Stephen Schwarzman
Schwarzman in 2008
Chairman of the Strategic and Policy Forum
In office
January 20, 2017 – August 16, 2017
PresidentDonald Trump
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Personal details
Born
Stephen Allen Schwarzman

(1947-02-14) February 14, 1947
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)Ellen Philips (1971–1990)
Christine Mularchuk Hearst (1995–present)
Children3, including Teddy and Zibby
1 stepchild
Residence740 Park Avenue
EducationYale University (BA)
Harvard University (MBA)

Stephen Allen Schwarzman (born February 14, 1947) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the chairman and CEO of the Blackstone Group, a global private equity firm he established in 1985 with Peter G. Peterson. Schwarzman was briefly chairman of President Donald Trump's Strategic and Policy Forum.[1]

Early life and education

Schwarzman was raised in a Jewish family in Huntingdon Valley, Pennsylvania, the son of Arline and Joseph Schwarzman.[2][3] His father owned Schwarzman's, a former dry-goods store in Philadelphia, and was a graduate of the Wharton School.[4]

Schwarzman's first business was a lawn-mowing operation when he was 14 years old, employing his younger twin brothers, Mark and Warren, to mow while Stephen brought in clients.[5]

Schwarzman attended the Abington School District in suburban Philadelphia and graduated from Abington Senior High School in 1965.[6] He attended Yale University, where he was a member of senior society Skull and Bones and founded the Davenport Ballet Society.[7][8][9] After graduating in 1969, he briefly served in the U.S. Army Reserve before attending Harvard Business School, where he graduated in 1972.[10]

Investment career

Schwarzman's first job in financial services was with Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, an investment bank that merged with Credit Suisse in 2000. After business school, Schwarzman worked at the investment bank Lehman Brothers, became a managing director at age 31, and then head of global mergers and acquisitions.[11] In 1985, Schwarzman and his boss, Peter Peterson, started The Blackstone Group, which initially focused on mergers and acquisitions.[12][13] Blackstone would branch into business acquisition, real estate, direct lending, alternative assets, and now has some $500 billion in assets under management.[14]

When Blackstone went public in June 2007, it revealed in a securities filing that Schwarzman had earned about $398.3 million in fiscal 2006.[15][16] He ultimately received $684 million for the part of his Blackstone stake he sold in the IPO, keeping a stake then worth $9.1 billion.[17] In the following years, his compensations increased even more: he received $350 million in 2007[18] and $702.4 million in 2008[19] - partly due to stock awards. His salary was $734.2 million in 2015, $425 US million in 2016 and $786 US million in 2017.[20] In 2022, he was paid $253 million.[21]

In June 2007, Schwarzman described his view on financial markets with the statement: "I want war, not a series of skirmishes... I always think about what will kill off the other bidder."[22]

In September 2011, Schwarzman was listed as a member of the international advisory board of the Russian Direct Investment Fund.[23]

Political and economic views

Schwarzman is a Republican who favors lower taxes, lower government spending, and women's rights.[24]

He raised $100,000 for George W. Bush's political endeavors.[25]

Schwarzman on stage at Web Summit 2019 in Lisbon, Portugal.

In August 2010, Schwarzman compared the Obama administration's plan to raise the tax rate on carried interest to a war and Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939, stating, "It's a war. It's like when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939."[26][27] Schwarzman later apologized for the analogy.[28][29] In 2012, Obama called Schwarzman and requested his assistance in brokering a budget agreement with Republicans in congress to avoid a fiscal cliff.[30] Eventually a deal was brokered with Schwarzman's help. The new tax plan added $1 trillion of additional revenue by raising taxes, closing tax loopholes, and ending deductions. Obama later drafted a formal message of support for Schwarzman Scholars, an education initiative undertaken by Schwarzman.[31]

He endorsed and fundraised for Mitt Romney in 2012.[32] During the 2016 Republican primary, he declined to support any one particular candidate. He identified as center-right and said the eventual GOP nominee should appeal to independent voters, not the right wing of the Republican Party. At the same time, he had positive things to say about Hillary Clinton.[32]

In early 2016, he said that in a two-candidate race he would prefer Donald Trump to Ted Cruz, saying that the nation needed a "cohesive, healing presidency, not one that's lurching either to the right or to the left."[33] He had previously made a donation to Marco Rubio in 2014.[32]

In late 2016, Schwarzman "helped put together" a team of corporate executives to advise Trump on jobs and the economy. The group, which includes JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon, Walt Disney boss Bob Iger and former General Electric leader Jack Welch, became Trump's Strategic and Policy Forum.[34][35] In February, Schwarzman was named as chair of the 16-member President's Strategic and Policy Forum, which brought together "CEOs of America's biggest corporations, banks and investment firms" to consult with the president on "how to create jobs and improve growth for the U.S. economy."[36] On August 16, 2017, following five members' resignations, President Trump announced via Twitter he was disbanding the forum.[37]

He is a long-time friend of former president Donald Trump and provides outside counsel, and served as chair of Trump's Strategic and Policy Forum.[1][38] In response to criticism for his involvement with the Trump administration,[39] Schwarzman penned a letter to current Schwarzman Scholars, arguing that "having influence and providing sound advice is a good thing, even if it attracts criticism or requires some sacrifice."[1]

In private Schwarzman called January 6 United States Capitol attack an "insurrection" and "an affront to the democratic values we hold dear". However, he stopped short of criticizing Trump over the riot.[24]

