Space burials launch cremated remains out of the atmosphere.

Space burial is the launching of human remains into space. Missions may go into orbit around the Earth or to extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon, or farther into space.

Remains are sealed until the spacecraft burns up upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere or they reach their extraterrestrial destinations. Suborbital flights briefly transport them into space then return to Earth where they can be recovered. Small samples of remains are usually launched to minimize the cost of launching mass into space, thereby making such services more affordable.

History and typology

The concept of launching human remains into space using conventional rockets was proposed by the science fiction author Neil R. Jones in the novella "The Jameson Satellite", which was published in the pulp magazine Amazing Stories in 1931.[1] It was later proposed as a commercial service in the 1965 movie, The Loved One,[2] and by Richard DeGroot in a The Seattle Times newspaper article on April 3, 1977.[3] Since 1997, the private company Celestis has conducted numerous space burials flying as secondary payloads.[4]

Gene Roddenberry (third from the right) in 1976 with most of the cast of Star Trek at the rollout of the Space Shuttle Enterprise at the Rockwell International plant at Palmdale, California, US

Maiden flights

The first space burial occurred in 1992 when the NASA Space Shuttle Columbia (mission STS-52) carried a sample of Gene Roddenberry's cremated remains into space and returned them to Earth.[5]

The first private space burial, Celestis' Earthview 01: The Founders Flight, was launched on April 21, 1997. An aircraft departing from the Canary Islands carried a Pegasus rocket containing samples of the remains of 24 people to an altitude of 11 km (6.8 mi) above the Atlantic Ocean. The rocket then carried the remains into an elliptical orbit with an apogee of 578 km (359 mi) and a perigee of 551 km (342 mi), orbiting the Earth once every 96 minutes until re-entry on May 20, 2002, northeast of Australia. Famous people on this flight included Roddenberry and Timothy Leary.[6]

Suborbital flights

Short flights that cross the boundary of space without attempting to reach orbital velocity are a cost-effective method of space burial. The remains do not burn up and are either recovered or lost.

Moon burial

The first moon burial was that of Eugene Merle Shoemaker, a portion of whose cremated remains were flown to the Moon by NASA.[7] Shoemaker's former colleague Carolyn Porco, a University of Arizona professor, proposed and produced the tribute of having Shoemaker's ashes launched aboard the NASA's Lunar Prospector spacecraft.[8] Ten days after Shoemaker's passing, Porco had the go-ahead from NASA administrators and delivered the ashes to the Lunar Prospector Mission Director Scott Hubbard at the NASA Ames Research Center.[7][9] The ashes were accompanied by a piece of brass foil inscribed with an image of Comet Hale–Bopp, an image of a Meteor Crater in northern Arizona, and a passage from William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.[7] The Lunar Prospector spacecraft was launched on January 6, 1998, and impacted the south polar region of the Moon on July 31, 1999.[10]

Missions to the Moon are proposed by both Elysium Space[11] and Celestis as part of a mission by Astrobotic Technology of Pittsburgh.

Pet burial

In 2014, Celestis launched Celestis Pets, a pet memorial spaceflight service for animal cremated remains.[12] Prior to then, Bismarck, a Monroe, Washington police dog may have flown on a 2012 memorial spaceflight. When this news broke, Celestis' president said that if dog ashes were on the rocket, the person who supplied the cremated remains likely violated the contract they signed with Celestis.[13]

Dedicated spacecraft

On May 17, 2017, Elysium Space announced the world's first memorial flight involving a dedicated spacecraft. The CubeSat was placed as a secondary payload on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket as part of a dedicated rideshare mission called SSO-A planned by Spaceflight. The launch took place from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on December 3, 2018.[14] The launch was successful, however, industry sources have noted that the Elysium Star spacecraft remained attached to the deployer due to a failure to procure proper licensing.[15]

Space burial businesses

Space burial businesses generally refer to their service offering as "Memorial Spaceflight".

