South Walls
Scots nameSooth Waas
Old Norse nameVágaland/Vágar
Meaning of nameThe southern inlets
Cantick Head lighthouse, on South Walls, viewed looking west
Cantick Head lighthouse, on South Walls, viewed looking west
Location
South Walls is located in Orkney Islands
South Walls
South Walls
South Walls shown within Orkney
OS grid referenceND304895
Coordinates58°47′16″N 3°12′18″W / 58.78788°N 3.2049°W / 58.78788; -3.2049
Physical geography
Island groupOrkney
Area1,100 ha (4.2 sq mi)[1]
Area rank47 [2]
Highest elevation57 m (187 ft)
Administration
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryScotland
Council areaOrkney Islands
Demographics
PopulationNo estimate available
Largest settlementLonghope
Lymphad
References[3][4][5][6]

South Walls (Scots: Sooth Waas), often referred to as Walls, is an inhabited island adjacent to Hoy in Orkney, Scotland. The name is a corruption of "Sooth Was", which means the "southern voes" – as with Kirkwall, it was assumed that it was a mispronunciation of "walls".

South Walls forms the southern side of the harbour of Longhope.[7] It was a tidal island until a narrow causeway, was constructed over the sandbank in 1912, which was known as the Ayre, although this name has become transferred to the causeway itself.[3] Although sometimes considered to be a peninsula, it is an island in all but name.[7]

South Walls is a popular stopping off place for barnacle geese.

Geography and geology

Satellite photo of Scapa Flow, South Walls can be seen in the bottom left, below Flotta which is shaped like the letter 'c'

The island, like most of the Orkney archipelago, is made up of old red sandstone with the Rousay Flagstone Group predominating.[8]

The island is more or less oval in shape, but there is a small promontory, called Cantick Head in the south east, which is created by Kirk Hope (Church Bay). It is separated from Hoy by an arm of the sea, also called Longhope. The area to the south of the causeway is known as Aith Hope.

The fact that neither the 2001 or 2011 censuses mention South Walls in their lists of inhabited islands[9][10] suggests that there is some dubiety about its status as an island. (In 2001 the General Register Office for Scotland defined an island as "a mass of land surrounded by water, separate from the Scottish mainland" and although the inclusion of islands linked man-made constructions is not clear from this definition in practice they list several separately that are joined to one another by bridges and causeways). The evidence for its island status includes:

  • mentioned in Livingstone's comprehensive Scottish island tables;[1]
  • the Vision of Britain map of 1856 clearly shows a drying gap between the islands of Hoy and South Walls prior to the construction of the causeway across the Ayre;[11]
  • In Jo Ben's 1529 "Descriptions of Orkney", Wais appears in a list of islands but the wording states: "the island is not large. There is no distinction between Hoy and Wais, but it is one island from the firth receding". This last phrase could be interpreted to mean "at low tide";[12]
  • Irvine's reprint of Blaeu's Atlas Novus of 1654 contains various descriptions of Orkney including:-
    • "the island of Walls, (commonly Waes);[13]
    • "among them Hoy Walls, whether this is two islands, or one: because about the season of equal day, when the tides goes out, they are joined with waves and sand at a narrow neck as one island; when the tide comes in and the sea is again interposed, the appearance of two lands surrounded by water is produced."[14]

Although it is clear that the island is inhabited as it was not listed as such by the census[9][10] no reliable estimate of the current total is available. Presumably the presence of the causeway linking South Walls to Hoy has resulted in the population of the former being included with the latter for statistical purposes.

History

Norse period

A reconstructed longship tacking in the wind such as Erlend and Swein may have used
Hackness martello tower, one of a pair on either side of Longhope, built in 1814
Radar platform at WWII Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun site on South Walls near Wyng
Gallow Tuag WWII Royal Navy Wireless Station

South Walls features fairly prominently in the Norse period, partly because it was the first landfall when sailing from west Caithness or Sutherland. The Orkneyinga saga mentions the island several times, such as in Chapter XCV:

