A simulated body fluid (SBF) is a solution with an ion concentration close to that of human blood plasma, kept under mild conditions of pH and identical physiological temperature.[1] SBF was first introduced by Kokubo et al. in order to evaluate the changes on a surface of a bioactive glass ceramic.[2] Later, cell culture media (such as DMEM, MEM, α-MEM, etc.), in combination with some methodologies adopted in cell culture, were proposed as an alternative to conventional SBF in assessing the bioactivity of materials.[3]

Applications

Surface modification of metallic implants

For an artificial material to bond to living bone, the formation of bonelike apatite layer on the surface of an implant is of significant importance. The SBF can be used as an in vitro testing method to study the formation of apatite layer on the surface of implants so as to predict their in vivo bone bioactivity.[4] The consumption of calcium and phosphate ions, present in the SBF solution, results in the spontaneous growth of bone-like apatite nuclei on the surface of biomaterials in vitro. Therefore, the apatite formation on the surface of biomaterials, soaked in the SBF solution, is considered a successful development of novel bioactive materials.[5] The SBF technique for surface modification of metallic implants is usually a time-consuming process, and obtaining uniform apatite layers on substrates takes at least 7 days, with daily refreshing of the SBF solution.[6] Another approach for decreasing the coating time is to concentrate the calcium and phosphate ions in the SBF solution. Enhanced concentration of calcium and phosphate ions in SBF solution accelerates the coating process and, in the meantime, eliminates the need for regular replenishment of the SBF solution.

Gene delivery

An attempt was made to investigate the application of SBF in gene delivery.[7] Calcium phosphate nanoparticles, required for the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the nucleus of the cells, were synthesized in a SBF solution and mixed with pDNA. The in vitro studies showed higher gene delivery efficiency for the calcium-phosphate/DNA complexes made of SBF solution than for the complexes prepared in pure water (as control).

Formulation

Ionic concentrations (mM) of blood plasma and proposed SBF formulations[8]
FormulationNa+
K+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Cl−
HCO−
3		HPO2−
4		SO2−
4		Buffer
Blood plasma [9]142.05.01.52.5103.027.01.00.5-
Original SBF [10] 142.05.01.52.5148.84.21.00Tris
Corrected (c-SBF) [11] 142.05.01.52.5147.84.21.00.5Tris
Tas-SBF [12] 142.05.01.52.5125.027.01.00.5Tris
Bigi-SBF [9]141.55.01.52.5124.527.01.00.5HEPES
Revised (r-SBF) [13] 142.05.01.52.5103.027.01.00.5HEPES
Modified (m-SBF) [13]142.05.01.52.5103.010.01.00.5HEPES
Ionized (i-SBF) [13]142.05.01.01.6103.027.01.00.5HEPES
Improved (n-SBF) [14] 142.05.01.52.5103.04.21.00.5Tris

References

  1. ↑ Kokubo, T. (1991). "Bioactive glass ceramics: properties and applications". Biomaterials. 12 (2): 155–163. doi:10.1016/0142-9612(91)90194-F.
  2. ↑ Kokubo, T.; Kushitani, H.; Sakka, S.; Kitsugi, T.; Yamamuro, T. (1990). "Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass–ceramic A–W". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 24: 721–734. doi:10.1002/jbm.820240607.
  3. ↑ Lee, J.; Leng, Y.; Chow, K.; Ren, F.; Ge, X.; Wang, K.; Lu, X. (2011). "Cell culture medium as an alternative to conventional simulated body fluid". Acta Biomaterialia. 7 (6): 2615–22. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.034. PMID 21356333.
  4. ↑ Chen, Xiaobo; Nouri, Alireza; Li, Yuncang; Lin, Jiangoa; Hodgson, Peter D.; Wen, Cuie (2008). "Effect of Surface Roughness of Ti, Zr and TiZr on Apatite Precipitation from Simulated Body Fluid". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 101 (2): 378–387. doi:10.1002/bit.21900. PMID 18454499.
  5. ↑ Kokubo, T.; Takadama, H. (2006). "How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?". Biomaterials. 27 (15): 2907–2915. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017. PMID 16448693.
  6. ↑ Li, P.; Ducheyne, P. (1998). "Quasi-biological apatite film induced by titanium in a simulated body fluid". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 41 (3): 341–348. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980905)41:3<341::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-C.
  7. ↑ Nouri, Alireza; Castro, Rita; Santos, Jose L.; Fernandes, Cesar; Rodrigues, J.; Tomás, H. (2012). "Calcium phosphate-mediated gene delivery using simulated body fluid (SBF)". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 434 (1–2): 199–208. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.066. PMID 22664458.
  8. ↑ Yilmaz, Bengi & Evis, Zafer (October 2016). "Chapter 1: Biomimetic coatings of calcium phosphates on titanium alloys". In Webster, Thomas & Yazici, Hilal (eds.). Biomedical Nanomaterials: From Design To Implementation. The Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 3–14. doi:10.1049/PBHE004E_ch1. ISBN 9781849199650.
  9. 1 2 Bigi, Adriana; Boanini, Elisa; Bracci, Barbara; Facchini, Alessandro; Panzavolta, Silvia; Segatti, Francesco; Sturba, Luigina (2005). "Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium: a new fast biomimetic method". Biomaterials. 26 (19): 4085–4089. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.034. ISSN 0142-9612. PMID 15664635.
  10. ↑ Kokubo, Tadashi; Takadama, Hiroaki (2006). "How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?". Biomaterials. 27 (15): 2907–2915. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017. ISSN 0142-9612. PMID 16448693.
  11. ↑ Cui, Xinyu; Kim, Hyun-Min; Kawashita, Masakazu; Wang, Longbao; Xiong, Tianying; Kokubo, Tadashi; Nakamura, Takashi (2010). "Apatite formation on anodized Ti-6Al-4V alloy in simulated body fluid". Metals and Materials International. 16 (3): 407–412. doi:10.1007/s12540-010-0610-x. ISSN 1598-9623.
  12. ↑ Cüneyt Tas, A (2000). "Synthesis of biomimetic Ca-hydroxyapatite powders at 37°C in synthetic body fluids". Biomaterials. 21 (14): 1429–1438. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00019-3. ISSN 0142-9612.
  13. 1 2 3 Oyane, Ayako; Onuma, Kazuo; Ito, Atsuo; Kim, Hyun-Min; Kokubo, Tadashi; Nakamura, Takashi (2003). "Formation and growth of clusters in conventional and new kinds of simulated body fluids". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 64A (2): 339–348. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.10426. ISSN 0021-9304. PMID 12522821.
  14. ↑ Takadama, Hiroaki; Hashimoto, Masami; Mizuno, Mineo; Kokubo, Tadashi (2004). "Round-Robin Test of SBF for In Vitro Measurement of Apatite-Forming Ability of Synthetic Materials". Phosphorus Research Bulletin. 17: 119–125. doi:10.3363/prb1992.17.0_119. ISSN 0918-4783.


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