Sir is a formal honorific address in English for men, derived from Sire in the High Middle Ages. Both are derived from the old French "Sieur" (Lord), brought to England by the French-speaking Normans, and which now exist in French only as part of "Monsieur", with the equivalent "My Lord" in English. Traditionally, as governed by law and custom, Sir is used for men who are knights and belong to certain orders of chivalry, as well as later applied to baronets and other offices. As the female equivalent for knighthood is damehood, the suo jure female equivalent term is typically Dame. The wife of a knight or baronet tends to be addressed as Lady, although a few exceptions and interchanges of these uses exist.

Additionally, since the late modern period, Sir has been used as a respectful way to address a man of superior social status or military rank. Equivalent terms of address for women are Madam (shortened to Ma'am), in addition to social honorifics such as Mrs, Ms or Miss.

Etymology

Sir derives from the honorific title sire; sire developed alongside the word seigneur, also used to refer to a feudal lord. Both derived from the Vulgar Latin senior, sire comes from the nominative case declension senior and seigneur, the accusative case declension seniōrem.[1]

The form 'Sir' is first documented in English in 1297, as the title of honour of a knight, and latterly a baronet, being a variant of sire, which was already used in English since at least c. 1205 (after 139 years of Norman rule) as a title placed before a name and denoting knighthood, and to address the (male) Sovereign since c. 1225, with additional general senses of 'father, male parent' is from c. 1250, and 'important elderly man' from 1362.

Entitlement to formal honorific address by region

Commonwealth of Nations

Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet, whose entitlement to use 'Sir' derived from his position as baronet

The prefix is used with the holder's given name or full name, but never with the surname alone. For example, whilst Sir Alexander and Sir Alexander Fleming would be correct, Sir Fleming would not.[2]

Emperor Taishō, a Stranger Knight of the Order of the Garter, who, as a foreign national, was not entitled to use the prefix 'Sir' (which as a sovereign monarch he would not have used in any case) but was permitted to post-nominally use KG

Today, in the UK and in certain Commonwealth realms, a number of men are entitled to the prefix of 'Sir', including knights bachelor, knights of the orders of chivalry and baronets; although foreign nationals can be awarded honorary knighthoods. Honorary knights do not bear the prefix "Sir" nor do they receive an accolade; instead they use the associated post-nominal letters.[3]

Church of England clergy who receive knighthoods do also not receive an accolade and therefore do not use the title 'Sir', but instead refer to their knighthood using post-nominal letters.[2] For example, the Reverend John Polkinghorne, KBE would never be referred to as Sir John Polkinghorne. Clergy of other denominations may use different conventions.[2]

Only citizens of Commonwealth realms may receive substantive knighthoods and have the privilege of the accompanying style. In general, only knighthoods in dynastic orders – those orders in the personal gift of the Sovereign and Head of the Commonwealth (the Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle and the knighthoods in the Royal Victorian Order) – are recognised across the Commonwealth realms, along with their accompanying styles.

British knighthoods (in the Orders of the Bath, St. Michael and St. George, and in the Order of the British Empire, along with Knights Bachelor) were known as imperial honours during the existence of the British Empire. Those honours continued to be conferred as substantive, not honorary, awards by most Commonwealth realms into the 1990s. Since then, though former imperial honours are still awarded by certain Commonwealth realms, many of them have discontinued grants of British honours as they have developed their own honours systems, some of which include knighthoods. Today, British honours are only substantive for British nationals so recognised, including dual nationals,[4] and for nationals of those realms which have retained them as part of their honours systems.

Dual national recipients of British knighthoods who hold British citizenship, such as academic and immunologist Sir John Bell, are entitled to the style of Sir as their knighthoods are substantive. This may not necessarily be the case for dual nationals who are not British citizens and who instead hold citizenship of another Commonwealth realm. In 1974, Lynden Pindling, the Prime Minister of the Bahamas, recommended dual Bahamian-American citizen Sidney Poitier for an honorary knighthood as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), an imperial honour, as the Bahamas did not have its own honours system at the time. Although Poitier, as a Bahamian citizen by descent, was eligible for a substantive ('ordinary') award of the KBE, the Bahamian government preferred the knighthood to be honorary as Poitier was permanently residing in the United States.[5] Knighthoods in the gift of the government of a Commonwealth realm only permit the bearer to use his style within that country or as its official representative, provided he is a national of that country; knighthoods granted by other realms may be considered foreign honours. For instance, Anthony Bailey was reprimanded by Buckingham Palace and the British government in 2016 for asserting that an honorary Antiguan knighthood (which was revoked in 2017) allowed him the style of 'Sir' in the UK.[6]

