Sergei Parajanov
Parajanov in 1978
Born
Sarkis Hovsepi Parajaniants

(1924-01-09)January 9, 1924
Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union
DiedJuly 20, 1990(1990-07-20) (aged 66)
Yerevan, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union
Resting placeKomitas Pantheon, Yerevan
NationalityArmenian
Occupations
  • Film director
  • screenwriter
Years active1951–1990
Spouses
  • Nigyar Kerimova
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1950⁠–⁠1951)​
  • Svetlana Tscherbatiuk
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1956⁠–⁠1962)​
Children1
Websitehttps://www.parajanov.com

Sergei Parajanov[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] (January 9, 1924 – July 20, 1990) was an Armenian film director and screenwriter.[1] Parajanov is regarded by film critics, film historians and filmmakers to be one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers in cinema history.[2]

Parajanov invented his own cinematic style,[3] which was out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism; the only sanctioned art style in the USSR. This, combined with his lifestyle and behaviour, led Soviet authorities to repeatedly persecute and imprison him, and suppress his films. Despite this, Parajanov was named one of the 20 Film Directors of the Future by the Rotterdam International Film Festival,[4] and his films were ranked among the greatest films of all time by Sight & Sound.[5][6]

Although he started professional film-making in 1954, Parajanov later disowned all the films he made before 1965 as "garbage". After directing Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, Parajanov became both internationally recognized as well as a target of attacks from the USSR. Nearly all of his film projects and plans from 1965 to 1973 were banned, scrapped or closed by the Soviet film administrations, both local (in Kyiv and Yerevan) and federal (Goskino), almost without discussion, until he was finally arrested in late 1973 on false charges of rape, homosexuality and bribery. He was imprisoned until 1977, despite pleas for pardon from various artists. Even after his release (he was arrested for the third and last time in 1982), he was a persona non grata in Soviet cinema. It was not until the mid-1980s, when the political climate started to relax, that he could resume directing. Still, it required the help of influential Georgian actor Dodo Abashidze and other friends to have his last feature films greenlighted. His health seriously weakened after four years in labor camps and nine months in prison in Tbilisi. Parajanov died of lung cancer in 1990, at a time when, after almost 20 years of suppression, his films were being featured at foreign film festivals. In a 1988 interview he stated that, "Everyone knows that I have three Motherlands. I was born in Georgia, worked in Ukraine and I'm going to die in Armenia."[7] Parajanov is buried at Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan.[8]

Parajanov's films won prizes at Mar del Plata Film Festival, Istanbul International Film Festival, Nika Awards, Rotterdam International Film Festival, Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival, São Paulo International Film Festival and others. A comprehensive retrospective in the UK took place in 2010 at BFI Southbank. The retrospective was curated by Layla Alexander-Garrett and Parajanov specialist Elisabetta Fabrizi who commissioned a Parajanov-inspired new commission in the BFI Gallery by contemporary artist Matt Collishaw ('Retrospectre'). A symposium was dedicated to Parajanov's work bringing together experts to discuss and celebrate the director's contribution to cinema and art.[9]

Early life and films

Memorial plaque on the Parajanov family house in Tbilisi (7 Kote Meskhi St.)

Parajanov was born Sarkis Hovsepi Parajaniants (Սարգիս Հովսեփի Փարաջանյանց) to artistically-gifted Armenian parents, Iosif Parajanov and Siranush Bejanova, in Tbilisi, Georgia; however, the family name of Parajaniants is attested by a surviving historical document at the Sergei Parajanov Museum in Yerevan.[10] He gained access to art from an early age. In 1945, he traveled to Moscow, enrolled in the directing department at the VGIK, one of the oldest and highly respected film schools in Europe, and studied under the tutelage of directors Igor Savchenko and Oleksandr Dovzhenko.

In 1948 he was convicted of homosexual acts (which were illegal at the time in the Soviet Union) with an MGB officer named Nikolai Mikava in Tbilisi. These charges were later proven false. He was sentenced to five years in prison, but was released under an amnesty after three months.[11] In video interviews, friends and relatives contest the truthfulness of anything he was charged with. They speculate the punishment may have been a form of political retaliation for his rebellious views.

