election.[21] Kulanu officially dissolved itself and its remaining members joined the Likud on 31 July,[22] bringing Likud's Knesset representation up to 38 seats.[23]

The Blue and White (election symbol: פה‎) alliance was created ahead of the April 2019 election and ended up being tied with Likud for the largest political party in the 21st Knesset, with 35 seats. Despite suggestions that the alliance should make changes due to their failure to achieve a majority in the April election, the alliance confirmed on 2 June 2019 that it will keep the same rotating premiership of Benny Gantz and Yair Lapid as in the previous election.[24] The party decided to run with the almost exact same list as they did in the April elections. Blue and White has ruled out sitting with Benjamin Netanyahu, due to the corruption investigations against him; however, it has not ruled out creating a National unity government with Likud if it replaced Netanyahu.[25]

The Joint List (election symbol: ודעם‎) alliance (which was dissolved ahead of the April 2019 elections) was reformed ahead of the September 2019 elections. It is made up of four ideologically diverse Arab Israeli parties, who together had 10 seats in the 21st Knesset. The Ra'am, Hadash, and Ta'al factions announced on 27 July that the alliance would be re-established,[26] Balad decided to join the next day.[27] The list is led by Hadash Chairman Ayman Odeh, who also led the alliance in the 2015 election. Odeh said he is open to cooperation with Blue and White, but he would not join their coalition.[28]

Shas (election symbol: שס‎) was the third largest political party in the 21st Knesset, with eight seats. Shas is led by Minister of Interior Aryeh Deri. Shas is a Mizrahi and Sephardi Haredi party, primarily concerned with rights and funding for those demographics. Shas declared early on that it was going to support Benjamin Netanyahu for prime minister, and ruled out sitting with Blue and White, due to disagreements with Blue and White leader Yair Lapid.[29]

United Torah Judaism (UTJ) (election symbol: ג‎) was the fourth largest political alliance in the 21st Knesset, with eight seats. UTJ is an alliance of two Ashkenazi Haredi parties (Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah), and is mainly concerned with preserving funding and rights for their sector of the population. UTJ is led by Deputy Minister of Health Yaakov Litzman. Much like its Mizrahi counterpart Shas, UTJ declared early on that it was going to support Benjamin Netanyahu for prime minister, and ruled out sitting with Blue and White, due to disagreements with Blue and White leader Yair Lapid.[30]

The Labor–Gesher (election symbol: אמת‎) alliance includes the Labor party, which was the sixth largest party in the 21st Knesset with six seats, and Gesher, a party led by Orly Levy-Abekasis which did not pass the electoral threshold in the April election. Due to its collapse in the April election, Labor held its leadership primary on 2 July, which was won by Amir Peretz.[31] Following his victory, Peretz rejected merging into a greater leftist bloc and declared that he wanted to bring in new crowds to the party, and it was announced on 18 July 2019 that Labor and Gesher will run on a joint list,[32] with seven seats on the list reserved for Labor and three for Gesher.[33]

Yisrael Beiteinu (election symbol: ל‎) was the seventh largest party in the 21st Knesset, with five seats. The party has been led since its founding by Avigdor Lieberman, and it is running with the same list it presented in the April election. Lieberman sparked the repeat election by refusing to join Netanyahu's coalition, citing differences with the Haredi parties over drafting Haredi into the military. Due to his opposition to Netanyahu's Haredi coalition partners, Lieberman has declared that he will support only a unity government between Likud and Blue & White.[34]

Yamina[35] (election symbol: טב‎) is an alliance of several Religious Zionist parties headed by Ayelet Shaked. It is made up of the Union of Right-Wing Parties, which was the eighth largest party in the Knesset with five seats, and the New Right, which did not pass the electoral threshold. After long-winded negotiations between the two factions, URWP leader Rafi Peretz agreed on 28 July to give Ayelet Shaked the number one spot on the United Right list.[36] The next day, an agreement between the Union of Right-Wing Parties and the New Right was announced.[37] The two parties of the URWP, Tkuma[38] and The Jewish Home,[39] both voted on and approved the run with the New Right on 31 July. Part of the deal stipulated that the list would support Benjamin Netanyahu for the position of prime minister, despite resistance to this from the New Right.[37]

