40°46′19″N 73°58′30″W / 40.77194°N 73.97500°W / 40.77194; -73.97500

Parkgoers enjoying Sheep Meadow in April 2004.

Sheep Meadow is a 15-acre (61,000 m2) meadow near the southwestern section of Central Park, between West 66th and 69th Streets in Manhattan, New York City. It is adjacent to Central Park Mall to the east, The Ramble and Lake to the north, West Drive to the west, and Heckscher Playground and Ballfields to the south.

Sheep Meadow was originally designed as a parade ground and incorporated into the Greensward Plan, the original plan for Central Park developed in the 1850s. However, Central Park's designers Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux opposed the use of the meadow for military purposes, so it was instead converted to a pasture with sheep. Housed in a nearby sheepfold that now contains the Tavern on the Green restaurant, the sheep were removed in 1934.

Sheep Meadow has a long history as a gathering place for large-scale demonstrations and political movements. These have included festivals, rallies, concerts, and protests such as the be-ins of the 1960s. Though sports and gatherings were gradually allowed through the late 19th century, Sheep Meadow saw significant deterioration because of overuse. A regulation prohibiting sports was enacted following a 1980 renovation, and the meadow was restored again in 2000.

History

Construction

In 1857 a design competition was held for Central Park. The applications were required to contain extremely detailed specifications, including at least four east-west transverse roads through the park, a parade ground of 20 to 40 acres (8.1 to 16.2 ha), and at least three playgrounds of between 3 and 10 acres (1.2 and 4.0 ha).[1]: PDF pp. 29–30 [2][3] The winning design was Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux's Greensward Plan, whose name referenced a nineteenth-century term for broad open lawns.[4] The plan offered a reduced parade ground on the western side of the proposed park.[5]

When the location of Sheep Meadow was decided, some small communities of poorer New Yorkers were uprooted, including Irish, Germans and African-Americans.[6] Sheep Meadow was to be located in a relatively flat 10-acre (40,000 m2) patch of land within the park site.[7] To produce the almost 15 acres (61,000 m2) of "level or but slightly undulating ground" in the specifications, the ten acres of poorly-draining ground was filled to a depth of 2 feet (0.61 m) with fill from New Jersey. Additionally, large boulders and a rocky ridge that stood 16 feet (4.9 m) out of the finished grade were blasted out, and the reshaped landscape was covered with topsoil.[7][8] Sheep Meadow was the most expensive project within the park.[4] It was the largest meadow in Central Park until the old Croton Aqueduct collecting reservoir was emptied and made into the Great Lawn in 1937.[9]

Grazing sheep in the first quarter of the 20th century

Despite Central Park's growing popularity, the park commissioners were loath to allow large events, especially military practices and picnics.[10][11] The committee instituted a ban on military parades in the Parade Ground in 1865.[10][12] In its place, Olmsted and Vaux believed that the introduction of sheep enhanced the romantic English quality of the park and to re-enforce the quiet nature of the "Greensward", 200 sheep were added in 1864.[13] The flock of pedigree Southdown sheep were joined later by Dorset sheep.[13][14]

The sheep were housed in a fanciful Victorian-style sheepfold created in 1870 by Jacob Wrey Mould under the direction of Calvert Vaux.[13][14][15] The animals also trimmed the grass and fertilized the lawn.[13][14] A sheep crossing was built across the drive, and twice a day a shepherd would stop traffic as the sheep traveled between the sheepfold and meadow.[14][16][17] The Central Park commissioners would often sell wool and once a year would also auction off some sheep.[17]

Conversion to open space

In its earliest years, Sheep Meadow was also known as "the Commons" or "the Green".[13][18] For the first few decades of Central Park's existence, it was forbidden to play most sports in Central Park, because Olmsted and Vaux believed that the park should be used for scenic enjoyment rather than recreation.[19] As such, in the park's earliest years, Sheep Meadow was only available to the public during certain times such as on Saturdays, as indicated on signs posted on the meadow's perimeter.[13][18] By the 1870s, the park's patronage increasingly came to include the middle and working class, and strict regulations were gradually eased, such as those against public gatherings.[20] Though certain sports such as lacrosse, tennis, American football, and roller skating were allowed during the 1880s, the commissioners were still reluctant to repeal the "keep off the grass" rules.[21] However, by the 1890s, the regulations against walking on the grass had also been repealed.[22] Tennis nets were installed in Sheep Meadow in 1915 due to the large number of tennis permits distributed by the city that year.[23]: 13 (PDF p. 8) 

