Spline wavelet

Animation showing the compactly supported cardinal B-spline wavelets of orders 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

In the mathematical theory of wavelets, a spline wavelet is a wavelet constructed using a spline function.^[1] There are different types of spline wavelets. The interpolatory spline wavelets introduced by C.K. Chui and J.Z. Wang are based on a certain spline interpolation formula.^[2] Though these wavelets are orthogonal, they do not have compact supports. There is a certain class of wavelets, unique in some sense, constructed using B-splines and having compact supports. Even though these wavelets are not orthogonal they have some special properties that have made them quite popular.^[3] The terminology spline wavelet is sometimes used to refer to the wavelets in this class of spline wavelets. These special wavelets are also called B-spline wavelets and cardinal B-spline wavelets.^[4] The Battle-Lemarie wavelets are also wavelets constructed using spline functions.^[5]

Cardinal B-splines

Let n be a fixed non-negative integer. Let Cⁿ denote the set of all real-valued functions defined over the set of real numbers such that each function in the set as well its first n derivatives are continuous everywhere. A bi-infinite sequence . . . x₋₂, x₋₁, x₀, x₁, x₂, . . . such that x_r < x_r+1 for all r and such that x_r approaches ±∞ as r approaches ±∞ is said to define a set of knots. A spline of order n with a set of knots {x_r} is a function S(x) in Cⁿ such that, for each r, the restriction of S(x) to the interval [x_r, x_r+1) coincides with a polynomial with real coefficients of degree at most n in x.

If the separation x_r+1 - x_r, where r is any integer, between the successive knots in the set of knots is a constant, the spline is called a cardinal spline. The set of integers Z = {. . ., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, . . .} is a standard choice for the set of knots of a cardinal spline. Unless otherwise specified, it is generally assumed that the set of knots is the set of integers.

A cardinal B-spline is a special type of cardinal spline. For any positive integer m the cardinal B-spline of order m, denoted by N_m(x), is defined recursively as follows.

N_{1}(x)={\begin{cases}1&0\leq x<1\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

N_{m}(x)=\int _{0}^{1}N_{m-1}(x-t)dt

, for

m>1

.

Concrete expressions for the cardinal B-splines of all orders up to 5 and their graphs are given later in this article.

Properties of the cardinal B-splines

Elementary properties

The support of $N_{m}(x)$ is the closed interval $[0,m]$ .
The function $N_{m}(x)$ is non-negative, that is, $N_{m}(x)>0$ for $0<x<m$ .
$\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }N_{m}(x-k)=1$ for all $x$ .
The cardinal B-splines of orders m and m-1 are related by the identity: $N_{m}(x)={\frac {x}{m-1}}N_{m-1}(x)+{\frac {m-x}{m-1}}N_{m-1}(x-1)$ .
The function $N_{m}(x)$ is symmetrical about $x={\frac {m}{2}}$ , that is, $N_{m}\left({\frac {m}{2}}-x\right)=N_{m}\left({\frac {m}{2}}+x\right)$ .
The derivative of $N_{m}(x)$ is given by $N_{m}^{\prime }(x)=N_{m-1}(x)-N_{m-1}(x-1)$ .
$\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }N_{m}(x)\,dx=1$

Two-scale relation

The cardinal B-spline of order m satisfies the following two-scale relation:

N_{m}(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{m}2^{-m+1}{m \choose k}N_{m}(2x-k)

.

Riesz property

The cardinal B-spline of order m satisfies the following property, known as the Riesz property: There exists two positive real numbers $A$ and $B$ such that for any square summable two-sided sequence $\{c_{k}\}_{k=-\infty }^{\infty }$ and for any x,

A\left\Vert \{c_{k}\}\right\Vert ^{2}\leq \left\Vert \sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }c_{k}N_{m}(x-k)\right\Vert ^{2}\leq B\left\Vert \{c_{k}\}\right\Vert ^{2}

where $\Vert \cdot \Vert$ is the norm in the ℓ²-space.

Cardinal B-splines of small orders

The cardinal B-splines are defined recursively starting from the B-spline of order 1, namely $N_{1}(x)$ , which takes the value 1 in the interval [0, 1) and 0 elsewhere. Computer algebra systems may have to be employed to obtain concrete expressions for higher order cardinal B-splines. The concrete expressions for cardinal B-splines of all orders up to 6 are given below. The graphs of cardinal B-splines of orders up to 4 are also exhibited. In the images, the graphs of the terms contributing to the corresponding two-scale relations are also shown. The two dots in each image indicate the extremities of the interval supporting the B-spline.