The Democratic Union (election symbol: מרצ‎) alliance includes several left-wing parties, who decided to run together in the September elections. The alliance was announced on 25 July 2019 and is led by Nitzan Horowitz. It will be made up of Meretz, the ninth largest party in the 21st Knesset with four seats, the new Israel Democratic Party formed by former prime minister Ehud Barak, Israeli Labor Party defector Stav Shaffir, and the extra-parliamentary Green Movement. The alliance declared that it would not sit with Netanyahu under any circumstances.[40]

Otzma Yehudit (election symbol: כף‎) was part of the Union of Right-Wing Parties in the April elections, but left after URWP members would not resign to allow Itamar Ben-Gvir to become a Knesset member; in addition, Otzma was unwilling to leave Baruch Marzel and Ben-Zion Gopstein off the electoral slate, as demanded by Rafi Peretz.[41] Otzma is led by Ben-Gvir. The United Right (which later renamed itself Yamina) attempted to convince Otzma Yehudit to re-enter their alliance, but Otzma declined their offer, calling it "insulting".[42] Otzma Yehudit initially signed a deal with Noam, but ran independently following a split between itself and Noam.[43]

Withdrawn parties

Zehut (election symbol: ז‎) was the 13th largest party in the April election, receiving 2.74% of the vote and not passing the electoral threshold. Zehut is led by Moshe Feiglin. The party was initially interested in running in a joint list with the New Right, but was rejected when the New Right decided to run with the URWP instead. Following this, Zehut decided it would run alone.[44] On 29 August 2019, Zehut leader Moshe Feiglin announced an agreement with Prime Minister Netanyahu had been reached and that Zehut would withdraw from the election in return for Feiglin serving as a minister in the next government, and the promise that Likud will implement some of Zehut's economic and cannabis reforms.[45] Tamar Zandberg of the Democratic Union said her party plans to appeal the deal to the Central Elections Committee, on the grounds that the deal might constitute election bribery under Israeli law.[46] The deal was approved in a referendum by 77% of Zehut party members on 1 September.[47]

Noam (election symbol: כ‎) is a new religious Zionist party which was announced on 12 July 2019, which will be backed by Rabbi Zvi Thau of the Har Hamor yeshiva and led by Rabbi Dror Aryeh.[48][49] The party announced on 28 July that it had agreed to a joint run with Otzma Yehudit,[50] which Otzma approved the next day,[51] though they split on 1 August because Noam did not agree with Otzma including a secular Jewish candidate on the combined list.[43] Following the failed deal with Otzma, Noam decided to run alone.[52] The party launched a signature campaign on 27 August to gauge support,[53] and dropped out of the race on 15 September.[54]

Opinion polls

These graphs show the polling trends from the time Knesset dissolved until the election day. No polls may be published from the end of Friday before the election until the polling stations closing on election day at 22:00.[55]

If more than one poll was conducted on the same day, the graphs show the average of the polls for that date.

Allegations of misconduct

During election day, a number of parties complained to the Election Committee. Blue and White, Yamina, and the Israeli Labor Party complained that a number of polling stations had fake slips for their parties.[56][57] Due to multiple claims of voting slip vandalism, the Central Elections Committee instructed election officials to count the slip as long as the letters were right and, if the slip was vandalized, with the sole purpose of invalidating it.[58]

The official election committee published a notice regarding people who were impersonating committee officials in Kafr Qasim.[59][60]

Likud was criticised for giving out gifts at polling stations in Netanya and Kfar Saba.[61][62]

Facebook suspended a chatbot on Netanyahu's Facebook account for 24 hours on 12 September for "hate speech", after it said that "a dangerous left-wing government" would rely on Arabs "who want to destroy us all—women, children, and men—and enable a nuclear Iran that would wipe us out"; Netanyahu remarked that he didn't write the statement, blamed a campaign staffer for the wording, and that the problem with the bot was immediately fixed.[63]

