Gan 3x3x3 Rubik's speed cube.
A 3x3x3 Puzzle Cube produced by GAN

Speedcubing (also known as speedsolving) is a competitive sport that involves solving a variety of combination puzzles, the most well-known of which is the 3x3x3 puzzle (also known as the Rubik's cube), as quickly as possible. A person who competitively solves combination puzzles is called a speedcuber (when solved specifically focusing on speed), or simply a cuber. To solve most puzzles, one must perform algorithms in a specific order.

Competitive speedcubing is mainly regulated by the World Cube Association (WCA).[1] As of November 2, 2023, the WCA recognizes and holds competitions for 17 speedcubing events: the cubic puzzles from the 2x2–7x7, the Pyraminx, Megaminx, Skewb, Square-1, and Rubik's Clock, as well as the 3x3, 4x4, and 5x5 Blindfolded, 3x3 One-handed, 3x3 Fewest Moves, and 3x3 Multi-blind.[1]

As of July 2023, the 3x3x3 world record single in competition is 3.13 seconds, set by Max Park at Pride in Long Beach 2023.[2] The 3x3x3 world record for a 20% trimmed mean of five solves is 4.48 seconds, set by Yiheng Wang at Mofunland Cruise Open 2023.[3] The majority of speedcubers are under 20 years old, with many countries hosting competitions of the sport on the international level throughout the year.[4] Due to the Rubik's Cube's popularity, there are many guides and “tricks” available on the internet to solve the cube.

History

The Rubik's Cube was invented on May 19, 1974 by Hungarian professor of architecture Ernő Rubik (born July 13, 1944). In 1979, Ernő Rubik partnered with Ideal Toy Company to garner widespread international interest in the cube. On June 5, 1982, the first world championship of speedcubing was held in Budapest, Hungary. Nineteen people competed in the event, and the American Minh Thai won with a single solve time of 22.95 seconds, which was, at the time, the fastest Rubik's Cube solve ever recorded. Other notable attendees include Jessica Fridrich and Lars Petrus, both of whom later contributed to the development of new solving methods and of the speedcubing community.[5] The Rubik's Cube waned in popularity after 1983, as there were no official competitions held,[6] but with the advent of the Internet, online websites began to surface to discuss the cube. With these websites facilitating the renewed popularity of the cube, a new generation of speedcubers arose.

Those prominent in the online speedsolving community, such as Ron van Bruchem, Tyson Mao, Chris Hardwick, and Ton Dennenbroek, eventually wanted to create an organization where cubers from around the world could meet and compete. In 2003, they organised a championship in Toronto, Ontario, followed by another competition in the Netherlands later that same year. This revival of competition sparked a new wave of organized speedcubing events, which included regular national and international competitions.[7] There were twelve competitions in 2004, 58 more from 2005 to 2006, over 100 in 2008, and over 1150 in 2018. Since Budapest's 1982 competition, there have been nine further World Championships traditionally held every other year. This new wave of speedcubing competitions has been and still is organized by the World Cube Association (WCA).

Since the rise of speedcubing in popularity, numerous entrepreneurial ventures have been founded specializing in making or selling speedcubes, creating competition between these brands and Rubik's. Dozens of cube manufacturers, such as GANCube, MoYu, YJ, and QiYi have begun improving the cube's technology to allow for smoother turning and faster solving.[8] This has helped to facilitate the eventual rise of the Rubik's Cube as not just a toy, but also a lucrative business.[9]

Solving methods for 3x3x3 Cubes

The standard 3x3x3 can be solved using several methods, not all of which are intended for or suited to speedcubing. The most commonly used methods for speedcubing are CFOP and Roux, which are generally considered to achieve the fastest times for the least amount of time spent learning them. The CFOP method is used by the majority of cubers and employs a layer-by-layer system with numerous algorithms for solving the final layer, whereas Roux, the second most popular method, starts by forming a 3x2x1 block on either side of the cube and solves the middle layer last, using fewer algorithms. Other notable methods include ZZ and Petrus which have been popular at times in the past, however they are now considered sub-optimal to CFOP and Roux.

Solving larger cubes, such as the 4x4x4 and 5x5x5, are most often solved by reducing it to a 3x3x3 and solving it like so, while the 2x2x2 can be solved with the same or similar methods as 3x3x3. However, specialized 2x2x2 methods are quicker, and are regarded as superior to 3x3x3 methods. These methods include Ortega, CLL, and one-look solves with the EG method.