There were efforts to demolish the sheepfold as early as 1912, when it was suggested that the Lenox Library be relocated there.[24] A subsequent proposal in 1921 called for a police garage to be built on the site.[25] These efforts were not successful.[26] By the 1920s, Central Park was undergoing minor renovations, and in 1928, part of Sheep Meadow was set aside for a plant nursery to store plants and trees that would be installed during these renovations.[27]

At the same time, the successive generations of sheep in the meadow were supposedly inbreeding, leading to alleged deformities in later generations.[17][28] In 1934, to make way for a restaurant in the sheepfold,[26] park commissioner Robert Moses evicted the sheep from Sheep Meadow.[29][28][30]: 984 [31] The sheep were moved to Prospect Park in Brooklyn and soon thereafter moved to a farm near Otisville, New York, in the Catskill Mountains.[32] After the sheep were removed, the sheepfold was converted into what later became the Tavern on the Green restaurant.[26][28] The restaurant opened in October 1934.[33]

Restorations

Seen in 2007

The large events and the lack of maintenance of the 1960s and 1970s severely eroded the lawn, and it was one of the first parts of Central Park to be restored by the Central Park Conservancy.[14][28][34] This led New York state government to give $310,000 toward replacing Sheep Meadow's sod in 1979.[35] With the help of James Taylor, who held a free benefit concert that July,[36][37] the city renovated the meadow and installed a sprinkler system beginning in September 1979. The renovation was supposed to be completed within six or seven months, but because of discrepancies during construction, the grass began turning brown before the renovation was complete, and the reopening date was delayed.[38] Sheep Meadow was reopened in September 1980.[39] Once the lawn was reopened, team sports were banned and had to use the Great Lawn instead.[40] In 1985, Sheep Meadow and four city beaches were designated as "quiet zones" where loud radio-playing was prohibited.[41][42]

In 1992, a consortium of cheese producers brought a flock of sheep to graze on the meadow as a promotional stunt. They also pledged to finance the meadow's maintenance through 1993.[43][44]

In November 2000, the Central Park Conservancy began the installation of a new irrigation system. The project, funded from a grant by the Marc Haas Foundation, was completed in five months, and Sheep Meadow reopened in April 2001.[45]

Features

The southern portion of Sheep Meadow with rock outcrops

Sheep Meadow is on the western side of Central Park just north of the 65th Street transverse road. Adjacent features include The Dairy and Central Park Carousel to the southeast, Central Park Mall to the east, The Ramble and Lake to the north, Strawberry Fields memorial to the northwest, West Drive to the west, and Heckscher Playground and Ballfields to the south.[46]

Mineral Springs

In 1865, Vaux and Mould designed the Moorish-style Mineral Springs Pavilion at the northwestern edge of Sheep Meadow.[47] The Mineral Springs Pavilion had cusped arches supported on slender colonnettes, and flaring, complex roofs, reminiscent of Saracenic architecture. In 1957, park commissioner Moses demolished the structure.[48]

The Mineral Springs Cafe was built on the site of the pavilion in the 1960s.[49] In 2009, it became a cafe operated by Le Pain Quotidien.[50]

Statues

There are two monuments and statues near Sheep Meadow.[51] Giuseppe Mazzini (1878), a bronze bust by Giovanni Turini, overlooks the Meadow on a high pedestal. It honors Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian patriot and revolutionary. The pedestal contains two Italian phrases, translated to "thought and action" and "God and the people".[52] Indian Hunter (1869), created by American sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward, is on the east side of Sheep Meadow near the Mall. It was the first statue in Central Park created by an American artist.[53]

Notable uses

Sheep Meadow has held many large-scale events, and people have gathered for many uses. However, managerial neglect took a toll on the park's condition, and by the 1970s, the frequent festivals and concerts in Central Park were later identified as part of the cause for the park's subsequent deterioration.[28][34] After the 1970s renovation, the open space of Sheep Meadow was surrounded by a chain link fence.[28][39] The perimeter contains signs saying that team sports, ballplaying, bike riding, skating, glass bottles and dogs are prohibited.[28]

Sheep Meadow opens at 11 a.m. each day between April and October each year.[28][54] The meadow is closed during winters to allow the sod to grow back.[54][23]: 10 (PDF p. 7)  The Conservancy internally classifies Sheep Meadow as one of seven "A Lawns", indicating that it has the highest level of use out of the park's four classes of lawns.[23]: 34–37 (PDF pp. 19–20)  Sheep Meadow is heavily used: in 2009, it was utilized by 30,000 people each day.[55] A survey conducted in 2010 found that the meadow saw three million people that year.[23]: 10 (PDF p. 7) 