The equivalent for a female who holds a knighthood or baronetcy in her own right is 'Dame', and follows the same usage customs as 'Sir'.[7] Although this form was previously also used for the wives of knights and baronets, it is now customary to refer to them as 'Lady', followed by their surname; they are never addressed using their full names. For example, while Lady Fiennes is correct, Lady Virginia and Lady Virginia Fiennes are not.[8][9] The widows of knights retain the style of wives of knights,[9] however widows of baronets are either referred to as 'dowager', or use their forename before their courtesy style. For example, the widow of Sir Thomas Herbert Cochrane Troubridge, 4th Baronet, would either be known as Dowager Lady Troubridge or Laura, Lady Troubridge.[10]

Barbados

Prior to becoming a republic in November 2021, Barbados awarded the title Knight or Dame of St. Andrew within the Order of Barbados. This practice has now been discontinued, though individuals who received a knighthood or damehood when the country was still a Commonwealth realm may continue to use the titles "Sir" and "Dame" within their lifetimes.

Commonwealth realms

United Kingdom
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
  • Knight of the Order of Australia (AK; for male Australian subjects only; discontinued 1986–2014, reintroduced briefly in 2014, again discontinued in 2015)[13][14]
Grenada
  • Knight Commander, Knight Grand Cross, or Knight Grand Collar of the Order of the Nation in the Order of Grenada (KCNG/GCNG/KN)
New Zealand
Saint Lucia

India

Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma was the last surviving Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India.

As part of the consolidation of the crown colony of India, the Order of the Star of India was established in 1861 to reward prominent British and Indian civil servants, military officers and prominent Indians associated with the Indian Empire. The Order of the Indian Empire was established in 1878 as a junior-level order to accompany the Order of the Star of India, and to recognise long service.

From 1861 to 1866, the Order of the Star of India had a single class of Knights (KSI), who were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. In 1866, the order was reclassified into three divisions: Knights Grand Commander (GCSI), Knights Commander (KCSI) and Companions (CSI); holders of the upper two degrees could use the title 'Sir'. From its creation in 1878 until 1887, the Order of the Indian Empire had a single class, Companion (CIE), which did not entitle the recipient to a style of knighthood.

In 1887, two higher divisions, Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) and Knight Commander (KCIE) were created, which entitled holders of those ranks to the style of 'Sir'. The last creations of knights of either order were made on 15 August 1947 upon Indian independence. All British honours and their accompanying styles were officially made obsolete in India when the Dominion of India became a modern republic in the Commonwealth of Nations in 1950, followed by Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956.

The Order of the Star of India became dormant in the Commonwealth realms from February 2009, and the Order of the Indian Empire after August 2010, when the last knights of the orders died.

Nigeria

In Nigeria, holders of religious honours like the Knighthood of St. Gregory make use of the word as a pre-nominal honorific in much the same way as it is used for secular purposes in Britain and the Philippines. Wives of such individuals also typically assume the title of Lady.

Non-Commonwealth Countries

Holy See

Knights and Dames of papal orders may elect the "Sir" or "Dame" prefix with post-nominal letters, subject to the laws and conventions of the country they are in. The Pope, the sovereign of the Catholic Church and Vatican City, delegates the awarding orders of knighthood to bishops and Grand Masters. Their precedence is as follows:

For Example, Sir Burton P. C. Hall, KSS, KHS would be the correct style for lay knights.

Lieutenants of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, are styled as "Your Excellency", such as H.E. Dame Trudy Comeau, DC*HS.

Catholic clergy who are invested as Knight Chaplains may use post-nominal letters, but must retain their clerical titles, like Rev. Robert Skeris, KCHS.

Knights and Dames of papal orders are not allowed to use the prefix "Sir" or "Dame" in the United Kingdom, although they may use post-nominal letters. Not allowing the prefix is because the use of foreign titles is not permitted by the British Crown without a Royal Licence, and as a matter of policy (currently based on a Royal Warrant of 27 April 1932), a Royal Licence to bear any foreign title is never granted. On the other hand, allowing the post-nominal letters would be explained by the highest and lowest dignities being universal, a king was recognized as king everywhere, and also a knight: "though a Knight receive his Dignity of a Foreign Prince, he is so to be stiled in all Legal Proceedings within England .. and Knights in all Foreign Countries have ever place and precedency according to their Seniority of being Knighted" [16]

Ireland

Established in 1783 and primarily awarded to men associated with the Kingdom of Ireland, Knights of the Order of St. Patrick were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. Regular creation of new knights of the order ended in 1921 upon the formation of the Irish Free State. With the death of the last knight in 1974, the Order became dormant.