In 1950 Parajanov married his first wife, Nigyar Kerimova, in Moscow. She came from a Muslim Tatar family and converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to marry Parajanov. She was later murdered by her relatives because of her conversion. After her murder Parajanov left Russia for Kyiv, Ukraine, where he produced a few documentaries (Dumka, Golden Hands, Natalia Uzhvy) and a handful of narrative films: Andriesh (based on a fairy tale by the Moldovan writer Emilian Bukov), The Top Guy (a kolkhoz musical), Ukrainian Rhapsody (a wartime melodrama), and Flower on the Stone (about a religious cult infiltrating a mining town in the Donets Basin). He became fluent in Ukrainian and married his second wife, Svitlana Ivanivna Shcherbatiuk (1938-2020[12]), also known as Svetlana Sherbatiuk or Svetlana Parajanova, in 1956. Shcherbatiuk gave birth to a son, Suren, in 1958.[13] The couple eventually divorced and she and Suren relocated to Kyiv, Ukraine.[12]

Break from Socialist Realism

Parajanov's muse, Georgian actress Sofiko Chiaureli, in The Color of Pomegranates

Andrey Tarkovsky's first film, Ivan's Childhood, had an enormous impact on Parajanov's self-discovery as a filmmaker. Later the influence became mutual, and he and Tarkovsky became close friends. Another influence was Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini, who Parajanov would later describe as "like a God" to him and a director of "majestic style".[14] In 1965 Parajanov abandoned socialist realism and directed the poetic Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, his first film over which he had complete creative control. It won numerous international awards and, unlike the subsequent The Color of Pomegranates, was relatively well received by the Soviet authorities. The Script Editorial Board at Goskino of Ukraine praised the film for "conveying the poetic quality and philosophical depth of M. Kotsiubynsky’s tale through the language of cinema," and called it "a brilliant creative success of the Dovzhenko studio." Moscow also agreed to Goskino of Ukraine's request to release the film with its original Ukrainian soundtrack intact, rather than redub the dialogue into Russian for Soviet-wide release, in order to preserve its Ukrainian flavor.[15] (Russian dubbing was standard practice at that time for non-Russian Soviet films when they were distributed outside the republic of origin.)

Parajanov departed Kyiv shortly afterwards for his ancestors' homeland, Armenia. In 1969, he embarked on Sayat Nova, a film that many consider to be his crowning achievement, though it was shot under relatively poor conditions and had a very small budget.[16] Soviet censors intervened and banned Sayat Nova for its allegedly inflammatory content. Parajanov re-edited his footage and renamed the film The Color of Pomegranates. Actor Alexei Korotyukov remarked: "Parajanov made films not about how things are, but how they would have been had he been God."[17] Mikhail Vartanov wrote in 1969 that "Besides the film language suggested by Griffith and Eisenstein, the world cinema has not discovered anything revolutionarily new until The Color of Pomegranates ...".[18]

Imprisonment and later work

Parajanov's monument in Tbilisi
Parajanov's statue in front of his museum in Yerevan

By December 1973, the Soviet authorities had grown increasingly suspicious of Parajanov's perceived subversive proclivities, particularly his bisexuality, and sentenced him to five years in a hard labor camp for "a rape of a Communist Party member, and the propagation of pornography."[19] Three days before Parajanov was sentenced, Andrei Tarkovsky wrote a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, asserting that "In the last ten years Sergei Parajanov has made only two films: Shadows of Our Forgotten Ancestors and The Colour of Pomegranates. They have influenced cinema first in Ukraine, second in this country as a whole, and third in the world at large. Artistically, there are few people in the entire world who could replace Paradanov. He is guilty – guilty of his solitude. We are guilty of not thinking of him daily and of failing to discover the significance of a master." An eclectic group of artists, actors, filmmakers and activists protested on behalf of Parajanov, calling for his immediate release. Among them were Robert De Niro, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Leonid Gaidai, Eldar Ryazanov, Yves Saint Laurent, Marcello Mastroianni, Françoise Sagan, Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Luis Buñuel, Federico Fellini, Michelangelo Antonioni, Andrei Tarkovsky and Mikhail Vartanov.