On 25 September, the Central Election Commission revised its official vote count, giving Likud one extra seat at the cost of United Torah Judaism. The committee further announced that there was "real evidence of apparent vote tampering" in at least six polling stations.[64]

Results

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Blue and White1,151,21425.9533–2
Likud1,113,61725.1032–6
Joint List470,21110.6013+3
Shas330,1997.449+1
Yisrael Beiteinu310,1546.998+3
United Torah Judaism268,7756.067–1
Yamina260,6555.877+1
Labor–Gesher212,7824.8060
Democratic Union192,4954.345+1
Otzma Yehudit83,6091.8800
Tzomet14,8050.3300
Popular Unity5,9460.130New
Red and White4,3580.100New
Justice3,0530.070New
Secular Right2,3950.050New
Respect and Equality1,5450.030New
Our Rights In Our Vote1,4730.0300
Pirate Party1,2360.0300
Economic Power1,1930.030New
Liberal Democratic Progressive Party1,0330.020New
Kama9940.020New
New Order9280.0200
Democracy Party7360.020New
North7250.020New
Liberal Christian Movement6100.0100
Da'am Workers Party5920.0100
Human Dignity5420.0100
Bible Bloc4970.0100
Social Leadership4340.010New
Total4,436,806100.001200
Valid votes4,436,80699.36
Invalid/blank votes28,3620.64
Total votes4,465,168100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,394,03069.83
Source: CEC, The Times of Israel

Members of the Knesset who lost their seats

Party Name Year elected Notes
The Jewish Home Eli Ben-Dahan 2013
Meretz Issawi Frej 2013
Blue and White Yorai Lahav-Hertzanu 2019
Idan Roll 2019
Kulanu Roy Folkman 2015 [65]
Likud Uzi Dayan 2019 [65]
May Golan 2019 [65]
Osnat Mark 2018 [65]
Fateen Mulla 2019 [65]
Ariel Kellner 2019 [65]
United Torah Judaism Yitzhak Pindros 2019 [66]

Aftermath

The do-over election did not provide a clear view of the next government, as none could be formed without at least one party or leader reneging on their campaign promises on who should be prime minister, or on the religious-secular issue. Some mentioned the possibility of a third election.[67] The day before the election, Benny Gantz called President Reuven Rivlin to try to avoid a third election at all costs, after Benjamin Netanyahu had refused to rule them out.[68]

On election night, Avigdor Lieberman of Yisrael Beiteinu called for a "broad liberal government" that includes both Blue and White and Likud, and reiterated that he did not want to form any majority with the Arab parties. Benny Gantz claimed Prime ministership and Blue and White repeated that they would not form a government with Netanyahu, although they were open to one with Likud. Benyamin Netanyahu called for a "strong Zionist government".[69] On the left, Labor–Gesher stated it wanted to bring Arab parties "to the table", some of which are open to recommending Gantz.[69]

On 18 September, Netanyahu met with the emissaries of Yamina, Shas, and UTJ, to build a right-wing bloc to negotiate together.[70]

On 19 September, Rivlin, Netanyahu and Gantz met during a memorial ceremony for Shimon Peres. Netanyahu urged Gantz to speak with him about forming a unity government, for the sake of avoiding a third round of elections.[69] Speaking for Blue and White, Gantz and Lapid both rejected Netanyahu's offer, saying Blue and White had won, and that Gantz had the right to lead a unity government committed to liberal policies on social issues, and thus refusing to discuss forming such a government with Netanyahu as long as right-wing religious parties were included. Lapid remarked that "if Netanyahu steps aside, we'll have a unity government".[71] Lieberman likewise accused Netanyahu of "deception" by offering a unity government, but conditioning it on the inclusion of religious parties.[72]