Constant B-spline

The B-spline of order 1, namely $N_{1}(x)$ , is the constant B-spline. It is defined by

N_{1}(x)={\begin{cases}1&0\leq x<1\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

The two-scale relation for this B-spline is

N_{1}(x)=N_{1}(2x)+N_{1}(2x-1)

Constant B-spline $N_{1}(x)$

Linear B-spline

The B-spline of order 2, namely $N_{2}(x)$ , is the linear B-spline. It is given by

N_{2}(x)={\begin{cases}x&0\leq x<1\\-x+2&1\leq x<2\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

The two-scale relation for this wavelet is

N_{2}(x)={\frac {1}{2}}N_{2}(2x)+N_{2}(2x-1)+{\frac {1}{2}}N_{2}(2x-2)

Linear B-spline $N_{2}(x)$

Quadratic B-spline

The B-spline of order 3, namely $N_{3}(x)$ , is the quadratic B-spline. It is given by

N_{3}(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}&0\leq x<1\\-x^{2}+3x-{\frac {3}{2}}&1\leq x<2\\{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}-3x+{\frac {9}{2}}&2\leq x<3\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

The two-scale relation for this wavelet is

N_{3}(x)={\frac {1}{4}}N_{3}(2x)+{\frac {3}{4}}N_{3}(2x-1)+{\frac {3}{4}}N_{3}(2x-2)+{\frac {1}{4}}N_{3}(2x-3)

Quadratic B-spline $N_{3}(x)$

Cubic B-spline

The cubic B-spline is the cardinal B-spline of order 4, denoted by $N_{4}(x)$ . It is given by the following expressions:

N_{4}(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{6}}x^{3}&0\leq x<1\\-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{3}+2x^{2}-2x+{\frac {2}{3}}&1\leq x<2\\{\frac {1}{2}}x^{3}-4x^{2}+10x-{\frac {22}{3}}&2\leq x<3\\-{\frac {1}{6}}x^{3}+2x^{2}-8x+{\frac {32}{3}}&3\leq x<4\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

The two-scale relation for the cubic B-spline is

N_{4}(x)={\frac {1}{8}}N_{4}(2x)+{\frac {1}{2}}N_{4}(2x-1)+{\frac {3}{4}}N_{4}(2x-2)+{\frac {1}{2}}N_{4}(2x-3)+{\frac {1}{8}}N_{4}(2x-4)

Cubic B-spline $N_{4}(x)$

Bi-quadratic B-spline

The bi-quadratic B-spline is the cardinal B-spline of order 5 denoted by $N_{5}(x)$ . It is given by

N_{5}(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{24}}x^{4}&0\leq x<1\\-{\frac {1}{6}}x^{4}+{\frac {5}{6}}x^{3}-{\frac {5}{4}}x^{2}+{\frac {5}{6}}x-{\frac {5}{24}}&1\leq x<2\\{\frac {1}{4}}x^{4}-{\frac {5}{2}}x^{3}+{\frac {35}{4}}x^{2}-{\frac {25}{2}}x+{\frac {155}{24}}&2\leq x<3\\-{\frac {1}{6}}x^{4}+{\frac {5}{2}}x^{3}-{\frac {55}{4}}x^{2}+{\frac {65}{2}}x-{\frac {655}{24}}&3\leq x<4\\{\frac {1}{24}}x^{4}-{\frac {5}{6}}x^{3}+{\frac {25}{4}}x^{2}-{\frac {125}{6}}x+{\frac {625}{24}}&4\leq x<5\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

The two-scale relation is

N_{5}(x)={\frac {1}{16}}N_{5}(2x)+{\frac {5}{16}}N_{5}(2x-1)+{\frac {10}{16}}N_{5}(2x-2)+{\frac {10}{16}}N_{5}(2x-3)+{\frac {5}{16}}N_{5}(2x-4)+{\frac {1}{16}}N_{5}(2x-5)

Quintic B-spline

The quintic B-spline is the cardinal B-spline of order 6 denoted by $N_{6}(x)$ . It is given by

N_{6}(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{120}}x^{5}&0\leq x<1\\-{\frac {1}{24}}x^{5}+{\frac {1}{4}}x^{4}-{\frac {1}{2}}x^{3}+{\frac {1}{2}}x^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}x+{\frac {1}{20}}&1\leq x<2\\{\frac {1}{12}}x^{5}-x^{4}+{\frac {9}{2}}x^{3}-{\frac {19}{2}}x^{2}+{\frac {39}{4}}x-{\frac {79}{20}}&2\leq x<3\\-{\frac {1}{12}}x^{5}+{\frac {3}{2}}x^{4}-{\frac {21}{2}}x^{3}+{\frac {71}{2}}x^{2}-{\frac {231}{4}}x+{\frac {731}{20}}&3\leq x<4\\{\frac {1}{24}}x^{5}-x^{4}+{\frac {19}{2}}x^{3}-{\frac {89}{2}}x^{2}+{\frac {409}{4}}x-{\frac {1829}{20}}&4\leq x<5\\-{\frac {1}{120}}x^{5}+{\frac {1}{4}}x^{4}-3x^{3}+18x^{2}-54x+{\frac {324}{5}}&5\leq x<6\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