CFOP method

The CFOP (abbreviation for Cross – F2L – OLL – PLL) method, also known as the Fridrich method after one of its inventors, Jessica Fridrich, who finished second in the 2003 Rubik's Cube World Championships is the most commonly used method in speedcubing today. Its origins are credited to David Singmaster, who was one of the first to publish a layer-by-layer method of solving in 1980,[10] and Guus Razoux Schultz, who built upon this and developed a more efficient system for the first two layers (F2L).[11] Jessica Fridrich then finished developing the method and published it online in 1997,[12] an event that was very influential in the revival of competitive speedcubing. The first step of the method is to solve a cross of edge pieces on the first layer. The remainder of the first layer and all of the second layer are then solved together in what is referred to as "corner-edge pairs", or slots. Finally, the last layer is solved in two steps – first, all of the pieces in the layer are oriented to form a solid color (but without the individual pieces always being in their correct places on the cube). This step is referred to as orientation and is usually performed with a single set of algorithms known as OLL (Orientation of the Last Layer). Then, all of those pieces are permuted to their correct spots. This is also usually performed as a single set of PLL (Permutation of the Last Layer) algorithms. OLL and PLL use 57 and 21 algorithms, respectively.

The CFOP method can be used as a less advanced method by dividing the steps into more steps, reducing the number of algorithms that need to be learned but sacrificing time, usually known as the beginner method or layer by layer (LBL). Most people start learning CFOP with 4LLL (Four-Look Last Layer), which is the less advanced, slower, and algorithm-reducing (from 78 algorithms to 16) way to learn CFOP. The 4 steps are divided into Edge Orientation, Corner Orientation, Corner Permutation, and Edge Permutation (can be called EO, CO, CP, and EP). Later on, full OLL, which has 57 algorithms, and full PLL, which has 21 algorithms, can be learned. An average CFOP user that solves with full OLL and PLL, along with an efficient cross (which takes 8 moves at maximum) and efficient F2L (which takes almost 30 moves), consists of 55-60 moves, which means that it has a higher move count than Roux and ZZ. However, finger tricks and algorithms are more researched with CFOP than any other method, which explains why the majority of the fastest speedcubers use CFOP as their main speedcubing method.[13]

The CFOP method is the most widely used speed-solving method. It is a more efficient version of the Layer-By-Layer method (also known as the beginner's method). It is very popular due to the vast amount of resources that teach and improve upon the CFOP method. Many fast speedcubers, including two-time World Champion Feliks Zemdegs and world record holder Max Park, learn additional sets of algorithms for the last slot and layer, such as Corners of Last Layer (COLL), which orients and permutes the corners when the edges are oriented, or Winter Variation (also known as Valk Last Slot, or VLS), which finishes OLL while inserting the last pair, and ZBLL, which combines the solving processes of OLL corner orientation and PLL in only one algorithm.

Roux method

The Roux method was invented by French speedcuber Gilles Roux. The first step of the Roux method is to form a 3×2×1 block, usually placed in the lower portion of the left layer. The second step is creating another 3×2×1 on the opposite side, so each block shares a bottom color. The creation of these blocks is commonly known as "block-building".[14] The remaining four corners are then solved using a set of algorithms known as CMLL (Corners of the Last Layer, without regard to the M-slice), which leaves six edges and four centers that are solved in the last step, L6E or LSE (Last Six Edges).

This method is not as dependent on algorithm memorization as the CFOP method since all but the third step is done with intuition as opposed to predefined sets of algorithms. Because of the frequent use of M moves, the Roux method can be performed without any rotations (unlike the CFOP method), which means it is easier to look ahead (solving pieces while at the same time looking for the solution to the next step) while solving. It is also considered one of the most efficient speedsolving methods, with its average move count being between 45 and 50 moves for experienced solvers. However, the Roux method of speedcubing has been criticized over the years because, unlike CFOP, ZZ, or Petrus, Roux requires M (middle layer) slices to solve LSE. Using M slice moves makes it harder to achieve higher TPS (turns per second) because the finger tricks are almost always flicks, but high TPS is achievable through training.

One of the users of this method, Kian Mansour, broke the one-handed (OH) world record average with a time of 9.54 seconds.[15] Sean Patrick Villanueva is the first Roux user to achieve a Sub-6 average of five in competition and is ranked tenth in the world by 3x3 average. He also podiumed in 3x3 at the WCA World Championship 2019 (2nd Place).