The same day, Gantz met with Horowitz. His aides said they expect a meeting with other party leaders, Odeh and Peretz. Labor–Gesher's six MKs could allow Netanyahu's bloc of 55 to find a majority. Likud thus reportedly offered Peretz the Finance portfolio, and a raise of the minimum wage, but the same sources say Peretz turned down the offer, which goes against a campaign vow. Netanyahu met with Degel HaTorah MKs, who, along with other Haredi parties (Shas, Agudat Yisrael), are starting to backtrack on their refusal not to govern with Lapid, in the case Lapid himself U-turns on Netanyahu. Lieberman was equivocal as to whether he would support Gantz, fearing to be sidelined from a unity government, or one that includes Haredim. According to Channel 13, Gantz reportedly promised to include Yisrael Beiteinu in any coalition.[73]

On 21 September, the 13 MKs from the Joint List met together. 10 of them—with three Balad MKs dissenting—expressed their readiness to nominate Gantz if he meets "basic demands" on the peace process, the Arab community's interests, and the Jewish nation-state law.[74] President Rivlin met with party leaders on 22 September for the first day of talks.[75] On 22 September 2019, the Joint List leader Ayman Odeh declared that the Joint List had agreed, by internal majority voting, to endorse Benny Gantz for prime minister, marking the first time an Arab-Israeli party had endorsed a Zionist for prime minister.[76] Though initial reports suggested that the Joint List's recommendation gave Gantz a 57 to 55 edge, Rivlin revealed on 23 September that three Balad MKs—elected as part of the Joint List—demanded that their names be removed from a list of nominees of Gantz. After a day of confusion, Tibi and Odeh—leaders of the two pro-Gantz parties within Joint List—wrote a letter to Rivlin clarifying that the Joint List did not, in fact, have a unity agreement that legally binds individual parties to follow the party's nomination for the prime minister.[77] As such, Balad's three MKs were legally allowed to ignore the Joint List's recommendation. As a result, Netanyahu leads Gantz in tallied recommendations by a 55 to 54 margin, with eight delegates from Yisrael Beiteinu and three delegates from Balad yet to recommend either.[77] On 25 September, Rivlin selected Netanyahu to attempt to form the thirty-fifth government of Israel, but with the stipulation that if the attempt fails, Rivlin retains the mandate to nominate another candidate.[78]

New members of Knesset were sworn in on 3 October 2019.[79] The same day, talks between Netanyahu and Lieberman ended with no breakthrough.[80] Moments after it was announced that Netanyahu was aiming to demonstrate Likud party unity with a leadership contest, the Israeli Prime Minister received a challenge from Gideon Sa'ar, who tersely tweeted, "I'm ready", should the Prime Minister agree to hold a leadership election.[81][82] On 4 October, Netanyahu decided against holding a leadership election.[83]

On 22 October, Netanyahu informed President Rivlin that he was unable to form a government.[84] On 23 October, President Rivlin gave the mandate of forming a government to Gantz.[85]