"Early in the winter, Earl Erlend [Harald's Son] and Swein left Thórsá, and took their course by the west coast of Scotland. They had six long-ships, all well manned. They had to row, and when they had gone some distance from Caithness, Earl Rögnvald's spies went out to the islands, and told him the news. Then the Earls moved their ships to Skálpeid (Scapa), and Earl Rögnvald wished them to stay a while on board.
"When Swein and Erlend came west off Stour ["Ru Stoer in Assynt on the west coast of Sutherlandshire"], the former said that they should not distress themselves by rowing any further, and asked his men to put the ships about and set the sails. This action on the part of Swein was thought foolish, yet his men did as he desired them, when they had been sailing for a while the ships began to speed, because there was a fine breeze, and nothing is said of their voyage until they reached Vagaland (South Walls) in Orkney. There they heard the Earls were lying at Skálpeid, off Knarrarstaðir (Knarston) with thirteen ships... It was four nights before Simon's-mas when Swein, Asleif's Son decided to attack the earls during the night, but it was thought rather hazardous, as their followers were so much more numerous. Yet Swein insisted on having his own way, and so he did, because the Earl wished to follow his advice."[5]

South Walls also played a crucial role in the Christianisation of Orkney. Although Christianity in the islands predated the Norse by a number of years, the Norse often remained pagan. Olaf Tryggvasson, King of Norway forced the Earl of Orkney, Sigurd Hloðvisson to be baptised at South Walls.[15] Earl Sigurd accepted, and remained a nominal Christian the rest of his life. However, he did so under duress - King Olaf had many valas (Norse shamans) executed by being tied and left on a skerry at ebb. This was a long and terrible wait for death, and perhaps Earl Sigurd expected a similar fate.

Modern history

Overlooking Longhope in the north east is Hackness Martello Tower and Battery. The tower, together with another on the north side at Crockness, was built in 1815 to protect British ships in the bay of Longhope against attack by American and French privateers, during the Napoleonic Wars, while they waited for a Royal Navy escort on their journey to Baltic ports.[16] The towers were rearmed for World War I. There is a similar tower across the Bay in South East Hoy. Hackness Martello Tower and Battery is in the care of Historic Scotland.[17]

Cantick Head is well known for its lighthouse designed and built by David and Thomas Stevenson and first lit in July 1858 and automated in 1991.[18]

South Walls has substantial remains from the World War II period, when Scapa Flow was used as a Royal Navy base.

Nature reserve

The Hill of White Hamars hill farm is a Scottish Wildlife Trust nature reserve.

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 Rick Livingstone’s Tables of the Islands of Scotland (pdf) Argyll Yacht Charters. Retrieved 12 Dec 2011.
  2. ↑ Area and population ranks: there are c. 300 islands over 20 ha in extent and 93 permanently inhabited islands were listed in the 2011 census.
  3. 1 2 Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. p. 346. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
  4. ↑ Ordnance Survey
  5. 1 2 Anderson, Joseph (Ed.) (1893) Orkneyinga Saga. Translated by Jón A. Hjaltalin & Gilbert Goudie. Edinburgh. James Thin and Mercat Press (1990 reprint). ISBN 0-901824-25-9
  6. ↑ Pedersen, Roy (January 1992) Orkneyjar ok Katanes (map, Inverness, Nevis Print)
  7. 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hoy" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 841.
  8. ↑ Brown, John Flett "Geology and Landscape" in Omand (2003) p.4.
  9. 1 2 National Records of Scotland (15 August 2013). "Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands" (PDF). Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two) (PDF) (Report). SG/2013/126. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  10. 1 2 General Register Office for Scotland (28 November 2003) Scotland's Census 2001 – Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  11. ↑ "Scotland First Series" Vision of Britain. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  12. ↑ "Wais". Orkneyar. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  13. ↑ Johan Blaeu's commentary in Irvine (2006) p. 17
  14. ↑ A. Melville from Scotia Topgraphia of 1603 in Irvine (2006) p. 63
  15. ↑ Haswell-Smith, Hamish. (2004) The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh. Canongate.
  16. ↑ "Travel Scotland: Hoy". Retrieved 13 July 2007.
  17. ↑ "Hackness Martello Tower and Battery". Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  18. ↑ "Cantick Head Lighthouse." Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 15 November 2008.

References

  • Irvine, James M. (ed.) (2006) The Orkneys and Schetland in Blaeu's Atlas Novus of 1654. Ashtead. James M. Irvine. ISBN 0-9544571-2-9
  • Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-254-9
  • Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
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