Multi-resolution analysis generated by cardinal B-splines

The cardinal B-spline $N_{m}(x)$ of order m generates a multi-resolution analysis. In fact, from the elementary properties of these functions enunciated above, it follows that the function $N_{m}(x)$ is square integrable and is an element of the space $L^{2}(R)$ of square integrable functions. To set up the multi-resolution analysis the following notations used.

For any integers $k,j$ , define the function $N_{m,kj}(x)=N_{m}(2^{k}x-j)$ .
For each integer $k$ , define the subspace $V_{k}$ of $L^{2}(R)$ as the closure of the linear span of the set $\{N_{m,kj}(x):j=\cdots ,-2,-1,0,1,2,\cdots \}$ .

That these define a multi-resolution analysis follows from the following:

The spaces $V_{k}$ satisfy the property: $\cdots \subset V_{-2}\subset V_{-1}\subset V_{0}\subset V_{1}\subset V_{2}\subset \cdots$ .
The closure in $L^{2}(R)$ of the union of all the subspaces $V_{k}$ is the whole space $L^{2}(R)$ .
The intersection of all the subspaces $V_{k}$ is the singleton set containing only the zero function.
For each integer $k$ the set $\{N_{m,kj}(x):j=\cdots ,-2,-1,0,1,2,\cdots \}$ is an unconditional basis for $V_{k}$ . (A sequence {x_n} in a Banach space X is an unconditional basis for the space X if every permutation of the sequence {x_n} is also a basis for the same space X.^[6])

Wavelets from cardinal B-splines

Let m be a fixed positive integer and $N_{m}(x)$ be the cardinal B-spline of order m. A function $\psi _{m}(x)$ in $L^{2}(R)$ is a basic wavelet relative to the cardinal B-spline function $N_{m}(x)$ if the closure in $L^{2}(R)$ of the linear span of the set $\{\psi _{m}(x-j):j=\cdots ,-2,-1,0,1,2,\cdots \}$ (this closure is denoted by $W_{0}$ ) is the orthogonal complement of $V_{0}$ in $V_{1}$ . The subscript m in $\psi _{m}(x)$ is used to indicate that $\psi _{m}(x)$ is a basic wavelet relative the cardinal B-spline of order m. There is no unique basic wavelet $\psi _{m}(x)$ relative to the cardinal B-spline $N_{m}(x)$ . Some of these are discussed in the following sections.

Wavelets relative to cardinal B-splines using fundamental interpolatory splines

Fundamental interpolatory spline

Definitions

Let m be a fixed positive integer and let $N_{m}(x)$ be the cardinal B-spline of order m. Given a sequence $\{f_{j}:j=\cdots ,-2,-1,0,1,2,\cdots \}$ of real numbers, the problem of finding a sequence $\{c_{m,k}:k=\cdots ,-2,-1,0,1,2,\cdots \}$ of real numbers such that

\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }c_{m,k}N_{m}\left(j+{\frac {m}{2}}-k\right)=f_{j}

for all

j

,

is known as the cardinal spline interpolation problem. The special case of this problem where the sequence $\{f_{j}\}$ is the sequence $\delta _{0j}$ , where $\delta _{ij}$ is the Kronecker delta function $\delta _{ij}$ defined by

\delta _{ij}={\begin{cases}1,&{\text{ if }}i=j\\0,&{\text{ if }}i\neq j\end{cases}}

,

is the fundamental cardinal spline interpolation problem. The solution of the problem yields the fundamental cardinal interpolatory spline of order m. This spline is denoted by $L_{m}(x)$ and is given by

L_{m}(x)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }c_{m,k}N_{m}\left(x+{\frac {m}{2}}-k\right)

where the sequence $\{c_{m,k}\}$ is now the solution of the following system of equations:

\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }c_{m,k}N_{m}\left(j+{\frac {m}{2}}-k\right)=\delta _{0j}

Procedure to find the fundamental cardinal interpolatory spline

The fundamental cardinal interpolatory spline $L_{m}(x)$ can be determined using Z-transforms. Using the following notations

A(z)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }\delta _{k0}z^{k}=1,

B_{m}(z)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }N_{m}\left(k+{\frac {m}{2}}\right)z^{k},

C_{m}(z)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }c_{m,k}z^{k},

it can be seen from the equations defining the sequence $c_{m,k}$ that

B_{m}(z)C_{m}(z)=A(z)

from which we get

C_{m}(z)={\frac {1}{B_{m}(z)}}

.