Gantz was then given 28 days to form a coalition to lead the government,[86] but was unable and returned the mandate on 21 November. Following this, a period of 21 days began in which any Knesset member can lead the government if they submit 61 signatures to the president.[87] Since no MK was able to form a government by 11 December, the Knesset again voted to dissolve itself, with new elections held on 2 March 2020.[88]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Israel goes back to elections as Netanyahu fails to form coalition The Jerusalem Post, 30 May 2019
  2. 1 2 Gil Hoffman; Lahav Harkov (30 May 2019). "Israel goes back to elections as Netanyahu fails to form coalition". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  3. ↑ Megan Specia (30 May 2019). "What You Need to Know About Israel's New Elections". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  4. ↑ Jeffrey Heller (13 May 2019). "Israel's Netanyahu gets two-week extension to form government". Reuters.
  5. 1 2 "Bill to dissolve Knesset, call elections on September 17 approved in 1st reading". The Times of Israel. 28 May 2019.
  6. 1 2 Tamar Pileggi; Raoul Wootliff (30 May 2019). "Knesset votes for new elections on September 17 after PM fails to form coalition". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  7. ↑ Jeffrey Heller (28 May 2019). "Netanyahu could face election rematch after ballot he said he won". Reuters.
  8. ↑ "Liberman: We will not give up on our principles". Arutz Sheva. 28 May 2019.
  9. ↑ "After Netanyahu Fails to Form Government, Israel to Hold New Election". Haaretz. 30 May 2019.
  10. ↑ "PM, Lieberman reportedly drafting deal to avert early election". Israel Hayom. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  11. ↑ Kershner, Isabel (29 May 2019). "After Coalition Talks Crumble, Israel on Course for Another Election". The New York Times.
  12. ↑ "Netanyahu issues cryptic hint that snap elections may be averted". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  13. ↑ "Bill to dissolve Knesset approved in second and third reading". Arutz Sheva. 28 May 2019.
  14. ↑ "Fresh election in Israel as coalition talks fail". BBC. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  15. ↑ "With Bader-Ofer method, not every ballot counts". The Jerusalem Post. 16 March 2014.
  16. ↑ The Distribution of Knesset Seats Among the Lists—the Bader-Offer Method, Knesset website
  17. ↑ "Yemina signs surplus voter agreement with the Likud". Arutz Sheva. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  18. ↑ "Labor and the Democratic camp signed a surplus vote agreement". Arutz Sheva. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  19. ↑ "Shas, UTJ sign vote-sharing agreement ahead of election". The Times of Israel. 4 September 2019.
  20. ↑ "Yisrael Beytenu signs vote-sharing agreement with Blue and White". Arutz Sheva. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  21. ↑ Marissa Newman (28 May 2019). "Likud okays merger with Kulanu, confirms Netanyahu as PM candidate". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  22. ↑ מורן אזולאי (31 July 2019). "הסוף של מפלגת כולנו: כחלון התפקד לליכוד". ynet (in Hebrew).
  23. ↑ "Yisrael Hayom & I24NEWS Poll: Blue & White 32, Likud 30, Joint List 11, Yisrael Beitenu 11, Yamina 10; Scenario Poll w/o Otzma/Noam/Zehut: Likud 31, Blue & White 32, Yamina 12". Jeremy's Knesset Insider. 30 August 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  24. ↑ "Blue and White: Gantz, Lapid to keep deal to rotate premiership". The Times of Israel. 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  25. ↑ Raoul Wootliff (15 July 2019). "Gantz says 'in talks' with Likud reps over unity government sans Netanyahu". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  26. ↑ "Three Arab parties agree on joint Knesset run; Balad expected to decide Sunday". The Times of Israel. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  27. ↑ Adam Rasgon (29 July 2019). "Nationalist Balad party announces it will run on Joint List in autumn elections". The Times of Israel.