Business name Date established Operating status Destinations offered
Celestis 1994 Active Launch to space and return to Earth, into Earth orbit, to lunar surface, into deep-space
Elysium Space 2013 Inactive Launch into Earth orbit, to lunar surface
Aura Flights 2019 Active Launch to space and return to Earth
Beyond Burials 2020 Active Launch to space and return to Earth, into Earth orbit, to lunar surface, into deep-space

Spaceflight history

Orbital

Launch date Mission provider Launch vehicle Destination Remains samples Results
2020~
May 15, 2022 Celestis Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samples[16] Success
April 1, 2022 Space NTK Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samples[17] Success
2010-2019
2018[18] Elysium Space Falcon 9 Earth orbit Remains samples Planned
November 3, 2015 Elysium Space SPARK Earth orbit Remains samples Failure
December 5, 2014 NASA Delta IV Heavy Earth orbit Remains sample of NASA Orion engineer[19] Success
May 22, 2012 Celestis Falcon 9 Earth orbit Over 300 remains samples[20][21] Success
2000-2009
August 2, 2008 Celestis Falcon 1 Earth orbit Over 200 remains samples[22] Failure
September 21, 2001 Celestis Taurus rocket Earth orbit 43 remains samples[23] Failure
1990-1999
December 20, 1999 Celestis Taurus rocket Earth orbit 36 remains samples[24] Success
February 10, 1998 Celestis Taurus rocket Earth orbit 30 remains samples[25] Success
April 21, 1997 Celestis Pegasus rocket Earth orbit 24 remains samples[6] Success
October 22, 1992 NASA Space Shuttle Columbia Earth orbit Remains sample of Gene Roddenberry[5] Success

Moon

Launch Date Mission Provider Launch Vehicle Destination Remains samples Results
2010~
2018[26] Elysium Space Falcon 9 Lunar surface Remain samples Planned
Not available[27] Celestis Details not available Lunar surface Remain samples Planned
1990-1999
January 6, 1998 NASA Athena II/Lunar Prospector Lunar surface Remains sample of Eugene Shoemaker[7][10] Success

Deep space

Launch Date Mission Provider Launch Vehicle Destination Remains samples Results
2000~2009
January 19, 2006 NASA Atlas V/New Horizons Deep space Remains sample of Clyde Tombaugh[28] Success

Suborbital

Launch Date Mission Provider Launch Vehicle Remains samples Results
2010~
October 23, 2014 Celestis SpaceLoft XL 24 remains samples[29] Success
June 21, 2013 Celestis SpaceLoft XL 31 remains samples[30] Success
May 20, 2011 Celestis SpaceLoft XL Over 8 remains samples[31] Success
May 4, 2010 Celestis SpaceLoft XL Over 19 remains samples[32] Success
2000-2009
May 2, 2009 Celestis SpaceLoft XL 16 remains samples[33] Failure
April 28, 2007 Celestis SpaceLoft XL Over 200 remains samples[34] Success
September 29, 2004 Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne Remains sample of the mother of SpaceShipOne's designer, Burt Rutan.[35] Success

Notable individuals buried in space

James Doohan (left) visiting NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center with pilot Bruce Peterson April 13, 1967 in front of the Northrop M2-F2.

Launched into Earth orbit

L. Gordon Cooper

Buried on the Moon

Launched into outer space

  • Clyde Tombaugh (1906–1997), American astronomer and discoverer of Pluto in 1930. A small sample of Tombaugh's ashes are aboard New Horizons, the first spacecraft to attempt to pass by and photograph Pluto. This is the first sample of human cremated remains which will escape the solar system.[28]
  • Nichlle Nichols (1932-2022), American actress best known for her role as Nyota Uhura in the original Star Trek was lunched on the maiden flight of the Vulcan Centaur.