Parajanov served four years out of his five-year sentence, and later credited his early release to the efforts of the French Surrealist poet and novelist Louis Aragon, the Russian poet Elsa Triolet (Aragon's wife), and the American writer John Updike.[16] His early release was authorized by Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, presumably as a consequence of Brezhnev's chance meeting with Aragon and Triolet at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. When asked by Brezhnev if he could be of any assistance, Aragon requested the release of Parajanov, which was effected by December 1977.[19]

While he was incarcerated, Parajanov produced a large number of miniature doll-like sculptures (some of which were lost) and some 800 drawings and collages, many of which were later displayed in Yerevan, where the Serhii Parajanov Museum is now permanently located.[20] (The museum, opened in 1991, a year after Parajanov's death, hosts more than 200 works as well as furnishings from his home in Tbilisi.) His efforts in the camp were repeatedly compromised by prison guards, who deprived him of materials and called him mad, their cruelty only subsiding after a statement from Moscow admitted that "the director is very talented."[16]

After his return from prison to Tbilisi, the close watch of Soviet censors prevented Parajanov from continuing his cinematic pursuits and steered him towards the artistic outlets he had nurtured during his time in prison. He crafted extraordinarily intricate collages, created a large collection of abstract drawings and pursued numerous other avenues of non-cinematic art, sewing more dolls and some whimsical suits.

In February 1982 Parajanov was once again imprisoned, on charges of bribery, which happened to coincide with his return to Moscow for the premiere of a play commemorating Vladimir Vysotsky at the Taganka Theatre, and was effected with some degree of trickery. Despite another stiff sentence, he was freed in less than a year, with his health seriously weakened.[19]

In 1985, the slow thaw within the Soviet Union spurred Parajanov to resume his passion for cinema. With the encouragement of various Georgian intellectuals, he created the multi-award-winning film The Legend of Suram Fortress, based on a novella by Daniel Chonkadze, his first return to cinema since Sayat Nova fifteen years earlier. In 1988, Parajanov made another multi-award-winning film, Ashik Kerib, based on a story by Mikhail Lermontov. It is the story of a wandering minstrel, set in the Azerbaijani culture. Parajanov dedicated the film to his close friend Andrei Tarkovsky and "to all the children of the world".

Death

Parajanov then attempted to complete his final project. He died of cancer in Yerevan, Armenia on July 20, 1990, aged 66, leaving this final work, The Confession, unfinished. It survives in its original negative as Parajanov: The Last Spring, created by his close friend Mikhail Vartanov in 1992. Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Giulietta Masina, Marcello Mastroianni and Bernardo Bertolucci were among those who publicly mourned his death.[18] They sent a telegram to Russia with the following statement: "The world of cinema has lost a magician. Parajanov’s fantasy will forever fascinate and bring joy to the people of the world…”.[18]

Influences and legacy

Parajanov on a 1999 stamp of Armenia
Parajanov's tombstone in Yerevan

Despite having studied film at the VGIK, Parajanov discovered his artistic path only after seeing Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky's dreamlike first film Ivan's Childhood.

Parajanov was highly appreciated by Tarkovsky himself in the biographical film "Voyage in Time" ("Always with huge gratitude and pleasure I remember the films of Sergei Parajanov which I love very much. His way of thinking, his paradoxical, poetical... ability to love the beauty and the ability to be absolutely free within his own vision"). In the same film Tarkovsky stated that Parajanov is one of his favorite filmmakers.

Italian filmmaker Michelangelo Antonioni stated that “The Color of Pomegranates by Parajanov, in my opinion one of the best contemporary film directors, strikes with its perfection of beauty.” Parajanov was also admired by American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola. French film director Jean-Luc Godard also stated that "In the temple of cinema, there are images, light, and reality. Sergei Parajanov was the master of that temple".

