Snub-nosed monkeys
Golden snub-nosed monkey
(Rhinopithecus roxellana)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Tribe: Presbytini
Genus: Rhinopithecus
Milne-Edwards, 1872
Type species
Semnopithecus roxellana
Species

See text

Snub-nosed monkeys are a group of Old World monkeys and make up the entirety of the genus Rhinopithecus. The genus is rare and not fully researched. Some taxonomists group snub-nosed monkeys together with the genus Pygathrix.

Distribution and habitat

Snub-nosed monkeys live in Asia, with a range covering southern China (especially Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou) extending into the northern parts of Myanmar and Vietnam. Snub-nosed monkeys inhabit mountain forests up to elevations of more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft). In the winter, they move into the deeply secluded regions. Higher elevation areas are more remote and difficult for humans to access and utilize and other studies have found less deforestation, more reforestation and afforestation, less range contraction, and less extinction in topographically steep areas. All Rhinopithecus species inhabit primary forest and grid cells with tree cover ≥ 75% might constitute important potential habitat.[1]

Description

These monkeys are named for the short stump of a nose on their round faces, with nostrils arranged forward. They have relatively multicolored and long fur, particularly at the shoulders and backs. They grow to a length of 51–83 cm (20–33 in) with a tail of 55–97 cm (22–38 in).

Behavior

Snub-nosed monkeys spend the majority of their life in the trees. They live together in very large groups of up to 600 members, splitting up into smaller groups in times of food-scarcity, such as in the winter. Groups consist of many more males than females. They have territorial instincts, defending their territory mostly with shouts. They have a large vocal repertoire, calling sometimes solo while at other times together in choir-like fashion.

Diet

The diet of these animals consists mainly of tree needles, bamboo buds, fruits and leaves. A multi-chambered stomach helps them with digesting their food.

Breeding

The impulse for mating starts with the female. She takes up eye contact with the male and runs away a short bit, then flashes her genitals. If the male shows interest (which does not always occur), he joins the female and they mate. The 200-day gestation period ends with a single birth in late spring or early summer. Young animals become fully mature in about six to seven years. Zoologists know little about their lifespan.

Conservation

The golden[2] and black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys[3] are both endangered species, while the other three species are critically endangered.[4][5][6]

Golden snub-nosed monkey communities with large populations have high genetic diversity, but also show higher levels of recent inbreeding than other snub-nosed monkeys.[7]

Species

Genus Rhinopithecus – H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey

Gray monkey

 R. bieti
(A. Milne-Edwards, 1897)		 Southern China
Map of range		 Size: 74–83 cm (29–33 in) long, plus 51–72 cm (20–28 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Forest[3]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, and lichen[8]		  EN 


1,000 Population steady[3]

Golden snub-nosed monkey

Brown monkey

 R. roxellana
A. Milne-Edwards, 1870

Three subspecies
  • R. r. hubeiensis (Hubei golden snub-nosed monkey)
  • R. r. qinlingensis (Qinling golden snub-nosed monkey)
  • R. r. roxellana (Moupin golden snub-nosed monkey)
Central China
Map of range		 Size: 57–76 cm (22–30 in) long, plus 51–72 cm (20–28 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Forest[2]

Diet: Leaves, bark, and lichen, as well as buds and fruit seeds[9]		  EN 


Unknown Population declining[2]

Gray snub-nosed monkey

Drawing of brown monkey

 R. brelichi
Thomas, 1903		 Central China
Map of range		 Size: About 64–73 cm (25–29 in) long, plus 70–97 cm (28–38 in) tail[10]

Habitat: Forest[4]

Diet: Leaves, buds, fruit, seeds and bark, as well as insect larvae[10]		  CR 


200 Population declining[4]

Myanmar snub-nosed monkey

Drawing of gray monkey

 R. strykeri
Geissmann et al., 2010		 Northern Myanmar
Map of range		 Size: About 56 cm (22 in) long, plus 78 cm (31 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest[6]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, seeds, buds, flowers, twigs, and bark[12]		  CR 


350–400 Population declining[6]

Tonkin snub-nosed monkey

Gray monkeys

 R. avunculus
(Dollman, 1912)		 Northern Vietnam
Map of range		 Size: 51–65 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 66–92 cm (26–36 in) tail[13]

Habitat: Forest[5]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds[13]		  CR 


80–100 Population declining[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nüchel, Jonas; Bøcher, Peder Klith; Xiao, Wen; et al. (2018-01-23). "Snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus): potential distribution and its implication for conservation". Biodiversity and Conservation. 27 (6): 1517–1538. doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1507-0. ISSN 0960-3115. PMC 6560942. PMID 31258260.
  2. 1 2 3 Yongcheng, L.; Richardson, M. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Rhinopithecus roxellana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T19596A196491153. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T19596A196491153.en.
  3. 1 2 3 Long, Y.; Bleisch, W. V.; Richardson, M. (2020). "Rhinopithecus bieti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T19597A17943738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19597A17943738.en.
  4. 1 2 3 Long, Y.; Li, B.; Zhou, J.; Ren, B.; Garber, A. (2022). "Rhinopithecus brelichi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T19595A215621115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T19595A215621115.en.
  5. 1 2 3 Quyet, L. K.; Rawson, B. M.; Duc, H.; Nadler, T.; Covert, H.; Ang, A. (2020). "Rhinopithecus avunculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T19594A17944213. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19594A17944213.en.
  6. 1 2 3 Geissmann, T.; Momberg, F.; Whitten, T. (2020). "Rhinopithecus strykeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13508501A17943490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T13508501A17943490.en.
  7. ↑ Kuang, W.; Hu, J.; et al. (December 2020). "Genetic diversity, inbreeding level, and genetic load in endangered snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus)". Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 615926. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.615926.
  8. 1 2 Deng, Xin (2020). "Rhinopithecus bieti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  9. 1 2 Munoz, Peter (2023). "Rhinopithecus roxellana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  10. 1 2 "Grey snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  11. ↑ Geissmann, T.; Lwin, N.; Aung, S. S.; Aung, T. N.; Aung, Z. M.; Hla, T. H.; Grindley, M.; Momberg, F. (2011). "A new species of snub-nosed monkey, genus Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards, 1872 (Primates, Colobinae), from northern Kachin state, northeastern Myanmar". American Journal of Primatology. 73 (1): 96–107. doi:10.1002/ajp.20894. PMID 20981682. S2CID 467234. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  12. ↑ Yang, Y.; Groves, C.; Garber, P.; Wang, X.; Li, H.; Long, Y.; Li, G.; Tian, Y.; Dong, S. (2019). "First insights into the feeding habits of the Critically Endangered black snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus strykeri (Colobinae, Primates)". Primates. 60 (2): 143–153. doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00717-0. PMID 30847671. S2CID 71145324.
  13. 1 2 Cherka, Rachel (2014). "Rhinopithecus avunculus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
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