FIM Speedway Team World Cup
SportMotorcycle speedway
Founded1960
Ceased2000
Replaced bySpeedway World Cup
ContinentWorld

The Speedway World Team Cup was an annual speedway event held each year in different countries.[1][2] The competition started in 1960 and was replaced with the Speedway World Cup in 2001.[3][4]

Format

From 1960 until 1985 each team consisted of four riders and a reserve. A final meeting was held after qualifying rounds, the winner being decided on total points scored in that final meeting.[5] In 1986, the teams that qualified for the 'final' raced three meetings, the winner of each meeting being awarded three points, second place awarded two points, and third place awarded a point. The total points gained over the three meetings determined the champion.[6] In 1987, the three meeting system was used again, but this time the aggregate points scored by the individual riders were added together to determine the champion. 1988 saw the championship revert to the original format. In 1994 the World Pairs Championship was merged with the World Team Cup and this system was used until 1999 when it once gain reverted to the original format. In 2001 the competition was relaunched as the Speedway World Cup.[7][8]

Winners

Year Venue Winners 2nd place 3rd place
1960 Sweden Ullevi
Göteborg
Sweden Sweden 44
Ove Fundin (12)
Olle Nygren (12)
Rune Sörmander (11)
Björn Knutson (9)
Göte Nordin (dnr)
England England 30
Peter Craven (8)
Ken McKinlay (8)
Ron How (7)
George White (6)
Nigel Boocock (1)
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia 15
Antonín Kasper Sr. (5)
Luboš Tomíček Sr. (4)
Jaroslav Machač (3)
František Richter (3)
Bohumír Bartoněk (dnr)
1961 Poland Stadion Olimpijski
Wrocław
Poland Poland 32
Marian Kaiser (10)
Henryk Żyto (7)
Florian Kapała (6)
Mieczysław Połukard (5)
Stanisław Tkocz (4)
Sweden Sweden 30
Ove Fundin (11)
Björn Knutson (7)
Per Tage Svensson (7)
Rune Sörmander (4)
Sören Sjösten (2)
England England 15
Peter Craven (8)
Bob Andrews (6)
Ken McKinlay (4)
Ron How (3)
Cyril Maidment (dnr)
1962 Czechoslovakia Slaný Speedway
Slaný
Sweden Sweden 36
Björn Knutson (10)
Sören Sjösten (10)
Ove Fundin (9)
Göte Nordin (4)
Rune Sörmander (3)
United Kingdom Great Britain 24
Ronnie Moore (10)
Barry Briggs (8)
Peter Craven (6)
Ron How (0)
Cyril Maidment (0)
Poland Poland 20
Marian Kaiser (9)
Florian Kapała (5)
Joachim Maj (4)
Paweł Waloszek (4)
Mieczysław Połukard (2)
1963 Austria Stadion Wien
Vienna
Sweden Sweden 37
Björn Knutson (11)
Per Olof Söderman (10)
Ove Fundin (7)
Göte Nordin (5)
Rune Sörmander (4)
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia 27
Antonín Kasper Sr. (10)
Stanislav Kubíček (7)
Miroslav Šmíd (5)
Luboš Tomíček Sr. (5)
Zdeněk Kovář (dnr)
United Kingdom Great Britain 25
Barry Briggs (12)
Peter Craven (8)
Dick Fisher (4)
Leo McAuliffe (1)
Peter Moore (0)
1964 West Germany Abensberg Speedwaystadion
Abensberg
Sweden Sweden 34
Björn Knutson (11)
Göte Nordin (10)
Rune Sörmander (7)
Ove Fundin (6)
Sören Sjösten (0)
Soviet Union Soviet Union 25
Igor Plekhanov (8)
Gennady Kurilenko (8)
Yuri Chekranov (6)
Boris Samorodov (3)
Viktor Trofimov (dnr)
United Kingdom Great Britain 21
Barry Briggs (9)
Ken McKinlay (7)
Nigel Boocock (3)
Ron How (2)
Brian Brett (0)
1965 West Germany Illerstadion
Kempten
Poland Poland 38
Andrzej Wyglenda (11)
Andrzej Pogorzelski (11)
Antoni Woryna (9)
Zbigniew Podlecki (7)
Paweł Waloszek (dnr)
Sweden Sweden 33
Björn Knutson (11)
Bengt Jansson (8)
Ove Fundin (8)
Göte Nordin (6)
Leif Larsson (dnr)
United Kingdom Great Britain 18
Ken McKinlay (7)
Nigel Boocock (6)
Jimmy Gooch (3)
Barry Briggs (1)
Charlie Monk (1)
1966 Poland Stadion Olimpijski
Wrocław
Poland Poland 41
Marian Rose (12)
Andrzej Wyglenda (11)
Antoni Woryna (10)
Andrzej Pogorzelski (8)
Edmund Migoś (dnr)
Soviet Union Soviet Union 25
Boris Samorodov (9)
Viktor Trofimov (6)
Igor Plekhanov (6)
Farid Szajnurov (4)
Yuri Chekranov (dnr)
Sweden Sweden 22
Björn Knutson (11)
Leif Enecrona (4)
Göte Nordin (3)
Ove Fundin (2)
Leif Larsson (2)
1967 Sweden Malmö Stadion
Malmö
Sweden Sweden 32
Göte Nordin (11)
Bengt Jansson (9)
Torbjörn Harrysson (6)
Ove Fundin (6)
Per Olof Söderman (dnr)
Poland Poland 26
Antoni Woryna (10)
Andrzej Wyglenda (9)
Jerzy Trzeszkowski (4)
Zbigniew Podlecki (3)
Andrzej Pogorzelski (0)
United Kingdom Great Britain 19
Barry Briggs (8)
Eric Boocock (5)
Ray Wilson (4)
Ivan Mauger (2)
Colin Pratt (0)