Philippines

As a privilege of the members of the Order of the Knights of Rizal (Orden de Caballeros de Rizál), the prefix "Sir" is attached to their forenames while wives of Knights add the prefix "Lady" to their first names.[17] These apply to both spoken and written forms of address. The Knights of Rizal is the sole order of knighthood in the Philippines and a constituted[18] Order of Merit recognized by the Orders, decorations, and medals of the Philippines.[19] The prefix is appended with the relevant post-nominal according to their rank at the end of their names: Knight of Rizal (KR), Knight Officer of Rizal (KOR), Knight Commander of Rizal (KCR), Knight Grand Officer of Rizal (KGOR) and Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR). Among the notable members of the Knights of Rizal include King Juan Carlos I of Spain who was conferred a Knight Grand Cross of Rizal on 11 February 1998.[20]

Combinations with other titles and styles

Military

In the case of a military officer who is also a knight, the appropriate form of address puts the professional military rank first, then the correct manner of address for the individual, then his name. Examples include:

Academic

This is also the case with academic ranks and titles, such as 'Professor'. For example, Patrick Bateson was both a professor[note 2] and a knight bachelor; his correct title would be Professor Sir Patrick Bateson. However, the title of 'Doctor' (Dr.) is not used in combination with 'Sir', with the knighthood taking precedence. Knighted doctors are addressed as knights, though they may still use any post-nominal letters associated with their degrees.

Peers and nobility

Peers who have been knighted are neither styled as 'Sir' nor addressed as such in the formal sense of the style, as their titles of nobility take precedence. The same principle applies for the male heir apparent to a dukedom, marquessate or earldom, and for his eldest legitimate male heir if there are additional subsidiary peerages, as well as for the legitimate male issue of a duke or a marquess, who are styled 'Lord' followed by their first name. For instance, diplomat Lord Nicholas Gordon-Lennox, KCMG, KCVO, who was a younger son of the Duke of Richmond, continued to be styled as 'Lord Nicholas' following his knighthood in 1986, not 'Lord Sir Nicholas'. Other male heirs of an earl who lack courtesy titles, and the male heirs of a viscount or baron, do however use the style of 'Sir' if knighted, the style following that of 'The Hon', for example The Honourable Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, OM, KCB, FRS.

Educational, military and other usage

Education system

'Sir', along with 'Miss' for women, is commonly used in the British school system to address teachers and other members of staff. Usage of these terms is considered a mark of respect, and can be dated back to the 16th century. The practice may have been an attempt to reinforce the authority of teachers from lower social classes among classes of largely upper class students.[23] Jennifer Coates, emeritus professor of English language and linguistics at Roehampton University, has criticised the use of the title for male teachers, saying that "'Sir' is a knight. There weren't women knights, but 'Miss' is ridiculous: it doesn't match 'Sir' at all. It's just one of the names you can call an unmarried woman", and that "It's a depressing example of how women are given low status and men, no matter how young or new in the job they are, are given high status".[23] This view is not unchallenged, however. The chief executive of the Brook Learning Trust, Debbie Coslett, said "... they call me 'Miss', I'm fine with that. They're showing respect by giving me a title rather than 'hey' or 'oi, you' or whatever", and dismissed the male/female issue as "just the way the English language works".[23]

In the Southern United States, the term 'sir' is often used to address someone in a position of authority or respect, and is commonly used in schools and universities by students to address their teachers and professors. Whereas the British and Commonwealth female equivalent is Miss, students will often refer to female teachers as Ma'am.[24]

In the Northeast United States, particularly New England, there remains influence of both the British and French traditions as noted above; in general parlance, teachers, authority-figures, and so forth, are referred to by a title of respect such as 'Sir' for males and 'Miss, Ms, or Mrs' for females: 'Miss' for unmarried, younger females; 'Ms' for senior, elder, or ranking females that may or may not be married (see article Ms/Mrs/Miss); and 'Mrs' for married or widowed females.

Military and police

If not specifically using their rank or title, 'sir' is used in the United States Armed Forces to address a male commissioned officer. Lower-ranking and non-commissioned officers, such as corporals or sergeants, are addressed using their ranks,[25] though in some of the branches (to be precise, in the Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard), "sir" can also be used to address a drill instructor although he is an NCO.

In the British Armed Forces, male commissioned officers and warrant officers are addressed as 'sir' by all ranks junior to them, male warrant officers are addressed as Mr by commissioned officers.[26]

In the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), only commissioned officers are addressed as 'sir'; NCOs and constables are addressed by their rank. Male British police officers of the rank of Inspector or above are addressed as 'Sir' (women of inspecting rank are called Ma'am).