ZZ method

The ZZ method (short for "Zbigniew Zborowski") is a modern speedcubing method originally proposed by Zbigniew Zborowski in 2006. The method was designed specifically to achieve high turning speeds by focusing on movement ergonomics and is a combination of a block-building method and a layer-by-layer method. The initial pre-planned step is called EOLine and is the most distinctive hallmark of the ZZ method. It involves orienting all edges while placing two oppositely placed down-face edges aligned with the correspondingly colored center. It is also common to build an EOCross, where all edges are oriented and the four bottom edges are put in their place, similar to CFOP. The next step solves the remaining first two layers using only left, right, top, and bottom face turns, one of the advantages of ZZ. On completion of the first two layers, the last layer's edges are all correctly oriented because of edge pre-orientation during EOLine. The last layer may be completed using a number of techniques, including those used in the CFOP method. An expert variant of this method, ZBLL (Zborowski-Bruchem Last Layer), allows the last layer to be completed in a single step with an average of just over 12 moves, but requires a total of 493 algorithms to be learned.[16] Due to the ergonomics of ZZ, rotating when solving will never be needed, unlike in the CFOP method. The ZZ method has fewer moves than CFOP, with ZZ averaging 45-55 compared to CFOP's 55-60 moves. Because ZZ uses EO and block building, it is very move-efficient, these techniques are used in the FMC (Fewest Move Challenge).[17] However, EOLine is considered by many to be more difficult than F2L, with only two edges solved (the front and back bottom edges), which can hinder lookahead and TPS (turns per second), making ZZ much slower than CFOP.

Corners-first methods

Corners-first methods involve solving the corners and then finishing the edges with slice turns. Corner-first solutions were common in the 1980s and were one of the most popular methods that 1982 world champion Minh Thai used. Currently, corner-first solutions are rarely used among speedsolvers. Dutch cuber Marc Waterman created a corners-first method in the cube craze and averaged 18 seconds in the mid-late 1980s.

Fewest Moves Challenge (FMC) methods

At the highest level, there typically is not a standard method used for Fewest Moves solving. Rather, competitors attempt to solve the cube intuitively using solving techniques such as blockbuilding, Normal-Inverse-Scramble-Switch (NISS), commutator insertions, and Domino Reduction after its rise to popularity in 2019. Most solves utilize multiple of these techniques in order to generate a solution.

Blindfolded methods

In 2003, when the first blindfolded competitions were organized, world record solvers would use the 3OP (3-Cycle Orientation Permutation) Method, which orients and then permutes pieces using 3 cycles. As of today, methods such as 3-Style and M2 are among the fastest and most popular blind-solving methods. The Old Pochmann Method, which is a method that solves one piece at a time, is a method typically used by beginner blindsolvers. Blindfolded solvers use letter patterns to help memorize sequences of moves in order to solve the cube.

The lettering scheme that blindfolded solvers use is called the Speffz lettering scheme, and each sticker or individual color is given a letter. The way letters are assigned is starting on the top edge of the top face, going clockwise, and starting with A. The top edge of the top face is A, the right edge is B, the bottom edge is C, and the left edge is D. The same process is done on the other sides in the order top, left, front, right, back, bottom to get every edge lettered from A to X. The same process is applied to all of the corners, starting with the top left corner and going clockwise in the same face order. A cycle of piece swaps is then used with the letter E being used as a buffer location for corners and D commonly being used for edges in the Old Pochmann method.

Competitions

Anssi Vanhala solving a 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube with his feet in 36.72 seconds, at the 2009 Estonian Open

World Cube Association (WCA)

Speedcubing competitions have been held every year since 2003. The World Cube Association (WCA) was formed in 2004 to govern all official competitions. For a competition to be official, it must be approved by the WCA and follow the WCA regulations. Included in the regulations is the necessity of having one or more WCA delegate in attendance. A delegate's main role is to ensure all regulations are followed during the competition. Once the competition is finished, results are uploaded to the WCA website. Judges oversee the round. Delegates help the judge. Runners give the scrambled or solved cube to the competitor. A scrambler scrambles the cube.