Future space burials

Leiji Matsumoto at a book signing event in 2014


References

  1. ↑ "The Jameson Satellite" (Amazing Stories, July 1931; Amazing Stories, April 1956 (reprint); Ace Books collection #1, 1967.
  2. ↑ goodgoodbye.com/film-and-video-reviews/funeral-films-the-loved-one/
  3. ↑ John Hinterberger: The Seattle Times Sunday Magazine, page 3, April 3, 1977.
  4. ↑ "Celetis Launch Manifest". CelestisInc. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  5. 1 2 "Shuttle bore Roddenberry's ashes". Rome News-Tribune. April 29, 1994. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Founders Flight". CelestisInc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Stiles, Lorie (January 6, 1998). "Eugene Shoemaker Ashes Carried on Lunar Prospector". University of Arizona News Services. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  8. ↑ Porco, Carolyn. "The Eugene M. Shoemaker Tribute". Diamond Sky Productions. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  9. ↑ Porco, Carolyn C. (February 2000). "Destination Moon". Astronomy. Retrieved June 8, 2013. The next day, I drove to Phoenix for a flight to Ames Research Center in California, where the following day, a Monday, I delivered the whole package to Scott Hubbard.
  10. 1 2 Williams, David. "Lunar Prospector". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  11. ↑ Clark, Liat (August 12, 2015). "This startup will send your loved one's ashes to the Moon". WIRED UK. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Home". Celestis Pets.
  13. ↑ Rikki King (May 24, 2012). "Dog's ashes may have been sneaked on to space flight". Everett Herald. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
  14. ↑ Clark, Stephen (December 3, 2018). "SpaceX launches swarm of satellites, flies rocket for third time". Spaceflight Now.
  15. ↑ Foust, Jeff (August 23, 2019). "Spaceflight herded 64 cubesats onto a single Falcon 9 and has the scratch marks to prove it". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Ascension Flight". Celestis. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  17. ↑ Yoshikawa, Mitsuko (June 18, 2021). "｢宇宙葬｣を亡き娘にプレゼントした夫婦の心情". Toyo Keizai (in Japanese). Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  18. ↑ Kharpal, Arjun (May 17, 2017). "You can send your loved one's ashes into space on Elon Musk's SpaceX rocket for $2,500". CNBC. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  19. ↑ Cloherty, Megan (December 5, 2014). "Man's remains travel to space with NASA's Orion". WTOP News. Retrieved December 7, 2014. Father of two and aeronautical engineer, 37-year-old Patrick O'Malley worked for more than a decade towards the launch of the Orion capsule.
  20. ↑ Moskowitz, Clara (May 22, 2012). "Ashes of Star Trek's 'Scotty' Ride Private Rocket into Space". New York: Space.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
  21. 1 2 "The New Frontier Memorial Spaceflight". CelestisInc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  22. 1 2 "Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Explorers Flight". CelestisInc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014. The Explorers Flight, carrying cremated remains samples of over 200 people, was launched August 2, 2008 aboard a Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) Falcon 1 rocket.
  23. ↑ "Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Odyssey Flight". CelestisInc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  24. ↑ "Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Millennial Flight". CelestisInc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  25. ↑ "Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Ad Astra Flight". CelestisInc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  26. ↑ "Launch Schedule". Elysium Space. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  27. ↑ "Luna 02 Flight | Memorial Spaceflights". Celestis. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  28. 1 2 Leary, Warren E. (January 20, 2006). "NASA Launches Spacecraft on the First Mission to Pluto – New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  29. ↑ "Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Conestoga Flight". CelestisInc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Celestis Memorial Spaceflights – The Centennial Flight". CelestisInc. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  31. ↑ "The Goddard Flight". Celestis. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  32. ↑ "The Pioneer Flight". Celestis. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  33. ↑ "The Discovery Flight". Celestis. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  34. 1 2 3 "Legacy Flight". Celestis Memorial Spaceflights. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  35. ↑ Harwood, William (September 29, 2004). "SpaceShipOne takes wild suborbital flight". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved April 1, 2015. At the post-flight news conference, Rutan revealed his mother's ashes were on board SpaceShipOne "and I was very very proud to have carried her," Melvill said.
  36. ↑ "Gene Roddenberry & Majel Roddenberry". Celestis. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  37. ↑ "Gerald K. O'Neil – Participant on board The Founders Flight". Celestis. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  38. ↑ "Krafft A. Ehricke". Celestis. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  39. ↑ "Timothy Francis Leary". Celestis. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  40. ↑ "James Doohan". Celestis. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  41. ↑ "Tribute to Jimmy". Celestis. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  42. ↑ "Doohan". Celestis. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  43. ↑ "Luna Flight 01". Celestis. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Luna 01 Flight". Celestis. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  45. ↑ "流れ星供養". Elysium Space (in Japanese).
  46. 1 2 3 "Participants in Future Flights". Celestis. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  47. ↑ "Gene & Majel Roddenberry - Participants on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight". CelestisInc. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  48. ↑ "William Reid Pogue - Participant on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight". CelestisInc. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  49. ↑ "Luise Clayborn Kaish - Participant on board a Future Celestis Memorial Spaceflight". CelestisInc. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.