Soviet Union Soviet Union 19
Igor Plekhanov (9)
Viktor Trofimov (4)
Boris Samorodov (3)
Gabdrakhman Kadyrov (2)
Farid Szajnurov (1)
1968 England Wembley Stadium
London
United Kingdom Great Britain 40
Ivan Mauger (12)
Nigel Boocock (10)
Martin Ashby (8)
Barry Briggs (7)
Norman Hunter (3)
Sweden Sweden 30
Ove Fundin (11)
Bengt Jansson (7)
Anders Michanek (7)
Olle Nygren (3)
Torbjörn Harrysson (2)
Poland Poland 19
Edmund Migoś (8)
Edward Jancarz (6)
Andrzej Wyglenda (2)
Henryk Glücklich (2)
Paweł Waloszek (1)
1969 Poland Rybnik Municipal Stadium
Rybnik
Poland Poland 31
Andrzej Wyglenda (11)
Edward Jancarz (11)
Stanisław Tkocz (4)
Henryk Glücklich (3)
Andrzej Pogorzelski (2)
United Kingdom Great Britain 27
Ivan Mauger (9)
Barry Briggs (8)
Nigel Boocock (5)
Martin Ashby (5)
Pete Smith (dnr)
Soviet Union Soviet Union 23
Vladimir Smirnov (9)
Gennady Kurilenko (8)
Valeri Klementiev (5)
Yury Dubinin (1)
Viktor Trofimov (0)
1970 England Wembley Stadium
London
Sweden Sweden 42
Ove Fundin (11)
Bengt Jansson (11)
Anders Michanek (10)
Sören Sjösten (10)
Bernt Persson (dnr)
United Kingdom Great Britain 31
Barry Briggs (11)
Ivan Mauger (9)
Eric Boocock (5)
Ray Wilson (4)
Nigel Boocock (2)
Poland Poland 20
Jan Mucha (6)
Antoni Woryna (5)
Edmund Migoś (4)
Henryk Glücklich (3)
Paweł Waloszek (2)
1971 Poland Stadion Olimpijski
Wrocław
United Kingdom Great Britain 37
Ray Wilson (12)
Ivan Mauger (10)
Jim Airey (9)
Barry Briggs (6)
Ronnie Moore (dnr)
Soviet Union Soviet Union 22
Grigory Khlinovsky (8)
Vladimir Smirnov (7)
Vladimir Gordeev (4)
Anatoly Kuzmin (3)
Viktor Trofimov (dnr)
Poland Poland 19
Paweł Waloszek (5)
Henryk Glücklich (4)
Antoni Woryna (4)
Edward Jancarz (4)
Andrzej Wyglenda (2)
1972 West Germany Olching Speedwaybahn
Olching
United Kingdom Great Britain 36
Ivan Mauger (11)
John Louis (9)
Ray Wilson (8)
Terry Betts (8)
Ronnie Moore (dnr)
Soviet Union Soviet Union 21
Anatoly Kuzmin (6)
Grigory Khlinovsky (5)
Viktor Kalmykov (5)
Viktor Trofimov (5)
Valery Gordeev (dnr)
Poland Poland 21
Zenon Plech (7)
Henryk Glücklich (6)
Paweł Waloszek (5)
Zdzisław Dobrucki (3)
Marek Cieślak (0)
1973 England Wembley Stadium
London
United Kingdom Great Britain 37
Peter Collins (12)
Terry Betts (9)
Ray Wilson (8)
Malcolm Simmons (8)
Dave Jessup (dnr)
Sweden Sweden 31
Anders Michanek (11)
Bernt Persson (9)
Bengt Jansson (6)
Tommy Jansson (5)
Sören Sjösten (dnr)
Soviet Union Soviet Union 20
Valery Gordeev (7)
Vladimir Paznikov (5)
Grigory Khlinovsky (4)
Aleksandr Pavlov (2)
Viktor Trofimov (2)
1974 Poland Silesian Stadium
Chorzów
England England 42
Peter Collins (12)
John Louis (12)
Dave Jessup (10)
Malcolm Simmons (8)
Ray Wilson (dnr)
Sweden Sweden 31
Sören Sjösten (10)
Anders Michanek (9)
Tommy Jansson (7)
Christer Löfqvist (5)
Tommy Johansson (dnr)
Poland Poland 13
Zenon Plech (4)
Jan Mucha (4)
Andrzej Jurczyński (3)