This can be used to obtain concrete expressions for $c_{m,k}$ .

Example

As a concrete example, the case $L_{4}(x)$ may be investigated. The definition of $B_{m}(z)$ implies that

B_{4}(x)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }N_{4}(2+k)z^{k}

The only nonzero values of $N_{4}(k+2)$ are given by $k=-1,0,1$ and the corresponding values are

N_{4}(1)={\frac {1}{6}},N_{4}(2)={\frac {4}{6}},N_{4}(3)={\frac {1}{6}}.

Thus $B_{4}(z)$ reduces to

B_{4}(z)={\frac {1}{6}}z^{-1}+{\frac {4}{6}}z^{0}+{\frac {1}{6}}z^{1}={\frac {1+4z+z^{2}}{6z}}

This yields the following expression for $C_{4}(z)$ .

C_{4}(z)={\frac {6z}{1+4z+z^{2}}}

Splitting this expression into partial fractions and expanding each term in powers of z in an annular region the values of $c_{4,k}$ can be computed. These values are then substituted in the expression for $L_{4}(x)$ to yield

L_{4}(x)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\sqrt {3}}(2-{\sqrt {3}})^{|k|}N_{4}(x+2-k)

Wavelet using fundamental interpolatory spline

For a positive integer m, the function $\psi _{m}(x)$ defined by

\psi _{I,m}(x)={\frac {d^{m}}{dx^{m}}}L_{2m}(2x-1)

is a basic wavelet relative to the cardinal B-spline of order $N_{m}(x)$ . The subscript I in $\psi _{I,m}$ is used to indicate that it is based in the interpolatory spline formula. This basic wavelet is not compactly supported.

Example

The wavelet of order 2 using interpolatory spline is given by

\psi _{I,2}(x)={\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}L_{4}(2x-1)

The expression for $L_{4}(x)$ now yields the following formula:

\psi _{I,2}(x)={\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{\sqrt {3}}(2-{\sqrt {3}})^{|k|}N_{4}(2x+1-k)

Now, using the expression for the derivative of $N_{m}(x)$ in terms of $N_{m-1}(x)$ the function $\psi _{2}(x)$ can be put in the following form:

\psi _{I,2}(x)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }(-1)^{k}4{\sqrt {3}}(2-{\sqrt {3}})^{|k|}{\Big (}(N_{2}(2x+k-1)-2N_{2}(2x+k-2)+N_{2}(2x+k-3){\Big )}

The following piecewise linear function is the approximation to $\psi _{2}(x)$ obtained by taking the sum of the terms corresponding to $k=-3,\ldots ,3$ in the infinite series expression for $\psi _{2}(x)$ .

\psi _{I,2}(x)\approx {\begin{cases}0.07142668x+0.17856670&-2.5<x\leq -2\\-0.48084803x-0.92598272&-2<x\leq -1.5\\2.0088293x+2.8085333&-1.5<x\leq -1\\-7.5684795x-6.7687755&-1<x\leq -0.5\\28.245949x+11.138439&-0.5<x\leq 0\\-57.415316x+11.138439&0<x\leq 0.5\\57.415316x-46.276878&0.5<x\leq 1\\-28.245949x+39.384388&1<x\leq 1.5\\7.5684795x-14.337255&1.5<x\leq 2\\-2.0088293x+4.8173625&2<x\leq 2.5\\0.48084803x-1.4068308&2.5<x\leq 3\\-0.07142668x+0.24999338&3<x\leq 3.5\\0&{otherwise}\end{cases}}

Two-scale relation

The two-scale relation for the wavelet function $\psi _{m}(x)$ is given by

\psi _{I,m}(x)=\sum _{-\infty }^{\infty }q_{n}N_{m}(2x-n)

where

q_{n}=\sum _{j=0}^{m}(-1)^{j}{m \choose j}c_{m+n-j-1}.

Compactly supported B-spline wavelets

The spline wavelets generated using the interpolatory wavelets are not compactly supported. Compactly supported B-spline wavelets were discovered by Charles K. Chui and Jian-zhong Wang and published in 1991.^[3]^[7] The compactly supported B-spline wavelet relative to the cardinal B-spline $N_{m}(x)$ of order m discovered by Chui and Wong and denoted by $\psi _{C,m}(x)$ , has as its support the interval $[0,2m-1]$ . These wavelets are essentially unique in a certain sense explained below.