Despite having many admirers of his art, his vision did not attract many followers. "Whoever tries to imitate me is lost", he reportedly said.[21] However, directors such as Theo Angelopoulos, Béla Tarr and Mohsen Makhmalbaf share Parajanov's approach to film as a primarily visual medium rather than as a narrative tool.[22]

The Parajanov-Vartanov Institute was established in Hollywood in 2010 to study, preserve and promote the artistic legacies of Sergei Parajanov and Mikhail Vartanov.[23]

Filmography

Year English title Original title Romanization Notes
1951 Moldavian Tale In Russian: Молдавская сказка
In Ukrainian: Moлдавська байка		 Moldavskaya skazka
Moldavska baika		 Graduate short film; lost
1954 Andriesh In Russian: Андриеш Andriesh Co-directed with Yakov Bazelyan; feature-length remake of Moldavian Tale
1958 Dumka In Ukrainian: Думка Dumka Documentary
1958 The First Lad (aka The Top Guy) In Russian: Первый парень
In Ukrainian: Перший пapyбок		 Pervyj paren
Pershyi parubok
1959 Natalya Ushvij In Russian: Наталия Ужвий Natalia Uzhvij Documentary
1960 Golden Hands In Russian: Золотые руки Zolotye ruki Documentary
1961 Ukrainian Rhapsody In Russian: Украинская рапсодия
In Ukrainian: Укpaїнськa рaпсодія		 Ukrainskaya rapsodiya
Ukrainska rapsodiya
1962 Flower on the Stone In Russian: Цветок на камне
In Ukrainian: Квітка на камені		 Tsvetok na kamne
Kvitka na kameni
1965 Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors In Ukrainian: Тіні забутих предків Tini zabutykh predkiv
1965 Kyiv Frescoes In Ukrainian: Київські фрески
In Russian: Киевские фрески		 Kyivski fresky
Kievskie freski		 Banned during pre-production; 15 minutes of auditions survive
1967 Hakob Hovnatanian In Armenian: Հակոբ Հովնաթանյան Hakob Hovnatanyan Short film portrait of the 19th century Armenian artist
1968 Children to Komitas In Armenian: Երեխաներ Կոմիտասին Yerekhaner Komitasin Documentary for UNICEF; lost[24]
1969 The Color of Pomegranates In Armenian: Նռան գույնը Nran guyne
1985 The Legend of Suram Fortress In Georgian: ამბავი სურამის ციხისა Ambavi Suramis tsikhisa
1985 Arabesques on the Pirosmani Theme In Georgian: არაბესკები ფიროსმანის თემაზე
In Russian: Арабески на тему Пиросмани		 Arabeskebi Pirosmanis temaze
Arabeski na temu Pirosmani		 Short film portrait of the Georgian painter Niko Pirosmani
1988 Ashik Kerib In Georgian: აშიკი ქერიბი
In Azerbaijani: Aşıq Qərib		 Ashiki Keribi
1989–1990 The Confession In Armenian: Խոստովանանք Khostovanank Unfinished; original negative survives in Mikhail Vartanov's Parajanov: The Last Spring[25][26]

Screenplays

Produced and partially produced screenplays

  • Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (Тіні забутих предків, 1965, co-written with Ivan Chendei, based on the novelette by Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky)
  • Kyiv Frescoes (Київські фрески, 1965)
  • Sayat Nova (Саят-Нова, 1969, production screenplay of The Color of Pomegranates)
  • The Confession (сповідь, 1969–1989)
  • Studies About Vrubel (Этюды о Врубеле, 1989, depiction of Mikhail Vrubel's Kyiv period, co-written and directed by Leonid Osyka)
  • Swan Lake: The Zone (Лебедине озеро. Зона, 1989, filmed in 1990, directed by Yuriy Illienko, cinematographer of Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors)