Format

The majority of puzzle competitions are held using a trimmed mean of five format. This involves the competitor executing five solves in the round in question, after which the fastest and slowest solve are disregarded and the mean of the remaining three is used. The 6×6×6 and 7×7×7 events are ranked by straight mean of three — only three solves, none of which are disregarded. In 3×3×3 blindfolded and 3×3×3 fewest moves challenges, either straight mean of 3 or best of 3 is used, while 4×4×4 blindfolded, 5×5×5 blindfolded, and multiple blindfolded challenges are ranked using best of 1, 2 or 3, depending on the competition.

When a round begins, competitors turn in the puzzle they will use. Puzzles are scrambled using a computer-generated scramble. Each round, five, three, or one (depending on the format, mentioned above) scrambles are used. Every competitor in the round will receive each scramble once. Before starting a solution, a competitor has up to 15 seconds to inspect the puzzle (inspection is removed for blindfolded events). This is monitored by a judge with a stopwatch. Once the solution is complete, the judge records the time on the competitor's scorecard and it is signed by both. If the puzzle is unsolved and the timer is stopped, the time is recorded as "DNF" (Did Not Finish). There are also numerous reasons why the solve can receive a two-second addition to the solve time, such as a face being more than 45 degrees off, or the competitor going over the allowed inspection time. A competitor can also receive an extra solution to replace the one just completed, for example in the case of a timer malfunction or a duplicate scramble.

The official timer used in competitions is the StackMat timer, which was originally designed for sport stacking. This device has touch-sensitive pads that are triggered by the user lifting one or both of their hands to start the time and placing both their hands back on the pads after releasing the puzzle to stop the timer.

Official competitions are currently being held in several categories.

CategoryCube type
Speedsolving2×2×2, 3×3×3, 4×4×4, 5×5×5, 6×6×6, 7×7×7
Blindfolded solving3x3x3, 4x4x4, 5x5x5, Multiple 3x3x3s
Multiple blindfolded solving3x3x3
One-handed solving3x3x3
Solving in fewest moves3x3x3
Speedsolvers solving Megaminxes at the 2011 Estonian Open

Competitions will often include events for speedsolving other puzzles as well, such as:

  • Pyraminx, a pyramid-shaped puzzle.
  • Megaminx, a twelve sided dodecahedral puzzle solved similar to a 3x3x3.
  • Skewb, a cube shaped puzzle added in 2014 as an official WCA event due to its growing popularity and the ease of its regulations.[18]
  • Square-1, a cubed puzzle that changes shape as it is solved
  • Rubik's Clock, a double-sided circle-shaped puzzle with many clocks on it that is considered solved when all clock hands are in the 12 o'clock position.
  • 3x3x3 with Feet (formerly), starting in 2020, 3x3x3 with Feet was removed from the list of official WCA events.[19]
  • Rubik's Magic (formerly), starting in 2012, Rubik's Magic was removed from the list of official WCA events.
  • Rubik's Master Magic (formerly), starting in 2012, Rubik's Master Magic was removed from the list of official WCA events.

World Rubik's Cube Championships

The WCA organizes the Rubik's Cube World Championship as the main international competition once every two years. The latest championship was held in Incheon, South Korea from 12 to 15 August 2023.[20]

Championship Year Host Date(s) Nations Competitors Events Winner (3x3) Winning time(s) Ref
I 1982 Hungary Budapest 5 June 19 19 1 United States Minh Thai 22.95 (Single) [21]
II 2003 Canada Toronto 23–24 August 15 88 13 United States Dan Knights 20.00 (Average) [22]
III 2005 United States Lake Buena Vista 5–6 November 16 149 15 France Jean Pons 15.10 (Average) [23]
IV 2007 Hungary Budapest 5–7 October 28 214 17 Japan Yu Nakajima 12.46 (Average) [24]
V 2009 Germany Düsseldorf 9–11 October 32 327 19 United Kingdom Breandan Vallance 10.74 (Average) [25]
VI 2011 Thailand Bangkok 14–16 October 35 292 19 Poland Michał Pleskowicz 8.65 (Average) [26]
VII 2013 United States Las Vegas 26–28 July 35 580 17 Australia Feliks Zemdegs 8.18 (Average) [27]
VIII 2015 Brazil São Paulo 17–19 July 37 428 18 Australia Feliks Zemdegs 7.56 (Average) [28]
IX 2017 France Paris 13–16 July 64 938 18 United States Max Park 6.85 (Average) [29]
X 2019 Australia Melbourne 11–14 July 52 833 18 Germany Philipp Weyer 6.74 (Average) [30]
XI 2021 Netherlands Almere Cancelled[lower-alpha 1] — — 17 — — [32]
XII 2023 South Korea Incheon 12–15 August 63 1187 17 United States Max Park 5.31 (Average) [33]
XIII 2025 United States Seattle 3-6 July TBA 2000 17 TBA TBA [34]

World records

The following are the official speedcubing world records approved by the WCA.[35]

Note: For averages of 5 solves, the best time and the worst time are dropped, and the mean of the remaining 3 solves is taken. For events where only 3 solves are done, the mean of all 3 is taken.