Definition

The compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order m is given by

\psi _{C,m}(x)={\frac {1}{2^{m-1}}}\sum _{j=0}^{2m-2}(-1)^{j}N_{2m}(j+1){\frac {d^{m}}{dx^{m}}}N_{2m}(2x-j)

This is an m-th order spline. As a special case, the compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 1 is

\psi _{C,1}(x)=N_{2}(1){\frac {d}{dx}}N_{2}(2x)={\begin{cases}1&0\leq x<{\frac {1}{2}}\\-1&{\frac {1}{2}}\leq x<1\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

which is the well-known Haar wavelet.

Properties

The support of $\psi _{C,m}(x)$ is the closed interval $[0,2m-1]$ .
The wavelet $\psi _{C,m}(x)$ is the unique wavelet with minimum support in the following sense: If $\eta (x)\in W_{0}$ generates $W_{0}$ and has support not exceeding $2m-1$ in length then $\eta (x)=c_{0}\psi _{C,m}(x-n_{0})$ for some nonzero constant $c_{0}$ and for some integer $n_{0}$ .^[8]
$\psi _{C,m}(x)$ is symmetric for even m and antisymmetric for odd m.

Two-scale relation

$\psi _{m}(x)$ satisfies the two-scale relation:

\psi _{C,m}(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{3m-2}q_{n}N_{m}(2x-n)

where

q_{n}={\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2^{m-1}}}\sum _{j=0}^{m}{m \choose j}N_{2m}(n-j+1)

.

Decomposition relation

The decomposition relation for the compactly supported B-spline wavelet has the following form:

N_{m}(2x-l)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }\left[a_{m,l-2k}N_{m}(x-k)+b_{m,l-2k}\psi _{C,m}(x-k)\right]

where the coefficients $a_{m,j}$ and $b_{m,j}$ are given by

a_{m,j}=-{\frac {(-1)^{j}}{2}}\sum _{l=-\infty }^{\infty }q_{-j+2m-2l+1}c_{2m,l},

b_{m,j}={\frac {(-1)^{j}}{2}}\sum _{l=-\infty }^{\infty }p_{-j+2m-2l+1}c_{2m,l}.

Here the sequence $c_{2m,l}$ is the sequence of coefficients in the fundamental interpolatoty cardinal spline wavelet of order m.

Compactly supported B-spline wavelets of small orders

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 1

The two-scale relation for the compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 1 is

\psi _{C,1}(x)=N_{1}(2x)-N_{1}(2x-1)

The closed form expression for compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 1 is

\psi _{C,1}(x)={\begin{cases}1&0\leq x<{\frac {1}{2}}\\-1&{\frac {1}{2}}\leq x<1\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 2

The two-scale relation for the compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 2 is

\psi _{C,2}(x)={\frac {1}{12}}\left(N_{2}(2x)-6N_{2}(2x-1)+10N_{2}(2x-2)-6N_{2}(2x-3)+N_{2}(2x-4)\right)

The closed form expression for compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 2 is

\psi _{C,2}(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{6}}x&0\leq x<{\frac {1}{2}}\\-{\frac {7}{6}}x+{\frac {2}{3}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\leq x<1\\{\frac {8}{3}}x-{\frac {19}{6}}&1\leq x<{\frac {3}{2}}\\-{\frac {8}{3}}x+{\frac {29}{6}}&{\frac {3}{2}}\leq x<2\\{\frac {7}{6}}x-{\frac {17}{6}}&2\leq x<{\frac {5}{2}}\\-{\frac {1}{6}}x+{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {5}{2}}\leq x<3\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 3

The two-scale relation for the compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 3 is

\psi _{C,3}(x)={\frac {1}{480}}{\Big [}(N_{3}(2x)-29N_{3}(2x-1)+147N_{3}(2x-2)-303N_{3}(2x-3)+

303N_{3}(2x-4)-147N_{3}(2x-5)+29N_{3}(2x-6)-N_{3}(2x-7){\Big ]}

The closed form expression for compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 3 is