Past events

Early and mid-20th century

107th Infantry Memorial

In the early 20th century, the flock of sheep started sharing space with a variety of festivals and children's pageants, though political protests were not yet permissible.[56] In 1912, an event called Around the World in Search of Fairyland featured children in brightly colored costumes.[28][56][57] Children's competitions were also held in Sheep Meadow, such as playground contests and model airplane races.[17][58] Starting in 1935, troupes of schoolgirls from the city's five boroughs competed at an annual concert attended by thousands of spectators.[59] This practice continued even through World War II.[60] Another popular festival was a Works Progress Administration sponsored event in 1936, attended by 25,000 people.[61]

During World War I, Sheep Meadow was the site of patriotic wartime celebrations. In 1916, the 107th Infantry, the 7th Regiment Reserves, marched daily from their Park Avenue Armory to Sheep Meadow for maneuvers and drill, before being deployed that August.[62] They are memorialized by the 107th Infantry Memorial, 600 yd (550 m) east of the Meadow at 5th Avenue and 67th Street.[63] In 1917, 20,000 liberty war bond marchers participated in a "Liberty Day Parade" that ended in Sheep Meadow.[64] The following year, there was a proposal to install trenches in Sheep Meadow as part of a wartime exhibition, the reason being that Sheep Meadow was in worse shape than North Meadow, the other large meadow in the park at the time. However, this was controversial because it was seen as detrimental to the naturalistic character of the park.[65] The meadow was also used for patriotic gatherings during World War II. On October 27, 1945, Harry S. Truman spoke to 50,000 people at Sheep Meadow on Navy Day.[66][67]

1960s and 1970s: be-ins

A concert for the singer Judy Collins

Starting in the 1960s, Sheep Meadow was used for events of unprecedented scale. Concerts, Vietnam War protests, and hippie "love-ins" and "be-ins" were attended by hundreds of thousands of people.[68][69][70] The demonstrations included a "be-in style" peace demonstration attended by 10,000 people in March 1967,[71] and an anti-Vietnam War rally attended by 400,000 people in April of that year.[72] In Easter 1968, mayor John Lindsay, an opponent of the Vietnam War, met with protesters and marchers in an event attended by 90,000 people who assembled at Sheep Meadow.[73] On June 28, 1970, there was a massive gay march and "be-in" that traveled from Stonewall Inn to Sheep Meadow to commemorate the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots.[74][75] Another large Vietnam War protest march, which occurred in 1971 and included 20,000 protesters, marched up Sixth Avenue and ended at Sheep Meadow.[76] These be-ins stopped by the 1970s as attitudes toward large protests in Central Park changed.[70]

Other large gatherings included an event in 1969 when large crowds gathered to watch Apollo 11, the first crewed mission to land on the Moon.[14] That same year, a group of 15,000 to 20,000 people assembled in Sheep Meadow for a bonfire event.[28] This period was also marked by performances, such as a 1967 event where Barbra Streisand performed in front of 135,000 people,[77][78] as well as summertime concerts in Sheep Meadow that each drew tens of thousands of people.[77][79] Additionally, James Taylor's free benefit concert for the restoration of Sheep Meadow, hosted in July 1979, drew 250,000 people.[37]

1980s to present

In 1995, Disney paid the city government $1 million to show the New York City premiere of the film Pocahontas. Then in 1998, Disney rented the park area for a $105,000 fee, to have 1,300 children stand in formation, spelling out the name of the newly opened Disney's Animal Kingdom theme park. The scene was filmed from helicopters and from ground-level cameras set up outside Sheep Meadow.[44]

For sixteen days in 2005, Central Park was the setting for Christo and Jeanne-Claude's installation The Gates.[80][81] The opening ceremony for the installation was officiated by mayor Michael Bloomberg, who raised a long metal pole to release fabric from the top of a gate in Sheep Meadow.[82] Although the project was the subject of mixed reactions, it was nevertheless a major attraction for the park while it was open, drawing over a million people.[83]

Recurring events

The AIDS Walk New York, an annual event that draws up to 40,000 people, begins and ends in the Meadow. It started in 1986 and has since grown into one of the largest AIDS fundraising events ever, raising $139 million by 2015.[84] After Sheep Meadow experienced extensive damage from the opening ceremonies for the AIDS Walk, NYC Parks determined that after the 2003 event this gathering could no longer take place in Sheep Meadow and would instead be held on the paved surfaces near the Bandshell in the Central Park Mall.[85]