Andrzej Tkocz (2)
Jerzy Szczakiel (0)
1975 West Germany Motodrom Halbemond
Norden
England England 41
Peter Collins (12)
Malcolm Simmons (11)
Martin Ashby (10)
John Louis (8)
Dave Jessup (dnr)
Soviet Union Soviet Union 29
Valery Gordeev (8)
Grigory Khlinovsky (8)
Viktor Trofimov (8)
Vladimir Gordeev (5)
Mikhail Starostin (dnr)
Sweden Sweden 17
Anders Michanek (8)
Tommy Jansson (4)
Bernt Persson (2)
Sören Sjösten (2)
Sören Karlsson (1)
1976 England White City Stadium
London
Australia Australia 31
Phil Crump (11)
Billy Sanders (7)
Phil Herne (7)
John Boulger (6)
Garry Middleton (dnr)
Poland Poland 28
Edward Jancarz (8)
Marek Cieślak (8)
Zenon Plech (8)
Jerzy Rembas (5)
Bolesław Proch (1)
Sweden Sweden 26
Anders Michanek (11)
Bernt Persson (8)
Lars-Åke Andersson (5)
Bengt Jansson (5)
Christer Löfqvist (1)
1977 Poland Stadion Olimpijski
Wrocław
England England 37
Peter Collins (10)
Dave Jessup (9)
Michael Lee (9)
John Davis (6)
Malcolm Simmons (3)
Poland Poland 25
Edward Jancarz (10)
Bogusław Nowak (6)
Jerzy Rembas (6)
Marek Cieślak (2)
Ryszard Fabiszewski (1)
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia 23
Jiří Štancl (8)
Václav Verner (5)
Jan Verner (5)
Aleš Dryml Sr. (5)
Petr Ondrašík (dnr)
1978 West Germany Stadion Ellermühle
Landshut
Denmark Denmark 37
Hans Nielsen (11)
Ole Olsen (10)
Mike Lohmann (9)
Finn Thomsen (7)
Kristian Præstbro (dnr)
England England 27
Malcolm Simmons (8)
Peter Collins (6)
Dave Jessup (5)
Michael Lee (5)
Gordon Kennett (3)
Poland Poland 15
Edward Jancarz (6)
Marek Cieślak (5)
Jerzy Rembas (3)
Zenon Plech (1)
Andrzej Huszcza (1)
1979 England White City Stadium
London
New Zealand New Zealand 35
Larry Ross (11)
Mitch Shirra (10)
Ivan Mauger (9)
Bruce Cribb (5)
Roger Abel (dnr)
Denmark Denmark 31
Ole Olsen (12)
Hans Nielsen (9)
Mike Lohmann (6)
Finn Thomsen (4)
Bo Petersen (0)
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia 19
Jiří Štancl (6)
Aleš Dryml Sr. (5)
Zdeněk Kudrna (4)
Václav Verner (4)
Petr Ondrašík (dnr)
1980 Poland Stadion Olimpijski
Wrocław
England England 40
Chris Morton (11)
Michael Lee (11)
Peter Collins (10)
Dave Jessup (8)
John Davis (dnr)
United States United States 29
Bruce Penhall (12)
Scott Autrey (9)
Dennis Sigalos (5)
Bobby Schwartz (3)
Ron Preston (0)
Poland Poland 15
Zenon Plech (5)
Roman Jankowski (5)
Edward Jancarz (3)
Andrzej Huszcza (2)
Jerzy Rembas (0)
1981 West Germany Olching Speedwaybahn
Olching
Denmark Denmark 36
Hans Nielsen (11)
Erik Gundersen (9)
Tommy Knudsen (9)
Ole Olsen (6)
Finn Thomsen (1)
England England 29
Chris Morton (11)
Kenny Carter (9)
John Davis (5)
Dave Jessup (3)
Gordon Kennett (1)
West Germany Germany 28
Egon Müller (10)
Karl Maier (8)
Georg Hack (5)
Georg Gilgenreiner (5)
Alois Wiesböck (dnr)
1982 England White City Stadium
London
United States United States 34
Bruce Penhall (10)