\psi _{C,3}(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{240}}x^{2}&0\leq x<{\frac {1}{2}}\\-{\frac {31}{240}}x^{2}+{\frac {2}{15}}x-{\frac {1}{30}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\leq x<1\\{\frac {103}{120}}x^{2}-{\frac {221}{120}}x+{\frac {229}{240}}&1\leq x<{\frac {3}{2}}\\-{\frac {313}{120}}x^{2}+{\frac {1027}{120}}x-{\frac {1643}{240}}&{\frac {3}{2}}\leq x<2\\{\frac {22}{5}}x^{2}-{\frac {779}{40}}x+{\frac {339}{16}}&2\leq x<{\frac {5}{2}}\\-{\frac {22}{5}}x^{2}+{\frac {981}{40}}x-{\frac {541}{16}}&{\frac {5}{2}}\leq x<3\\{\frac {313}{120}}x^{2}-{\frac {701}{40}}x+{\frac {2341}{80}}&3\leq x<{\frac {7}{2}}\\-{\frac {103}{120}}x^{2}+{\frac {809}{120}}x-{\frac {3169}{240}}&{\frac {7}{2}}\leq x<4\\{\frac {31}{240}}x^{2}-{\frac {139}{120}}x+{\frac {623}{240}}&4\leq x<{\frac {9}{2}}\\-{\frac {1}{240}}x^{2}+{\frac {1}{24}}x-{\frac {5}{48}}&{\frac {9}{2}}\leq x<5\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 4

The two-scale relation for the compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 4 is

\psi _{C,4}(x)={\frac {1}{40320}}{\Big [}N_{4}(2x)-124N_{4}(2x-1)+1677N_{4}(2x-2)-7904N_{4}(2x-3)+18482N_{4}(2x-4)-

24264N_{4}(2x-5)+18482N_{4}(2x-6)-7904N_{4}(2x-7)+1677N_{4}(2x-8)-124N_{4}(2x-9)+N_{4}(2x-10){\Big ]}

The closed form expression for compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 4 is

\psi _{C,4}(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{30240}}x^{3}&0\leq x<{\frac {1}{2}}\\-{\frac {127}{30240}}x^{3}+{\frac {2}{315}}x^{2}-{\frac {1}{315}}x+{\frac {1}{1890}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\leq x<1\\{\frac {19}{280}}x^{3}-{\frac {47}{224}}x^{2}+{\frac {2147}{10080}}x-{\frac {103}{1440}}&1\leq x<{\frac {3}{2}}\\-{\frac {1109}{2520}}x^{3}+{\frac {465}{224}}x^{2}-{\frac {32413}{10080}}x+{\frac {16559}{10080}}&{\frac {3}{2}}\leq x<2\\{\frac {5261}{3360}}x^{3}-{\frac {33463}{3360}}x^{2}+{\frac {42043}{2016}}x-{\frac {145193}{10080}}&2\leq x<{\frac {5}{2}}\\-{\frac {35033}{10080}}x^{3}+{\frac {93577}{3360}}x^{2}-{\frac {148517}{2016}}x+{\frac {216269}{3360}}&{\frac {5}{2}}\leq x<3\\{\frac {4832}{945}}x^{3}-{\frac {27691}{560}}x^{2}+{\frac {113923}{720}}x-{\frac {28145}{168}}&3\leq x<{\frac {7}{2}}\\-{\frac {4832}{945}}x^{3}+{\frac {58393}{1008}}x^{2}-{\frac {52223}{240}}x+{\frac {2048227}{7560}}&{\frac {7}{2}}\leq x<4\\{\frac {35033}{10080}}x^{3}-{\frac {75827}{1680}}x^{2}+{\frac {981101}{5040}}x-{\frac {234149}{840}}&4\leq x<{\frac {9}{2}}\\-{\frac {5261}{3360}}x^{3}+{\frac {38509}{1680}}x^{2}-{\frac {112487}{1008}}x+{\frac {30347}{168}}&{\frac {9}{2}}\leq x<5\\{\frac {1109}{2520}}x^{3}-{\frac {24077}{3360}}x^{2}+{\frac {78311}{2016}}x-{\frac {141311}{2016}}&5\leq x<{\frac {11}{2}}\\-{\frac {19}{280}}x^{3}+{\frac {1361}{1120}}x^{2}-{\frac {14617}{2016}}x+{\frac {4151}{288}}&{\frac {11}{2}}\leq x<6\\{\frac {127}{30240}}x^{3}-{\frac {55}{672}}x^{2}+{\frac {5359}{10080}}x-{\frac {11603}{10080}}&6\leq x<{\frac {13}{2}}\\-{\frac {1}{30240}}x^{3}+{\frac {1}{1440}}x^{2}-{\frac {7}{1440}}x+{\frac {49}{4320}}&{\frac {13}{2}}\leq x<7\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 5

The two-scale relation for the compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 5 is

\psi _{C,5}(x)={\frac {1}{5806080}}{\Big [}N_{5}(2x)-507N_{5}(2x-1)+17128N_{5}(2x-2)-166304N_{5}(2x-3)+748465N_{5}(2x-4)