Since 1995, the NYC Urban Starfest has convened in Sheep Meadow on an ongoing annual basis.[86] Sheep Meadow is reportedly one of the only open areas of Central Park "free of glare from local lighting and where almost the entire sky can be seen".[87]

Emergency and other uses

View of empty meadow in winter

At times the Meadow has been used for emergency helicopter air operations:

At least one child is said to have been born in Sheep Meadow. Isidore Block, known locally as a street poet, has stated that he was born in Sheep Meadow in 1920.[90]

Use in media

Film and television production is allowed on Sheep Meadow only with an official permit and when it is open. The meadow is open for production in dry weather from May through October, from 11 a.m. to dusk.[91]

Beginning with Romeo and Juliet in 1908, films such as It Could Happen To You (1994), The Fisher King (1991), Wall Street (1987), Ghostbusters (1984), Enchanted (2007), and The Manchurian Candidate (1962) have used Sheep Meadow as a setting.[92] The meadow has been used for scenes depicting romantic moments, large dance numbers, and car chases.[93] The director Mark Levin wanted to fill Sheep Meadow with sheep for a scene in his 2005 romance Little Manhattan. After NYC Parks refused this request, the filmmakers placed temporary sod along the path surrounding the meadow, then filmed the sheep atop the temporary sod.[93]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "1858 Central Park Commissioners Annual Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1858. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  2. ↑ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 111–112.
  3. ↑ Kinkead 1990, pp. 24–25.
  4. 1 2 "Central Park Highlights – Sheep Meadow : New York City Department of Parks & Recreation". Nycgovparks.org. July 20, 1969. Archived from the original on April 6, 2005. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  5. ↑ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 143.
  6. ↑ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 88–89.
  7. 1 2 Kinkead 1990, p. 57.
  8. ↑ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 165.
  9. ↑ Miller 2003, p. 118.
  10. 1 2 Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 252–253.
  11. ↑ Kinkead 1990, p. 44.
  12. ↑ New York (State). Legislature. Assembly (1918). Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York. p. 194. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miller 2003, p. 113.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Sheep Meadow : NYC Parks". Central Park Highlights. June 26, 1939. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  15. ↑ Gray, Christopher (January 13, 2011). "Tavern on the Green: Favored by Sheep and Other Celebs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  16. ↑ Dodge, M.M. (1884). St. Nicholas. American periodical series, 1850–1900 (in German). Scribner. p. 750. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Sheep Meadow's once woolly denizens". NY Press. September 28, 2016. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  18. 1 2 Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 246.
  19. ↑ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 251.
  20. ↑ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 131.
  21. ↑ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 312–314.
  22. ↑ Miller 2003, p. 115.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Turf Care Handbook" (PDF). Central Park Conservancy. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  24. ↑ Crimmins, John D. (June 1, 1912). "Lenox Library In Park; John D. Crimmins Would Place It on the Sheepfold Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  25. ↑ "Garage For Police In Park Opposed; Deputy Controller Henry R. Smith Objects to Further Invasion of Sheepfold". The New York Times. April 16, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  26. 1 2 3 "Sheepfold In Park To Become Tavern; CWA Workers Converting Old Building Into a Picturesque Popular Restaurant". The New York Times. February 28, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Tree Nursery in Park; Area In Sheep Meadow Devoted to Rehabilitation Work". The New York Times. April 6, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Carroll, R.; Berenson, R.J. (2008). The Complete Illustrated Map and Guidebook to Central Park. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-1-4027-5833-1. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  29. ↑ Kinkead 1990, pp. 106–109.
  30. ↑ Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874.
  31. ↑ "Central Park's Sheep Join the Fold in Prospect Park". The New York Times. March 18, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 9, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Sheep Meadow | Your Complete Guide to Central Park". Centralpark.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
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  34. 1 2 Slagle, Alton (February 6, 1983). "The Greening of Central Park". New York Daily News. pp. 7, 55 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  35. ↑ "State Grant to Provide Sod for Sheep Meadow". The New York Times. March 25, 1979. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  36. ↑ "Music history for July 31 from". On-This-Day.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  37. 1 2 "Campaign to Renew the Sheep Meadow Gets Under Way". The New York Times. August 1, 1979. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  38. ↑ Asbury, Edith Evans (June 27, 1980). "Resodded Sheep Meadow Gets an Unwanted Look". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  39. 1 2 "Central Park's Sheep Meadow, Where the Grass Is Greener, Is Reopened". The New York Times. September 25, 1980. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  40. ↑ Herman, Robin (September 15, 1980). "'Limitations' Set for Sheep Meadow; New Rules to Be Announced 'Never Any Grass Here'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  41. ↑ Melia, John; Gentile, Don (July 26, 1985). "City Sounds Off; Sets new beach, park 'quiet zones'". New York Daily News. p. 354. Retrieved April 30, 2019 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