  28. ↑ Raoul Wootliff (2 August 2019). "Top Arab MK says open to 'joining' Gantz". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  29. ↑ Jeremy Sharon (22 July 2019). "Deri says Shas backing Netanyahu for PM, blames Liberman for elections". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  30. ↑ Staff (7 April 2019). "Litzman vows UTJ won't enter coalition with Blue and White". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  31. ↑ Raoul Wootliff (2 July 2019). "Ailing Labor elects past chairman Amir Peretz to lead it through next election". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  32. ↑ Michael Bachner (18 July 2019). "Labor's Peretz joins forces with Orly Levy-Abekasis, shuns Meretz". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  33. ↑ Gil Hoffman; Jeremy Sharon; Tamar Beeri (18 July 2019). "Labor nabs Orly Levy-Abekasis, Left joint list called off". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  34. ↑ Dov Lipman (16 June 2019). "Lieberman announces call to bring Likud and Blue and White into unity government". Jewish News Syndicate. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  35. ↑ "United Right to run under name 'Yemina'". Arutz Sheva. 12 August 2019.
  36. ↑ Tamar Pileggi (28 July 2019). "Peretz agrees to give Shaked No.1 spot on right-wing Knesset list". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  37. 1 2 Staff (29 July 2019). "New Right, United Right reach final agreement on joint run". Israel National News. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  38. ↑ "National Union party approves joint run with New Right". Israel National News. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  39. ↑ "Jewish Home party approves unity deal with New Right". Israel National News. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  40. ↑ Gil Hoffman; Jeremy Sharon (25 July 2019). "Polls show Democratic Union Party to net 8–12 seats". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  41. ↑ "Right-wing URWP apparently cracking, with Otzma Yehudit set to run separately". The Times of Israel. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  42. ↑ Yotam Berger (1 August 2019). "Far-right Alliance Fizzles as Kahanist Party Announces Solo Run". Haaretz. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  43. 1 2 Hezki Baruch (1 August 2019). "Otzma Yehudit and Noam cancel joint run". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  44. ↑ Hezki Baruch (31 July 2019). "It's final: Moshe Feiglin's Zehut is running alone". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  45. ↑ Gil Hoffman (29 August 2019). "Netanyahu promises Feiglin ministry so that Zehut Party ends race". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  46. ↑ "Zehut bows out of elections after Netanyahu promises Feiglin a cabinet post". The Times of Israel. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  47. ↑ Hezki Baruch (1 September 2019). "Zehut members overwhelmingly back deal to end Knesset bid". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  48. ↑ David Rosenberg (12 July 2019). "New Religious Zionist party named". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  49. ↑ "למפלגה החדשה של הר המור יש שם חדש: מפלגת נעם". Kippah. 12 July 2019.
  50. ↑ Tamar Pileggi (28 July 2019). "Peretz agrees to give Shaked No.1 spot on right-wing Knesset list". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  51. ↑ "Otzma Yehudit approves joint run with No'am". Arutz Sheva. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  52. ↑ David Rosenberg (1 August 2019). "Right-wing Noam party files for independent Knesset run". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  53. ↑ Hezki Baruch (27 August 2019). "Noam party embarks on 'signature campaign'". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  54. ↑ Michael Bachner (15 September 2019). "Fringe far-right party Noam quits Knesset race 2 days before elections". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  55. ↑ s:he:חוק הבחירות (דרכי תעמולה)#סעיף 16ה (ח) (in Hebrew)
  56. ↑ חדשות, כאן (17 September 2019). "יום הבחירות—העבודה הגישה תלונה נגד הליכוד בטענה שפעילים החליפו את פתקי ההצבעה של המפלגה בפתקים ישנים של העבודה, בראשות אבי גבאי, בכמה קלפיות בבאר שבע @yaara_shapira".
  57. ↑ חדשות, כאן (17 September 2019). "הבחירות לכנסת ה-22—מבזק מיוחד—תלונות נקודתיות על תעמולה באזורי הקלפיות. תוצאות האמת יתחילו לזרום בשעה 02:00 בלילה. ראש הממשלה נתניהו ויו"ר כחול לבן גנץ הצביעו והפצירו לצאת ולבחור. וגם: פרטים חדשים על המבצע שבוטל בעזה ברגע האחרון @antonia_yaminpic.twitter.com/ODP30ZByG7".
  58. ↑ "Elections chief okays vandalized voting slips". The Times of Israel. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  59. ↑ חדשות, כאן (17 September 2019). "הבחירות לכנסת ה-22—מבזק—שורת תלונות הגיעה לוועדת הבחירות המרכזית בהן התחזות בכפר קאסם ומניעת הצבעה מנשים בהרצליה בגלל כיסוי הראש שלהן. מאמרים בעיתונות הפלסטינית קוראים לערביי ישראל לצאת להצביע @antonia_yaminpic.twitter.com/EbrkQIPp55".