EventTypeResultPersonCompetition (Date(s))Result details (Min:Sec.100ths)
3×3×3Single3.13United States Max ParkPride in Long Beach 2023 (11 June)—
Average 4.48 China Yiheng Wang Mofunland Cruise Open 2023 (19-20 June) 4.72 / 4.72 / 3.99 / (3.95) / (5.99)
2×2×2 Single0.43Poland Teodor ZajderWarsaw Cube Masters 2023 (5 November)—
Average1.01United States Zayn KhananiPioneer Valley Cubing B 2023 (22 January)0.91 / 0.97 / (0.71) / 1.16 / (2.91)
4×4×4 Single16.79United States Max ParkBay Area Speedcubin' (3 April)—
Average19.38United States Max ParkArizona Speedcubing Spring 2023 (19 March)(17.60) / 18.49 / 19.37 / (23.80) / 20.28
5×5×5 Single32.60United States Max ParkUCSD Winter 2023 (16 December)—
Average35.94United States Max ParkUCSD Winter 2023 (16 December)37.37 / 35.13 / 35.32 / (32.60) / (40.31)
6×6×6 Single59.74United States Max ParkCubingUSA Southeast Championship 2022 (29-31 July)—
Average1:07.11United States Max ParkRubik's WCA World Championship 2023 (12-15 August)1:13.88 / 1:07.13 / 1:00.33
7×7×7 Single1:35.68United States Max ParkMarshall Cubing September 2022 (24 September)—
Average1:42.12United States Max ParkMarshall Cubing September 2022 (24 September)1:35.68 / 1:46.74 / 1:43.95
3×3×3 Blindfolded Single12.10Australia Charlie EgginsAustralian Nationals 2023 (28 Sep - 1 Oct)—
Average14.15United States Tommy CherryRubik's WCA World Championship 2023 (12-15 August)14.07 / 13.98 / 14.39
3×3×3 Fewest Moves Single16Italy Sebastiano TrontoFMC 2019 (15–16 June)—
Average20.00Singapore Wong Chong WenFMC Johor Bahru 2023 (17 September)20 / 21 / 19
3×3×3 One-handed Single6.20United States Max ParkMarshall Middle Slice 2022 (27 August)—
Average8.62United States Max ParkNub Open Mission Viejo 2023 (3 December 2023)9.33 / (10.62) / 8.22 / 8.31 / (7.19)
Rubik's Clock Single2.61United States Tommy CherryCubingUSA Mid-Atlantic Championship 2023 (17-19 June)—
Average3.50United States Tommy CherryCubingUSA Nationals 2023 (27-30 July)3.29 / 3.86 / (3.27) / 3.36 / (DNF)
Megaminx Single24.12Argentina Leandro Martín LópezRío Cuarto al Cubo 2023 (8-9 December)—
Average26.84Argentina Leandro Martín LópezNacionales Argentinas 2023 (1-3 September)(25.22) / 26.31 / 26.55 / 27.67 / (28.15)
Pyraminx Single0.75United States Elijah BrownBerkeley Winter A 2023 (21 January)—
Average1.45United States Ezra ShereWashtenaw Fast ‘n Late Fall 2023 (23 Sep)[36][37](1.82) / 1.42 / 1.42 / 1.50 / (1.38)
Skewb Single0.81United States Zayn KhananiRubik's WCA North American Championship 2022 (7-10 July)—
Average1.53United States Carter KucalaCanadian Championship 2023 (13-16 July)1.89 / (1.14) / 1.55 / 1.14 / (4.15)
Square-1 Single3.69United States Max SiauwUW or U Don't 2023 (2 December)—
Average4.91United States Max SiauwStumptown Speedcubing Summer 2023 (22 July)5.32 / 4.60 / (6.26) / 4.80 / (4.58)
4×4×4 Blindfolded Single51.96United States Stanley Chapel4BLD in a Madison Hall 2023 (28-29 January)—
Average1:08.76United States Stanley ChapelMichigan Cubing Club Epsilon 2019 (14 December)1:02.51 / 1:14.05 / 1:09.72
5×5×5 Blindfolded Single2:04.41United States Stanley ChapelVirginia Championship 2023 (10-12 November)—
Average2:27.63United States Stanley ChapelMichigan Cubing Club Epsilon 2019 (14 December)2:32.48 / 2:28.80 / 2:21.62
3×3×3 Multiple Blindfolded Single62/65United States Graham SigginsBlind Is Back LA 2022 (26 June)57:47
A scatter plot of Rubik's Cube world records (single and average) against time. This depicts the improvement made over the years, as well as highlights records that stayed unbroken for an unusual amount of time.