Unproduced screenplays and projects

  • The Dormant Palace (Дремлющий дворец, 1969, based on Pushkin's poem The Fountain of Bakhchisaray)
  • Intermezzo (1972, based on Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky's short story)
  • Icarus (Икар, 1972)
  • The Golden Edge (Золотой обрез, 1972)
  • Ara the Beautiful (Ара Прекрасный, 1972, based on the poem by 20th century Armenian poet Nairi Zaryan about Ara the Beautiful)
  • Demon (Демон, 1972, based on Lermontov's eponymous poem)
  • The Miracle of Odense (Чудо в Оденсе, 1973, loosely based on the life and works of Hans Christian Andersen)
  • David of Sasun (Давид Сасунский, mid-1980s, based on Armenian epic poem David of Sasun)
  • The Martyrdom of Shushanik (Мученичество Шушаник, 1987, based on Georgian chronicle by Iakob Tsurtaveli)
  • The Treasures of Mount Ararat (Сокровища у горы Арарат)

Among his projects, there also were plans for adapting Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha, Shakespeare's Hamlet, Goethe's Faust, the Old East Slavic poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign, but film scripts for these were never completed.

  • Parajanov's life story provides (quite loosely) the basis for the 2006 novel Stet by the American author James Chapman.[27]
  • Lady Gaga's video for 911 visually references The Color of Pomegranates through much of the video.[28] The film poster also appears on the street scene at the end of the video.[29] Gaga's video presents the film's symbols in her own allegory of pain.[29]
  • Madonna's 1995 music video Bedtime Story restages some content from the movie (such as the scene of a young child lying in a fetal position on a pentagram on the floor while an adult covers it with a blanket, and another where a naked foot crushes a bunch of grapes lying on an enscribed tablet), among other artistic inspiration depicting dreams and surrealist artwork in the video.[30]
  • Nicolas Jaar released, in 2015, the album Pomegranates, intended as an alternative soundtrack for the movie.[31]
  • It also infliuenced alternative rock group R.E.M.'s music video for "Losing My Religion".[32]

Awards and recognition

  • There is a statue of Parajanov in Tbilisi
  • There is a plaque on the wall of Parajanov's childhood home
  • The street Parajanov grew up on, Kote Meskhi street, was renamed Parajanov Street in 2021[33]
  • There is a house museum dedicated to Parajanov in Yerevan, Armenia

See also

Notes

  1. ↑
    • Armenian: Սերգեյ Փարաջանով
    • Russian: Сергей Параджанов
    • Georgian: სერგო ფარაჯანოვი
    • Ukrainian: Сергій Параджанов
  2. ↑ His last name is sometimes transliterated as Paradzhanov or Paradjanov.