-1900115N_{5}(2x-5)+2973560N_{5}(2x-6)-2973560N_{5}(2x-7)+1900115N_{5}(2x-8)

-748465N_{5}(2x-9)+166304N_{5}(2x-10)-17128N_{5}(2x-11)+507N_{5}(2x-12)-N_{5}(2x-13){\Big ]}

The closed form expression for compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 5 is

\psi _{C,5}(x)={\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{8709120}}x^{4}&0\leq x<{\frac {1}{2}}\\-{\frac {73}{1244160}}x^{4}+{\frac {1}{8505}}x^{3}-{\frac {1}{11340}}x^{2}+{\frac {1}{34020}}x-{\frac {1}{272160}}&{\frac {1}{2}}\leq x<1\\{\frac {9581}{4354560}}x^{4}-{\frac {19417}{2177280}}x^{3}+{\frac {1303}{96768}}x^{2}-{\frac {19609}{2177280}}x+{\frac {6547}{2903040}}&1\leq x<{\frac {3}{2}}\\-{\frac {118931}{4354560}}x^{4}+{\frac {366119}{2177280}}x^{3}-{\frac {186253}{483840}}x^{2}+{\frac {121121}{311040}}x-{\frac {427181}{2903040}}&{\frac {3}{2}}\leq x<2\\{\frac {759239}{4354560}}x^{4}-{\frac {3146561}{2177280}}x^{3}+{\frac {6466601}{1451520}}x^{2}-{\frac {13202873}{2177280}}x+{\frac {26819897}{8709120}}&2\leq x<{\frac {5}{2}}\\-{\frac {2980409}{4354560}}x^{4}+{\frac {5183893}{725760}}x^{3}-{\frac {13426333}{483840}}x^{2}+{\frac {426589}{8960}}x-{\frac {12635243}{414720}}&{\frac {5}{2}}\leq x<3\\{\frac {7873577}{4354560}}x^{4}-{\frac {16524079}{725760}}x^{3}+{\frac {7385369}{69120}}x^{2}-{\frac {17868671}{80640}}x+{\frac {497668543}{2903040}}&3\leq x<{\frac {7}{2}}\\-{\frac {14714327}{4354560}}x^{4}+{\frac {108543091}{2177280}}x^{3}-{\frac {56901557}{207360}}x^{2}+{\frac {1454458651}{2177280}}x-{\frac {5286189059}{8709120}}&{\frac {7}{2}}\leq x<4\\{\frac {15619}{3402}}x^{4}-{\frac {33822017}{435456}}x^{3}+{\frac {15828929}{32256}}x^{2}-{\frac {597598433}{435456}}x+{\frac {277413649}{193536}}&4\leq x<{\frac {9}{2}}\\-{\frac {15619}{3402}}x^{4}+{\frac {38150335}{435456}}x^{3}-{\frac {20157247}{32256}}x^{2}+{\frac {859841695}{435456}}x-{\frac {64472345}{27648}}&{\frac {9}{2}}\leq x<5\\{\frac {14714327}{4354560}}x^{4}-{\frac {4466137}{62208}}x^{3}+{\frac {165651247}{290304}}x^{2}-{\frac {875490655}{435456}}x+{\frac {4614904015}{1741824}}&5\leq x<{\frac {11}{2}}\\-{\frac {7873577}{4354560}}x^{4}+{\frac {30717383}{725760}}x^{3}-{\frac {179437319}{483840}}x^{2}+{\frac {16606729}{11520}}x-{\frac {869722273}{414720}}&{\frac {11}{2}}\leq x<6\\{\frac {2980409}{4354560}}x^{4}-{\frac {12698561}{725760}}x^{3}+{\frac {16211669}{96768}}x^{2}-{\frac {19138891}{26880}}x+{\frac {3289787993}{2903040}}&6\leq x<{\frac {13}{2}}\\-{\frac {759239}{4354560}}x^{4}+{\frac {10519741}{2177280}}x^{3}-{\frac {10403603}{207360}}x^{2}+{\frac {71964499}{311040}}x-{\frac {3481646837}{8709120}}&{\frac {13}{2}}\leq x<7\\{\frac {118931}{4354560}}x^{4}-{\frac {1774639}{2177280}}x^{3}+{\frac {630259}{69120}}x^{2}-{\frac {14096161}{311040}}x+{\frac {245108501}{2903040}}&7\leq x<{\frac {15}{2}}\\-{\frac {9581}{4354560}}x^{4}+{\frac {21863}{311040}}x^{3}-{\frac {407387}{483840}}x^{2}+{\frac {9758873}{2177280}}x-{\frac {25971499}{2903040}}&{\frac {15}{2}}\leq x<8\\{\frac {73}{1244160}}x^{4}-{\frac {4343}{2177280}}x^{3}+{\frac {5273}{207360}}x^{2}-{\frac {313703}{2177280}}x+{\frac {380873}{1244160}}&8\leq x<{\frac {17}{2}}\\-{\frac {1}{8709120}}x^{4}+{\frac {1}{241920}}x^{3}-{\frac {1}{17920}}x^{2}+{\frac {3}{8960}}x-{\frac {27}{35840}}&{\frac {17}{2}}\leq x<9\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}