Lubrication

Members of the cubing community lubricate their cubes to allow them to be turned faster, easier, smoother, more controllable, and more reliably than a non-lubricated cube. The WCA allows lubrication for official competitions.[38]

A lubricant’s MSDS indicates potential cube-damaging properties. Cube lubricants normally belong to the silicone family of lubrication because these are less likely to damage the cube.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Postponed to 28–31 December 2020 and later canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[31]

References

  1. 1 2 "WCA Regulations | World Cube Association". www.worldcubeassociation.org. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  2. ↑ "Max Park | World Cube Association".
  3. ↑ "Records - World Cube Association". World Cube Association.
  4. ↑ association, WorldCube. "Competitions". World cube association. Retrieved 25 Oct 2023.
  5. ↑ "World Rubik's Cube Championship 1982 | World Cube Association". www.worldcubeassociation.org. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  6. ↑ "Rubik's Cube: A Craze Ends". The New York Times. 30 October 1982. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  7. ↑ "Competitions". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  8. ↑ "The Best SpeedCube SpeedCube Brands - For speedcubers".
  9. ↑ Kemp, Emma (2021-12-10). "'The popularity has just completely exploded': Rubik's Cube's second coming". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  10. ↑ "David Singmaster Solution". Van Ness Web. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  11. ↑ "Guus Razoux Schultz". Speedsolving.com Wiki. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  12. ↑ "Speed Cubing". Rubik's Official Website. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  13. ↑ "Cubers Megasurvey – Learning from ourselves". basilio.dev. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  14. ↑ "Blockbuilding – the Roux Reader".
  15. ↑ "The video of Kian Mansour breaking the 3x3 OH world Record". Kian Monsour. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  16. ↑ "Rubik's Cube: Algorithms for the last layer". Université Paris 8. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  17. ↑ "ZZ method – Speedsolving.com Wiki". www.speedsolving.com. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
  18. ↑ "World Cube Association". www.worldcubeassociation.org. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  19. ↑ "Removing official status for 3x3x3 With Feet | World Cube Association". www.worldcubeassociation.org. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  20. ↑ "Rubik's WCA World Championship 2023". World Cube Association. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  21. ↑ "World Rubik's Cube Championship 1982". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  22. ↑ "World Rubik's Games Championship 2003". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  23. ↑ "Rubik's World Championship 2005". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  24. ↑ "World Rubik's Cube Championship 2007". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  25. ↑ "World Rubik's Cube Championship 2009". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  26. ↑ "World Rubik's Cube Championship 2011". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  27. ↑ "World Rubik's Cube Championship 2013". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  28. ↑ "World Rubik's Cube Championship 2015". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  29. ↑ "World Rubik's Cube Championship 2017". World Cube Association. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  30. ↑ "WCA World Championship 2019". World Cube Association. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  31. ↑ "Postponement of WCA World Championship 2021 (December 2020)". World Cube Association. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  32. ↑ "WCA World Championship 2021 Cancellation". World Cube Association. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  33. ↑ "WCA Championship 2022 and 2023 Hosts Announcement (June 2021)". World Cube Association. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  34. ↑ "Proposal - World Championship 2025 - Seattle, WA, USA". World Cube Association. August 20, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  35. ↑ "Records". World Cube Association. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  36. ↑ "Washtenaw Fast 'n Late Fall 2023 | World Cube Association". www.worldcubeassociation.org. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  37. ↑ "Rankings | World Cube Association". www.worldcubeassociation.org. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  38. ↑ "WCA Regulations and Guidelines" (PDF). World Cube Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
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