References

  1. ↑ Peter Rollberg (2009). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 517–521. ISBN 978-0-8108-6072-8.
  2. ↑ "Where to begin with Sergei Parajanov". BFI. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  3. ↑ "Parajanov-Vartanov Institute". Parajanov-Vartanov Institute. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  4. ↑ "20 Directors of the Future". Parajanov-Vartanov Institute. May 22, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  5. ↑ "Critics' top 100 | BFI". www2.bfi.org.uk. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  6. ↑ "Parajanov and the Greatest Films of All Time". Parajanov-Vartanov Institute. January 2, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Interview". Parajanov-Vartanov Institute. January 2, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  8. ↑ "The memorial of Parajanyan Parajanov Sargis Sergey (Սարգիս Սերգեյ Փարաջանյան Փարաջանով Հովսեփի) buried at Yerevan's Komitas Pantheon cemetery". hush.am. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  9. ↑ Fabrizi, Elisabetta, 'The BFI Gallery Book', BFI, London, 2011.
  10. ↑ Sergei Paradzhanov and Zaven Sarkisian, Kaleidoskop Paradzhanov: Risunok, kollazh, assambliazh (Yerevan: Muzei Sergeiia Paradzhanova, 2008), p.8
  11. ↑ "Вся правда о судимостях Сергея Параджанова". ukraine.segodnya.ua (in Russian). Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  12. 1 2 (in Ukrainian) The wife of the legendary director Sergei Parajanov has died Archived 2022-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Glavcom (6 June 2020)
  13. ↑ "surenparadjanov". Parajanov-Vartanov Institute. January 2, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  14. ↑ Paradjanov: A Requiem (Documentary). KINO Productions. 1994.
  15. ↑ RGALI (Russian State Archive of Art and Literature), Goskino production and censorship files: f. 2944, op. 4, d. 280.
  16. 1 2 3 Sergei Parajanov – Interview with Ron Holloway, 1988 Archived 2007-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ Edwards, Maxim (June 20, 2014). "Armenian, Ukrainian, Soviet". Souciant. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  18. 1 2 3 "main". Parajanov-Vartanov Institute. February 9, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  19. 1 2 3 "Осужден за изнасилование члена КПСС (in Russian), Moskovskiy Komsomolets, 2004". Archived from the original on August 10, 2007.
  20. ↑ "Frieze Magazine, Paradjanov the Magnificent". Archived from the original on April 16, 2008.
  21. ↑ "Parajanov's Influence Still Spreading on 90th Anniversary | News | the Moscow Times". Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Influences". Parajanov-Vartanov Institute. January 2, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  23. ↑ "Parajanov-Vartanov Institute". Parajanov-Vartanov Institute. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014.
  24. ↑ "Maestro Sergei Parajanov". February 9, 2017.
  25. ↑ "Parajanov: The Last Spring". December 28, 2016.
  26. ↑ Schneider, Steven. "501 Movie Directors" London: Cassell, 2007, ISBN 9781844035731
  27. ↑ "fugue state press - experimental fiction - Stet, by James Chapman". www.fuguestatepress.com. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  28. ↑ Kaufman, Gil (September 18, 2020). ""Watch Lady Gaga Flown Like a Kite By Shirtless Muscle Men In '911' Video"". Billboard. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  29. 1 2 Mier, Tomás (September 18, 2020). "Lady Gaga Drops 'Very Personal' '911' Video About Her Mental Health: 'It's the Poetry of Pain'". People. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  30. ↑ Steffen, James (2013). The Cinema of Sergei Parajanov. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780299296537.
  31. ↑ Minsker, Evan (June 24, 2015). "Nicolas Jaar Releases Free Album Pomegranates". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  32. ↑ Golubock, D. Garrison (February 27, 2014). "Parajanov's Influence Still Spreading on 90th Anniversary". The Moscow Times. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  33. ↑ "Tbilisi,Georgia. Kote Meskhi street located in Mtatsminda district will be named after acclaimed film director Serge Parajanov". Agenda.ge. September 10, 2021.

Bibliography

Selected bibliography of books and scholarly articles about Sergei Parajanov.

English language sources

  • Dixon, Wheeler & Foster, Gwendolyn. "A Short History of Film." New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780813542690
  • Cook, David A. "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: Film as Religious Art." Post Script 3, no. 3 (1984): 16–23.
  • First, Joshua. Sergei Paradjanov: Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors. London and Chicago: Itellect; University of Chicago Press, 2016. ISBN 9781783207091
  • Jayamanne, Laleen. Poetic Cinema and the Spirit of the Gift in the Films of Pabst, Parajanov, Kubrick and Ruiz. Amsterdam University Press 2021. ISBN 9789463726245
  • Kim, Olga. “Cinema and Painting in Parajanov’s Aesthetic Metamorphoses.” Studies in Russian & Soviet Cinema 12, no. 1 (March 2018): 19–36. doi:10.1080/17503132.2017.1415519.
  • Nebesio, Bohdan. "Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: Storytelling in the Novel and the Film." Literature/Film Quarterly 22, no. 1 (1994): 42–49.
  • Oeler, Karla. "A Collective Interior Monologue: Sergei Parajanov and Eisenstein's Joyce-Inspired Vision of Cinema." The Modern Language Review 101, no. 2 (April 2006): 472–487.
  • Oeler, Karla. "Nran guyne/The Colour of Pomegranates: Sergo Parajanov, USSR, 1969." In The Cinema of Russia and the Former Soviet Union, 139–148. London, England: Wallflower, 2006. [Book chapter]
  • Papazian, Elizabeth A. "Ethnography, Fairytale and ‘Perpetual Motion’ in Sergei Paradjanov's Ashik- Kerib." Literature/Film Quarterly 34, no. 4 (2006): 303–12.
  • Paradjanov, Sergei. Seven Visions. Edited by Galia Ackerman. Translated by Guy Bennett. Los Angeles: Green Integer, 1998. ISBN 1892295040, ISBN 9781892295040
  • Parajanov, Sergei, and Zaven Sarkisian. Parajanov Kaleidoscope: Drawings, Collages, Assemblages. Yerevan: Sergei Parajanov Museum, 2008. ISBN 9789994121434
  • Razlogov, Kirill. “Parajanov in Prison: An Exercise in Transculturalism.” Studies in Russian & Soviet Cinema 12, no. 1 (March 2018): 37–57. doi:10.1080/17503132.2018.1422223.
  • Steffen, James. The Cinema of Sergei Parajanov. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2013. ISBN 9780299296544
  • Steffen, James, ed. Sergei Parajanov special issue. Armenian Review 47/48, nos. 3–4/1–2 (2001/2002). Double issue; publisher website
  • Steffen, James. "Kyiv Frescoes: Sergei Parajanov's Unrealized Film Project." KinoKultura Special Issue 9: Ukrainian Cinema (December 2009), online. URL: KinoKultura
  • Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Movie Directors." London: Hachette/Cassell, 2007. ISBN 9781844035731