Kelly Moran (10)
Bobby Schwartz (9)
Shawn Moran (8)
Scott Autrey (0)
Denmark Denmark 27
Hans Nielsen (11)
Erik Gundersen (7)
Preben Eriksen (4)
Tommy Knudsen (1)
Ole Olsen (1)
West Germany Germany 18
Karl Maier (7)
Georg Hack (5)
Egon Müller (5)
Georg Gilgenreiner (1)
Alois Wiesböck (0)
1983 Denmark Vojens Speedway Center
Vojens
Denmark Denmark 37
Erik Gundersen (12)
Hans Nielsen (11)
Ole Olsen (7)
Peter Ravn (7)
Finn Thomsen (0)
England England 29
Michael Lee (11)
Kenny Carter (8)
Chris Morton (7)
Dave Jessup (2)
Peter Collins (1)
United States United States 27
Dennis Sigalos (9)
Bobby Schwartz (6)
Lance King (6)
Kelly Moran (6)
Rick Miller (dnr)
1984 Poland Alfred Smoczyk Stadium
Leszno
Denmark Denmark 44
Erik Gundersen (12)
Bo Petersen (12)
Hans Nielsen (11)
Preben Eriksen (9)
Peter Ravn (dnr)
England England 24
Simon Wigg (9)
Phil Collins (7)
Chris Morton (4)
Peter Collins (2)
Neil Collins (2)
United States United States 20
Shawn Moran (6)
Kelly Moran (5)
Lance King (5)
Bobby Schwartz (2)
John Cook (2)
1985 United States Veterans Memorial Stadium
Long Beach
Denmark Denmark 37
Tommy Knudsen (12)
Erik Gundersen (10)
Hans Nielsen (10)
Preben Eriksen (5)
Bo Petersen (0)
United States United States 35
Shawn Moran (11)
Bobby Schwartz (11)
Lance King (9)
Sam Ermolenko (3)
John Cook (1)
England England 13
Jeremy Doncaster (6)
Kelvin Tatum (3)
Phil Collins (2)
Richard Knight (2)
John Davis (0)
1986 championship decided on points of three of three meetings - 1st = 3pts, 2nd = 2pts, 3rd = 1pt.
1986 Sweden Ullevi
Göteborg
Denmark Vojens Speedway Center
Vojens
England Odsal Stadium
Bradford
Denmark Denmark 130 (47 + 37 + 46)
Hans Nielsen (35)
Erik Gundersen (33)
Tommy Knudsen (33)
Jan O. Pedersen (20)
John Jørgensen (8)
United States United States 4 (76)
Shawn Moran (27)
Sam Ermolenko (22)
Lance King (19)
Bobby Schwartz (5)
Rick Miller (2)
England England 3 (81)
Simon Wigg (6)
Chris Morton (3)
Kelvin Tatum (2)
Jeremy Doncaster (2)
Marvyn Cox (0)
1987 championship decided on aggregate scores of three meetings.
1987 Denmark Fredericia Stadion
Fredericia
England Brandon Stadium
Coventry
Czechoslovakia Marketa Stadium
Prague
Denmark Denmark 130 (47 + 37 + 46)
Hans Nielsen (38)
Erik Gundersen (33)
Jan O. Pedersen (32)
Tommy Knudsen (27)
John Jørgensen (dnr)
England England 101 (37 + 33 + 31)
Simon Wigg (29)
Kelvin Tatum (25)
Jeremy Doncaster (24)
Simon Cross (21)
Marvyn Cox (0)
United States United States 93 (24 + 43 + 26)
Shawn Moran (23)
Rick Miller (22)
Sam Ermolenko (20)
Kelly Moran (14)
Lance King (8)
John Cook (6)
1988 United States Veterans Memorial Stadium
Long Beach
Denmark Denmark 44
Hans Nielsen (14)
Jan O. Pedersen (12)
Erik Gundersen (8)
Tommy Knudsen (8)
John Jørgensen (2)
United States United States 32
Sam Ermolenko (13)
Shawn Moran (8)
Lance King (6)
Kelly Moran (5)
Rick Miller (0)
Sweden Sweden 22
