18th-century lubok representing Rusian skomorokhs.
Belarusian skomorokhs as they appear in a 1555 German etching

A skomorokh (скоморох in Russian, скоморохъ in Old East Slavic, скоморахъ in Church Slavonic. Compare with the Old Polish skomrośny, skomroszny[1]) was a medieval East Slavic harlequin, or actor, who could also sing, dance, play musical instruments and compose for oral/musical and dramatic performances.

Etymology

The etymology of the word is not completely clear.[2] There are hypotheses that the word is derived from the Greek σκώμμαρχος (cf. σκῶμμα, 'joke'); from the Italian scaramuccia ('joker', cf. English scaramouch); from the Arabic masẋara; and many others.[3]

History

The skomorokhs appeared in Kievan Rus' no later than the mid-11th century, but fresco depictions of skomorokh musicians in the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv (Ukraine) date to the 11th century.[3]

The Primary Chronicle on skomorokhs concurs with the period. The monk chronicler denounced them as devil servants. Furthermore, the Eastern Orthodox Church often railed against them and other elements of popular culture as being irreverent, detracting from the worship of God or being downright diabolical. For example, Theodosius of Kiev, one of the co-founders of the Caves Monastery in the 11th century, called the skomorokhs "evils to be shunned by good Christians".[4] Their art was related and addressed to the common people and usually opposed the ruling groups. They were considered not just useless but even ideologically detrimental and dangerous by both the feudalists and the clergy.

They were persecuted in the years of the Mongol yoke, when the church strenuously propagated ascetic living. Their art reached its peak in the 15th to the 17th centuries. Their repertoire included mock songs, dramatic and satirical sketches, called глумы (glumy) in Russian (глуми in Ukrainian), performed in masks and skomorokh dresses to the sounds of domra, balalaika, gudok, bagpipes or buben (a kind of tambourine). The appearance of Russian puppet theatre was directly associated with skomorokh performances.[3]

Skomorokhs performed in the streets and city squares, engaging with the spectators to draw them into their play. Usually, the main character of the skomorokh performance was a fun-loving saucy muzhik (мужик in Ukrainian) of comic simplicity. In the 16th and 17th centuries, skomorokhs would sometimes combine their efforts and perform in a vataga (ватага in Ukrainian, big crowd), numbering 70 to 100 people. The skomorokhs were often persecuted by the Russian Orthodox Church and civilian authorities.

In 1648 and 1657, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued ukases banning skomorokh art as blasphemous, their inventory was destroyed, skomorokhs fell into captivity, were pursued but actors would still occasionally perform during popular celebrations.[5][6][7] In the 18th century, skomorokh art gradually died away; passing on some of its traditions to the balagans (балаган in Ukrainian) and rayoks (райок in Ukrainian).[3]

The role of the skomorokhi in the preservation and dissemination of folklore was closely linked with their important contribution to the development of secular music, first in Kievan Rus’ and later in Muscovite Russia. Before the introduction of Christianity in the late tenth century, Kievan music was characterized primarily by ritualistic songs of worship, ceremonial (i.e., wedding, funeral) songs, and seasonal songs such as koliadky and haivky. With Byzantine Christianity came Byzantine chant and a vigorous attempt to suppress native music because of its close identification with paganism. This attempted suppression was only partially successful, because it was mainly aimed at the more populous urban centers and left the remote rural areas with their flourishing folk music relatively untouched.[8]

A skomorokh is introduced in the first episode of Andrei Tarkovsky's film Andrei Rublev (1966). Seeking shelter from heavy rain, the main characters enter a barn where they find a group of villagers being entertained by a skomorokh (played by Rolan Bykov). The skomorokh, who is a bitterly sarcastic enemy of the Church, earns a living with his scathing and obscene social commentary, and by making fun of the Boyars.

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/скоморох
  2. ↑ "untitled". starling.rinet.ru.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Курочкін О. В. (2012). Скоморохи. Енциклопедія історії України : у 10 т. (in Ukrainian). Vol. 9. Kyiv: Київ: Наукова думка. pp. 610–611.
  4. ↑ Feodosii Pecherskii, Sochinenia, I. I. (Izmail Ivanovich) Sreznevskii, ed., in Ucheniia zapiski vtorogo otdelenie Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk, Vol. 2, no. 2, (St. Petersburg: Tipografii Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk, 1856), 195; See Russell Zguta, "Skomorokhi: The Russian Minstrel-Entertainers", Slavic Review 31 No. 2 (June 1972), 297–298; Idem, Russian Minstrels: A History of the Skomorokhi (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978).
  5. ↑ "Интерфакты. Часть 6. Балалайка" [Interfacts. Part 6. Balalaika] (in Russian). Tomsk Regional State Philarmony. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  6. ↑ "Почему Алексей Михайлович приказал сжечь все балалайки" [Why did Alexei Mikhailovich order to burn all the balalaikas] (in Russian). Cyrillitsa.ru. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2019. Everyone knows about the witch hunt of Inquisition times, but only few people aware that in 17th century Russia there were burning balalaikas for the same purpose
  7. ↑ "Чем исполнители-баяны отличались от скоморохов на Руси?" [How did performers-bayans differ from skomorokhs in Russia?]. detskiychas.ru (in Russian). Children's Hour. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  8. ↑ Zguta, R. "Skomorokhi: The Russian Minstrel-Entertainers" https://doi.org/10.2307/2494335
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