Images of compactly supported B-spline wavelets


B-spline wavelet of order 1	B-spline wavelet of order 2

B-spline wavelet of order 3	B-spline wavelet of order 4	B-spline wavelet of order 5

Battle-Lemarie wavelets

The Battle-Lemarie wavelets form a class of orthonormal wavelets constructed using the class of cardinal B-splines. The expressions for these wavelets are given in the frequency domain; that is, they are defined by specifying their Fourier transforms. The Fourier transform of a function of t, say, $F(t)$ , is denoted by ${\hat {F}}(\omega )$ .

Definition

Let m be a positive integer and let $N_{m}(x)$ be the cardinal B-spline of order m. The Fourier transform of $N_{m}(x)$ is ${\hat {N}}_{m}(\omega )$ . The scaling function $\phi _{m}(t)$ for the m-th order Battle-Lemarie wavelet is that function whose Fourier transform is

{\hat {\phi }}_{m}(\omega )={\frac {{\hat {N}}_{m}(\omega )}{\left(\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }\vert {\hat {N}}_{m}(\omega +2\pi k)\vert ^{2}\right)^{1/2}}}.

The m-th order Battle-Lemarie wavelet is the function $\psi _{BL,m}(t)$ whose Fourier transform is

{\hat {\psi }}_{BL,m}(\omega )=-{\frac {e^{-i\omega /2}\,\,{\overline {{\hat {\phi }}_{m}(\omega +2\pi )}}\,\,{\hat {\phi }}_{m}\left({\frac {\omega }{2}}\right)}{\overline {{\hat {\phi }}_{m}\left({\frac {\omega }{2}}+\pi \right)}}}

References

↑ Michael Unser (1997). Aldroubi, Akram; Laine, Andrew F.; Unser, Michael A. (eds.). "Ten good reasons for using spline wavelets" (PDF). Proc. SPIE Vol. 3169, Wavelets Applications in Signal and Image Processing V. Wavelet Applications in Signal and Image Processing V. 3169: 422–431. Bibcode:1997SPIE.3169..422U. doi:10.1117/12.292801. S2CID 12705597. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
↑ Chui, Charles K, and Jian-zhong Wang (1991). "A cardinal spline approach to wavelets" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 113 (3): 785–793. doi:10.2307/2048616. JSTOR 2048616. Retrieved 22 January 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
1 2 Charles K. Chui and Jian-Zhong Wang (April 1992). "On Compactly Supported Spline Wavelets and a Duality Principle" (PDF). Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 330 (2): 903–915. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1992-1076613-3. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
↑ Charles K Chui (1992). An Introduction to Wavelets. Academic Press. p. 177.
↑ Ingrid Daubechies (1992). Ten Lectures on Wavelets. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. pp. 146–153. ISBN 9780898712742.
↑ Christopher Heil (2011). A Basis Theory Primer. Birkhauser. pp. 177–188. ISBN 9780817646868.
↑ Charles K Chui (1992). An Introduction to Wavelets. Academic Press. p. 249.
↑ Charles K Chui (1992). An Introduction to Wavelets. Academic Press. p. 184.

Cardinal B-splines

Properties of the cardinal B-splines

Elementary properties

Two-scale relation

Riesz property

Cardinal B-splines of small orders

Constant B-spline

Linear B-spline

Quadratic B-spline

Cubic B-spline

Bi-quadratic B-spline

Quintic B-spline

Multi-resolution analysis generated by cardinal B-splines

Wavelets from cardinal B-splines

Wavelets relative to cardinal B-splines using fundamental interpolatory splines

Fundamental interpolatory spline

Definitions

Procedure to find the fundamental cardinal interpolatory spline

Example

Wavelet using fundamental interpolatory spline

Example

Two-scale relation

Compactly supported B-spline wavelets

Definition

Properties

Two-scale relation

Decomposition relation

Compactly supported B-spline wavelets of small orders

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 1

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 2

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 3

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 4

Compactly supported B-spline wavelet of order 5

Images of compactly supported B-spline wavelets

Battle-Lemarie wavelets

Definition

References

Further reading