Per Jonsson (9)
Jimmy Nilsen (5)
Tony Olsson (4)
Henrik Gustafsson (4)
Conny Ivarsson (0)
1989 England Odsal Stadium
Bradford
England England 48
Jeremy Doncaster (13)
Kelvin Tatum (12)
Paul Thorp (12)
Simon Wigg (11)
Simon Cross (0)
Denmark Denmark 34
Hans Nielsen (11)
Gert Handberg (9)
John Jørgensen (7)
Brian Karger (7)
Erik Gundersen (0)
Sweden Sweden 30
Mikael Blixt (10)
Per Jonsson (8)
Tony Olsson (7)
Erik Stenlund (5)
Jimmy Nilsen (0)
1990 Czechoslovakia Svítkov Stadion
Pardubice
United States United States 37
Kelly Moran (12)
Sam Ermolenko (11)
Shawn Moran (10)
Billy Hamill (4)
Rick Miller (0)
England England 34
Kelvin Tatum (11)
Jeremy Doncaster (8)
Simon Wigg (8)
Gary Havelock (5)
Marvyn Cox (2)
Denmark Denmark 30
Hans Nielsen (13)
Brian Karger (5)
John Jørgensen (4)
Tommy Knudsen (4)
Bo Petersen (4)
1991 Denmark Vojens Speedway Center
Vojens
Denmark Denmark 51
Jan O. Pedersen (15)
Hans Nielsen (14)
Tommy Knudsen (13)
Gert Handberg (8)
Brian Karger (1)
Sweden Sweden 30
Per Jonsson (9)
Henrik Gustafsson (7)
Jimmy Nilsen (7)
Tony Rickardsson (7)
Peter Nahlin (dnr)
United States United States 28
Sam Ermolenko (9)
Billy Hamill (9)
Greg Hancock (6)
Rick Miller (4)
Ronnie Correy (0)
1992 Sweden Kumla Speedway
Kumla
United States United States 39
Greg Hancock (11)
Sam Ermolenko (10)
Billy Hamill (10)
Ronnie Correy (5)
Bobby Ott (3)
Sweden Sweden 33
Henrik Gustafsson (12)
Per Jonsson (11)
Tony Rickardsson (7)
Peter Nahlin (2)
Jimmy Nilsen (1)
England England 31
Martin Dugard (12)
Gary Havelock (7)
Mark Loram (7)
Kelvin Tatum (3)
Joe Screen (2)
1993 England Brandon Stadium
Coventry
United States United States 40
Sam Ermolenko (13)
Billy Hamill (10)
Greg Hancock (9)
Josh Larsen (5)
Bobby Ott (3)
Denmark Denmark 38
Hans Nielsen (13)
Tommy Knudsen (12)
John Jørgensen (8)
Brian Karger (5)
Brian Andersen (dnr)
Sweden Sweden 28
Tony Rickardsson (9)
Peter Karlsson (7)
Per Jonsson (6)
Henrik Gustafsson (6)
Peter Nahlin (dnr)
From 1994 the World Pairs Championship merged into the World Team Cup.
1994 Germany Holsteinring Brokstedt
Brokstedt
Sweden Sweden 23
Tony Rickardsson (13)
Henrik Gustafsson (11)
Mikael Karlsson (–)
Poland Poland 20
Tomasz Gollob (16)
Jacek Gollob (4)
Dariusz Śledź (0)
Denmark Denmark 17
Tommy Knudsen (12)
Hans Nielsen (5)
Jan Stæchmann (0)
1995 Poland Polonia Bydgoszcz Stadium
Bydgoszcz
Denmark Denmark 28
Tommy Knudsen (15)
Hans Nielsen (13)
Brian Karger (0)
England England 22
Mark Loram (11)
Chris Louis (11)
Steve Schofield (–)
United States United States 19
Sam Ermolenko (9)
Greg Hancock (8)
Billy Hamill (2)
1996 Germany Rhein-Main Arena
Diedenbergen
Poland Poland 27
Tomasz Gollob (15)
Sławomir Drabik (12)
Piotr Protasiewicz (0)
Russia Russia 22
Rinat Mardanshin (13)
Oleg Kurguskin (5)
Sergey Darkin (4)
Denmark Denmark 21
Brian Andersen (16)
Jesper B. Jensen (4)