  60. ↑ חדשות, כאן (17 September 2019). "יום הבחירות—מזכיר קלפי בכפר קאסם זיהה אדם שהתחזה למפקח בחירות. המקרה הועבר לטיפול המשטרה @amotzsh".
  61. ↑ חדשות, כאן (17 September 2019). "יום הבחירות—ישראל ביתנו הגישה תלונה נגד הליכוד בטענה שאנשיה מחלקים מחוץ לקלפיות בפתח תקווה לוחות שנה כמתנה אסורה @yaara_shapirapic.twitter.com/IFbSiO0Oor".
  62. ↑ חדשות, כאן (17 September 2019). "יום הבחירות—כחול לבן הגישה תלונה נגד הליכוד שפעיל שלה חילק שקיות בכפר סבא ועליהן תעמולה של המפלגה @amotzsh".
  63. ↑ Kershner, Isabel (12 September 2019). "Facebook Suspends Netanyahu Campaign Bot for Hate Speech". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  64. ↑ "i24NEWS". i24 News. 24 September 2019.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Raoul Wootliff (19 September 2019). "21st Knesset, we hardly knew ye. Meet the (almost identical) 22nd". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  66. ↑ "Likud wins additional Knesset seat". Arutz Sheva. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  67. ↑ Yoni Kempinski (17 September 2019). "Likud MK: There's always a possibility for a third election". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  68. ↑ "Gantz urges Rivlin to help ensure Israel does not go to third election". The Times of Israel. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  69. 1 2 3 "Israel Election Results: Netanyahu Says No Choice but to Form Broad Unity Government". Haaretz. 19 September 2019.
  70. ↑ "Netanyahu's new math: When 56 is worth more than 60". The Jerusalem Post. 19 September 2019.
  71. ↑ "Gantz says he should lead unity government, rejects coalition led by right". The Times of Israel. 19 September 2019.
  72. ↑ Michael Bachner (19 September 2019). "Liberman said to tell aides he intends to recommend Gantz for prime minister". The Times of Israel.
  73. ↑ "Parties jostle for position, hold talks in bid to break coalition impasse". The Times of Israel. 20 September 2019.
  74. ↑ "Joint List of Arab parties seen leaning toward recommending Gantz for PM". The Times of Israel. 21 September 2019.
  75. ↑ "LIVEBLOG: Gantz leads in votes for next Israeli PM after first day of talks". i24 News. 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  76. ↑ Gil Hoffman; Lahav Harkov (22 September 2019). "Joint List endorses Gantz without Balad, giving Netanyahu majority". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  77. 1 2 Holmes, Oliver (23 September 2019). "Boost for Netanyahu as three Arab politicians refuse to back rival". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  78. ↑ Raoul Wootliff (25 September 2019). "Back to square one: New elections loom after Rivlin's unity bid falls short". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  79. ↑ Jonathan Lis (3 October 2019). "Riffing on Elvis, Netanyahu warns of 'heavy price' if no unity government". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  80. ↑ Lis, Jonathan (3 October 2019). "Israel Election Results: 'No Breakthrough' in Netanyahu-Lieberman Meeting to End Political Deadlock Netanyahu". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  81. ↑ Lis, Jonathan (3 October 2019). "Israel Election Results: Netanyahu Considers Snap Primary to Dispel 'Rebellion Illusion'; Likud Rival: I'm Ready". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  82. ↑ Hoffman, Gil (3 October 2019). "Netanyahu quashes 'coup' to unseat him: Sa'ar ready to challenge Netanyahu for Likud leadership". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  83. ↑ "Abandoning leadership primary, Likud to confirm Netanyahu as choice for PM". The Times of Israel. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  84. ↑ Holmes, Oliver (21 October 2019). "Benjamin Netanyahu tells Israeli president he cannot form government". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  85. ↑ Raoul Wootliff (23 October 2019). "Charged with forming coalition, Gantz asks Netanyahu to join, vows to heal rifts". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  86. ↑ Lis, Jonathan (22 October 2019). "Israeli President to Task Gantz With Forming Government on Wednesday". Haaretz.
  87. ↑ Gil Hoffman (21 November 2019). "Rivlin hands over mandate, begs MKs to prevent third election". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  88. ↑ "Israel calls another election for March, the third in a year". The Times of Israel. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
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