Foreign language sources

  • Bullot, Érik. Sayat Nova de Serguei Paradjanov: La face et le profil. Crisnée, Belgium: Éditions Yellow Now, 2007. (French language) ISBN 9782873402129
  • Cazals, Patrick. Serguei Paradjanov. Paris: Cahiers du cinéma, 1993. (French language) ISBN 9782866421335,
  • Chernenko, Miron. Sergei Paradzhanov: Tvorcheskii portret. Moskva: "Soiuzinformkino" Goskino SSSR, 1989. (Russian language) Online version
  • Grigorian, Levon. Paradzhanov. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011. (Russian language) ISBN 9785235034389,
  • Grigorian, Levon. Tri tsveta odnoi strasti: Triptikh Sergeia Paradzhanova. Moscow: Kinotsentr, 1991. (Russian language)
  • Kalantar, Karen. Ocherki o Paradzhanove. Yerevan: Gitutiun NAN RA, 1998. (Russian language)
  • Katanian, Vasilii Vasil’evich. Paradzhanov: Tsena vechnogo prazdnika. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2001. (Russian language) ISBN 9785895330425
  • Liehm, Antonín J., ed. Serghiej Paradjanov: Testimonianze e documenti su l’opera e la vita. Venice: La Biennale di Venezia/Marsilio, 1977. (Italian language)
  • Mechitov, Yuri. Sergei Paradzhanov: Khronika dialoga. Tbilisi: GAMS- print, 2009. (Russian language) ISBN 9789941017544
  • Paradzhanov, Sergei. Ispoved’. Edited by Kora Tsereteli. St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2001. (Russian language) ISBN 9785267002929
  • Paradzhanov, Sergei, and Garegin Zakoian. Pis’ma iz zony. Yerevan: Fil’madaran, 2000. (Russian language) ISBN 9789993085102
  • Simyan, Tigran Sergei Parajanov as a Text: Man, Habitus, and Interior (on the material of visual texts) // ΠΡΑΞΗMΑ. Journal of Visual Semiotics 2019, N 3, pp. 197–215
  • Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Directores de Cine." Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008. ISBN 9788425342646
  • Tsereteli, Kora, ed. Kollazh na fone avtoportreta: Zhizn’–igra. 2nd ed. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2008. (Russian language) ISBN 9785895330975
  • Vartanov, Mikhail. "Sergej Paradzanov." In "Il Cinema Delle Repubbliche Transcaucasiche Sovietiche." Venice, Italy: Marsilio Editori, 1986. (Italian language) ISBN 8831748947
  • Vartanov, Mikhail. "Les Cimes du Monde." Cahiers du Cinéma" no. 381, 1986 (French language) ISSN 0757-8075
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