Nicki Pedersen (1)
1997 Poland Stadion Żużlowy Centrum
Piła
Denmark Denmark 27
Hans Nielsen (14)
Tommy Knudsen (13)
Jesper B. Jensen (–)
Poland Poland 25
Tomasz Gollob (13)
Piotr Protasiewicz (12)
Jacek Krzyżaniak (0)
Sweden Sweden 21
Tony Rickardsson (17)
Jimmy Nilsen (3)
Peter Karlsson (1)
1998 Denmark Vojens Speedway Center
Vojens
United States United States 28
Billy Hamill (16)
Greg Hancock (12)
Sam Ermolenko (–)
Sweden Sweden 24
Jimmy Nilsen (13)
Peter Karlsson (6)
Tony Rickardsson (5)
Denmark Denmark 23
Hans Nielsen (10)
Brian Andersen (9)
Brian Karger (4)
From 1999 format reverted to four riders per team plus reserve.
1999 Czech Republic Svítkov Stadion
Pardubice
Australia Australia 51
Leigh Adams (14)
Jason Crump (13)
Ryan Sullivan (12)
Jason Lyons (10)
Todd Wiltshire (2)
Czech Republic Czech Republic 35
Aleš Dryml Jr. (10)
Bohumil Brhel (9)
Michal Makovský (8)
Antonín Kasper Jr. (8)
Antonín Šváb Jr. (0)
United States United States 29
Sam Ermolenko (16)
Greg Hancock (6)
Billy Hamill (6)
Josh Larsen (2)
Ronnie Correy (0)
2000 England Brandon Stadium
Coventry
Sweden Sweden 40
Tony Rickardsson (16)
Peter Karlsson (12)
Henrik Gustafsson (10)
Mikael Karlsson (2)
Niklas Klingberg (0)
England England 40
Joe Screen (12)
Mark Loram (11)
Chris Louis (8)
Carl Stonehewer (5)
Martin Dugard (4)
United States United States 35
Sam Ermolenko (16)
Greg Hancock (6)
Billy Hamill (6)
Josh Larsen (2)
Ronnie Correy (0)

Medal classification

PosNational TeamGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1. Denmark 114419
2. Great Britain/ England 912829
3. Sweden 88723
4. Poland 55818
5. United States 54716
6. Australia 2--2
7. New Zealand 1--1
8. Soviet Union/ Russia -639
9. Czechoslovakia/ Czech Republic -235
10. Germany --22


See also

References

  1. Bott, Richard (1980). The Peter Collins Speedway Book No.4. Stanley Paul & Co Ltd. p. 98. ISBN 0-09-141751-1.
  2. Oakes, Peter (1981). 1981 Speedway Yearbook. Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-86215-017-5.
  3. "There have been three international team competitions run by the F.I.M". International Speedway. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  4. Oakes, Peter (1990). Speedway Yearbook 1990. Front Page Books. p. 18. ISBN 0-948882-15-8.
  5. Matthews/Morrison, Peter/Ian (1987). The Guinness Encyclopaedia of Sports Records and Results. Guinness Superlatives. p. 290. ISBN 0-85112-492-5.
  6. "Speedway riders, history and results". wwosbackup. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  7. "Team Speedway World Championship History". Speedway.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2001. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  8. "WORLD TEAM CUP". International Speedway. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
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