In the Hong Kong Police Force, male superiors are respectfully known by their surname followed by 'sir'. For example, Inspector Wong would be addressed or referred to as 'Wong-sir'. Male police officers are sometimes known colloquially as "Ah-sir" (阿Sir) to the wider public.[27]

Service industry

The term 'Sir' is also used frequently in the customer service industry, by employees to refer to customers, and sometimes vice versa. In the United States, it is much more common in certain areas (even when addressing male peers or men considerably younger). For example, a 1980 study showed that 80% of service interactions in the South were accompanied by 'Sir' or Ma'am, in comparison to the Northern United States, where 'Sir' was only used 25% of the time.[24]

'Sir', in conjunction with 'Ma'am' or 'Madam', is also commonly used in the Philippines and South Asia, not only to address customers and vice versa, but also to address people of a higher social rank or age.[28][29][30][31]

Media

'Sir' is used as gender-neutral term to address superior ranking officers in the series Star Trek and The Orville.[32]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 In the personal gift of the Sovereign and Head of the Commonwealth.
  2. ↑ Note a difference in usage between British and US usage. A Professor in the UK is only used for the highest academic rank. See a summary here.

References

  1. ↑ Ayres-Bennet, Wendy (1996). "The 'heyday' of Old French (French in the 12th and 13th centuries)". A History of the French Language Through Texts. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415099994.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Knight". Debretts. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  3. ↑ "The Knightage". Debretts. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  4. ↑ "No. 61598". The London Gazette. 1 June 2016. p. 12364.
  5. ↑ Award of Honorary Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) to Sidney Poitier, actor and joint United States and Bahamian citizen (Report). UK National Archives. 1974. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  6. ↑ "Something of the Knight...", Private Eye, no, 1420, 10 June 2016
  7. ↑ "Baronetess". Debretts. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  8. ↑ "Family of a Baronet". Debretts. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  9. 1 2 "Wife of a Knight". Debretts. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  10. ↑ "Wife of a Baronet". Debretts. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  11. ↑ Royal Household. "The Queen and the UK > Queen and Honours > Royal Victorian Order". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  12. ↑ "Baronet". Debretts. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  13. ↑ "Knight /Dame of the Order of Australia". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  14. ↑ "Australia PM Malcolm Turnbull drops knights and dames from honours system". BBC. 1 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  15. ↑ "New Zealand State Honours - The New Zealand Order of Merit". New Zealand Defence Force. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  16. ↑ Velde, Francois. "Foreign Titles in the UK". Heraldica. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  17. ↑ Familienverband der Freiherren von Quast (25 October 2015). "Who is entitled to the prefix of 'Sir'?". Nobiliary law – Adelsrecht – Droit nobiliaire. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  18. ↑ "Republic Act No. 646". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 14 June 1951. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  19. ↑ "Speech of President Aquino at the International Assembly and Conference of Rizal". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  20. ↑ R.A.U. Juchter van Bergen Quast (4 March 2015). "Entitlement to the prefix of 'sir'". Nobility News. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  21. ↑ "Admiral of the Fleet Sir Bruce Austin Fraser". Royal Navy Flag Officers, 1904-1945. 18 October 2007. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009.
  22. ↑ Australian Dictionary of Biography: Field Marshal Sir Thomas Albert Blamey Archived 28 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, adb.online.anu.edu.au
  23. 1 2 3 Paton, Graeme (13 May 2014). "Stop calling teachers 'Miss' or 'Sir', pupils are told". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  24. 1 2 Hudley, Anne; Mallinson, Christine (2011). "A Regional and Cultural Variety". Understanding English Language Variation in U.S. Schools. New York, US: Teachers College Press. ISBN 9780807751480.
  25. ↑ Rush, Robert S. (2010). NCO Guide (9th ed.). PA, US: Stackpole Book. p. 328. ISBN 9780811736145.
  26. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". RAF. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  27. ↑ Guldin, Gregory Eliyu (1992). Urbanizing China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 171.
  28. ↑ Holtzapple, Katarina (3 March 2019). "A Conversation about "Ma'am/Sir"". The Gazelle. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  29. ↑ Orante, Bea (14 August 2015). "Netizens react: Is it time to let go of 'Ma'am, Sir'?". Rappler. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  30. ↑ Estrada-Claudio, Sylvia (13 January 2014). "Don't call me Madam". Rappler. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  31. ↑ Martin, Bob (9 July 2007). "Philippine Society can be very formal". Live In The Philippines. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  32. ↑ Rahman, Ray (10 September 2017). "The Orville: Seth MacFarlane discusses sci-fi, spaceships, and politics". Entertainment. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
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