Spanish reconquest of New Granada
Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
Date1815–1816
Location
Viceroyalty of New Granada
Result Reconquest of New Granada by the Spanish monarchy
Belligerents
United Provinces of New Granada Spain Kingdom of Spain
Commanders and leaders
Camilo Torres Tenorio
Custodio García Rovira
Liborio Mejía
Manuel del Castillo y Rada
José Francisco Bermúdez
Carlos Soublette
F. de Paula Santander		 Ferdinand VII of Spain
Francisco Tomás Morales
Juan de Sámano
Sebastián de la Calzada
Miguel de la Torre
Pablo Morillo
Strength
5,975 soldiers and militiamen[1] 10,000 men
60 ships [2]

The Spanish reconquest of New Granada in 1815–1816 was part of the Spanish American wars of independence in South America. Shortly after the Napoleonic Wars ended, Ferdinand VII, recently restored to the throne in Spain, decided to send military forces to retake most of the northern South American colonies, which had established autonomous juntas and independent states. The invaders, with support from loyal colonial troops, completed the reconquest of New Granada by taking Bogotá on 6 May 1816.

The expeditionary force and campaigns

In 1815, Spain sent to its most seditious colonies the strongest expeditionary force that it had ever sent to the Americas. Colonel Pablo Morillo, a veteran of the Spanish struggle against the French, was chosen as its commander. The expeditionary force was made up of approximately 10,000 men and nearly 60 ships. Originally, they were to head for Montevideo in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, but soon it was decided to send these forces to the Viceroyalty of New Granada (present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama) and Venezuela.[3]

Leaving the port of Cádiz on 17 February 1815, the force initially landed at Carupano and the island of Margarita in April, where no resistance was encountered. After leaving the island, Morillo's troops reinforced existing royalist forces in the Venezuelan mainland, entering Cumaná and Caracas in May. A small part of the main corps set off towards Panamá, while the main contingent was directed from Puerto Cabello towards the Neogranadine coastal city of Santa Marta which was still in Royalist hands.[4]

After picking up supplies and militia volunteers in Santa Marta on 23 July, the Spanish expeditionary forces besieged Cartagena. After a five-month siege the fortified city fell on December 1815.[5][6]

By 1816, the combined efforts of Spanish and colonial forces, marching south from Cartagena and north from Royalist strongholds in Quito and Pasto completed the reconquest of New Granada. Sebastián de la Calzada won the Battle of Cachirí in February 1816 and took the Republican capital Bogotá on 6 May 1816. The Republican government fled to Popayán, but their last stronghold was also captured after their defeat in the Battle of Cuchilla del Tambo on 29 June 1816.[7]

Units of the Republican armies of New Granada were incorporated into the Royalist army and sent to Peru.

Reign of Terror

A permanent consejo de guerra was set up to judge those accused of treason and rebellion, resulting in the execution of more than a hundred notable Republican officials, including :

It is estimated that in total, some 7,000 people were executed by the Spanish between 1816 and 1819.[8]

Patriot reactions

On learning of the arrival of the expeditionary force, republican leaders assumed various positions. Internal divisions, which had developed during the previous years of struggle, softened but still remained a considerable obstacle. In the end, they prevented a coordinated effort by the different factions, although there were some attempts to do so, such as under the United Provinces of New Granada. One significant factor in the disunity was that representatives of the United Kingdom and of the United States refused to grant political recognition and would not commit the sufficient amount of economic and military aid to successfully resist Morillo's force. In addition, the provinces themselves did not give each other much-needed aid. Finally, several notable individuals, whose leadership would have been useful, decided to exile themselves, although other republican leaders remained in the region and tried to reorganize their military and political activities in order to face the new threat.

As a result of the internal conflicts in New Granada, Simón Bolívar, who had been acting under the authority of the United Provinces, left his command on 8 May 1815, after failing to subdue Cartagena in March in retaliation for its refusal to give him arms and men. Bolívar traveled to Jamaica and later Haiti, a small republic that had freed itself from French rule, where he and other independence leaders were given a friendly reception. Eventually, the growing exile community received money, volunteers and weapons from Haitian president Alexandre Pétion, and resumed the struggle for independence in the remote border areas of both New Granada and Venezuela, where they established irregular guerrilla bands with the locals. This formed the basis from which the struggle to establish republics successfully spread towards the other areas of South America under Spanish control.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Oswaldo Díaz Díaz (1964). La reconquista española p.45. Lerner.
  2. ↑ Cordova : p.62.
  3. ↑ Henao : p.332.
  4. ↑ Henao : p.333-334.
  5. ↑ Cartagena Explorer
  6. ↑ Cordova : p.95-96.
  7. ↑ Jesús María Henao and Gerardo Arrubla: Historia de Colombia para la enseñanza secundaria. P.343-344
  8. ↑ Córdova : gloria y asesinato del héroe. Tomo I p. 114-119 / Armando Barona Mesa ; prólogo del académico Antonio Cacua Prada
  9. ↑ Lynch, John (2006). Simón Bolívar: A Life. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12604-4. p. 90-92.

Bibliography

  • Jesús María y Arrubla Gerardo Henao, Historia de Colombia Para la Enseñanza Secundaria, Bogota, Voluntad, 1952, p. 342-344
  • Córdova : gloria y asesinato del héroe. Tomo I / Armando Barona Mesa ; prólogo del académico Antonio Cacua Prada
  • Costeloe, Michael P. Response to Revolution: Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810-1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-32083-6
  • Earle, Rebecca. Spain and the Independence of Colombia, 1810-1825. Exter: University of Exter Press, 2000. ISBN 0-85989-612-9
  • Stoan, Stephen K. Pablo Morillo and Venezuela, 1815-1820. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1959.
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