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  43. ↑ Brozan, Nadine (September 26, 1992). "Chronicle". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  44. 1 2 Barron, James (March 28, 1998). "Disney Can Use Park Meadow Closed to Public". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  45. ↑ "Media Advisories : A Turn of a Spigot Unleashes a Stunning Display of Cascading Water Throughout Sheep Meadow". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
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  50. ↑ Collins, Glenn (December 1, 2009). "Le Pain Quotidien to Operate Cafe at the Sheep Meadow". Diner's Journal Blog. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
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  52. ↑ "Giuseppe Mazzini". www.centralparknyc.org. Central Park Conservancy. 2015. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
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  57. ↑ Teachers Magazine for Primary Grades. Ives-Butler Company. 1911. p. 13. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  58. ↑ "Children's Festival Today; 2,000 to Take Part in Playgrounds' Program at Sheep Meadow". The New York Times. September 9, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  59. ↑ "Children Compete In Park Dance Fete; 10,000 See City's Fifth Festival on Sheep Meadow". The New York Times. June 11, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  60. ↑ "1,000 Girls Dance In Park Festival; Gay Costumes Enliven Sheep Meadow at 14th Annual Departmental Event". The New York Times. June 18, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  61. ↑ "25,000 Thrill to May Festival At WPA Show on Sheep Meadow". The New York Times. May 3, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  62. ↑ "Central Park Sheep Meadow • 7th Regiment • Cocktail Party Ideas". Shadesoffun.com. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  63. ↑ "Central Park Monuments: One Hundred Seventh Infantry Memorial : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  64. ↑ "20,000 Marchers in Loan Pageant; Mighty Engines of War Bring Cheers from Throngs Who See Fifth Ave. Parade. Acclaim the British Tank: Italians from the Air Conduct Sentimental Bombardment-BannersTell of Work Done. British Tank the Favorite. Thirty-seven Bands in Line. Mayor Detained at Flag Raising. Still Marching at Dark". The New York Times. October 26, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  65. ↑ "May Place Trenches In Sheep Meadow; Tract Already Injured by U-Boat and Tank to be Used for Loan Exhibit. BORINGS WILL BE MADE Underlying Rock May Prove an Obstacle—Engineer to Stake Outa Tentative Site Today. Better Transit Facilities. Assails Park Invasion". The New York Times. March 28, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  66. 1 2 "Presidents in Parks : New York City Department of Parks & Recreation". Nycgovparks.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  67. ↑ Smith, Art (October 27, 1945). "Truman Views Fleet Today, Tells Policy". New York Daily News. pp. 3, 13. Retrieved April 30, 2019 – via Newspapers.com Open access icon.
  68. ↑ "Central Park History: Timeline, 1960s". CentralParkHistory.com. December 24, 1999. Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  69. ↑ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 489.
  70. 1 2 Holson, Laura M. (March 25, 2019). "When a 'Be In' in Central Park Was Front-Page News". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
  71. ↑ Weinraub, Bernard (March 27, 1967). "10,000 Chant 'L-O-V-E'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
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  75. ↑ "1970: A First-Person Account of the First Gay Pride March". www.villagevoice.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  76. ↑ Gansberg, Martin (November 7, 1971). "Thousands Join in War Protest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  77. 1 2 Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, p. 500.
  78. ↑ Maiorana, Ronald (June 19, 1967). "Fans of Streisand Leave Tons of Litter in Park; 30 Garbagemen Begin 3-Day Clean-up of Sheep Meadow After Her Free Concert". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  79. ↑ See, for instance:
  80. ↑ Christo and Jeanne-Claude, The Gates: Central Park, New York City, 1979–2005, ISBN 3-8228-4242-7
  81. ↑ "The Gates, Project for Central Park, New York City. Drawing in 2 parts". Guggenheim. December 1, 2002. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  82. ↑ Barron, James (February 13, 2005). "Dressing the Park in Orange, and Pleats". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  83. ↑ "Central Park's 'Gates' to close this weekend". CNN. February 25, 2005. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
  84. ↑ Gans, Andrew (May 14, 2015). "Gigi's Victoria Clark Will Help Kickoff AIDS Walk in Song; Montego Glover Will Also Perform". Playbill. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  85. ↑ "Notice of Opportunity to Comment on Proposed Rule" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. May 11, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
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