In December 2018, non-profit consumer advocacy organisation Public Citizen published a report titled: "'Self-Funded' Trump Now Propped Up By Super PAC Megadonors." The report disclosed that Schwarzman donated $344,000 in support of Trump's re-election campaign. Following his election, Trump appointed Schwarzman as the chairman of the White House Strategic and Policy Forum.[40]

In 2020, Schwarzman donated $15 million to the Senate Leadership Fund,[41] a super-PAC tied to Mitch McConnell,[42] $3 million to Donald Trump's America First Action PAC, and a combined total for the election cycle of $33.5 million to Republican candidates. Several of the Republicans he funded voted against certifying the 2020 Presidential Election. [43]

Wealth

Plaque at the New York Public Library central reference building honoring Schwarzman's contributions

According to Bloomberg Billionaires Index, he had a net worth of $32 billion as of October 2022.[44] In 2014, Schwarzman was named as one of Bloomberg's 50 Most Influential people of the year.[45] In 2016, Schwarzman was again named as one of Bloomberg's 50 Most Influential people of the year.[46]

Philanthropy

In 2004, Schwarzman donated a new football stadium to Abington Senior High School—the Stephen A. Schwarzman Stadium.[47] In 2007, Schwarzman was listed among Time's 100 Most Influential People in The World.[48]

In early 2008, Schwarzman announced that he contributed $100 million toward the expansion of the New York Public Library, for which he serves as a trustee. The central reference building on 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue was renamed The Stephen A. Schwarzman Building.[49] In 2018, Schwarzman donated $10 million to another library, the National Library of Israel.[50]

On April 21, 2013, Schwarzman announced a $100 million personal gift to establish and endow a scholarship program in China, Schwarzman Scholars, modeled after the Rhodes Scholarship program.[51] Schwarzman simultaneously announced a fundraising campaign with a goal of $200 million. The Schwarzman Scholars program is housed at Tsinghua University.[52]: 108  Since its inception, the program has maintained ties to the United Front Work Department as well as other organizations and personnel affiliated with the Chinese Communist Party.[53][54][55] Schwartzman has also worked on developing a network of scholars who understand China.[52]: 108 

In spring 2015, Peter Salovey, the president of Yale University, announced that Schwarzman contributed $150 million to fund a campus center in the university's historic "Commons" dining facility.[56][57] Additionally, Schwarzman is also a member of the Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council.[58]

He has sat on the board of trustees of New York-Presbyterian Hospital since 2016.[59]

In early 2018, it was announced that Schwarzman gave $25 million to Abington High School, his alma mater. However, this donation was contingent on several conditions, including naming rights to the school. After the public learned about the deal, a new agreement was made and Schwarzman removed several of the conditions for his donation, including renaming the school.[60]

In October 2018, Schwarzman donated $350 million to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to create the Schwarzman College of Computing.[61]

In June 2019, the University of Oxford announced that Schwarzman had donated £150 million to establish the Schwarzman Centre for the Humanities, due to be completed for the university's 2024–25 academic year.[62][63]

Schwarzman announced in February 2020 that he had signed The Giving Pledge, committing to give the majority of his wealth to philanthropic causes.[64][65]

In October 2020, Schwarzman pledged to give $8 million to the USA Track and Field Foundation in the runup to the 2021 Tokyo and 2024 Paris Olympics.[66]

In December 2021, Schwarzman and his wife Christine gave $25 million to the Animal Medical Center of New York in New York City. The hospital was renamed The Stephen and Christine Schwarzman Animal Medical Center.

Personal life

Schwarzman married his first wife Ellen Philips in 1971, a trustee of Northwestern University and the Mount Sinai Medical Center. They had two children: film producer Teddy Schwarzman[67][68] and writer and podcaster Zibby Owens.[69] They divorced in 1990.

Schwarzman married Christine Hearst in 1995, an intellectual property lawyer who grew up on Long Island, New York.[67] She has one child from a previous marriage.[22]

He lives in a duplex apartment at 740 Park Avenue previously owned by John D. Rockefeller Jr. Schwarzman purchased the apartment from Saul Steinberg.[70][71] He spent millions of dollars on both his sixtieth and seventieth birthday parties.[72][73]

In 2011, The Wall Street Journal reported on the vast water consumption of wealthy Palm Beach residents during exceptional drought conditions.[74] Schwarzman was listed as a top-five water user, having consumed 7,409,688 gallons between June 2010 and May 2011. The average Palm Beach resident consumes 108,000 gallons per year.[75]

Other

In 1999, Schwarzman received the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award.[76]

Schwarzman has been an adjunct professor at the Yale School of Management and was chairman of the board of trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts from 2004 to 2010.

In December 2018, Schwarzman was awarded the Order of the Aztec Eagle, Mexico's highest honor for foreigners, by President Enrique Peña Nieto in recognition of Schwarzman's work on behalf of the U.S. in support of the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement.[77]

In 2019, Schwarzman wrote his first book titled, What It Takes: Lessons in the Pursuit of Excellence, "which draws from his experiences in business, philanthropy and public service." His book became a New York Times Best Seller.[78] However, the title was included with a dagger next to it, used to indicate that retailers reported receiving bulk purchases.[79]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Nocera, Joe (February 8, 2017). "Steve Schwarzman Explains Why He Counsels Trump". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2017 – via Bloomberg.
  2. ↑ de la Merced, Michael J. (October 21, 2011). "Live From New York, It's Steve Schwarzman". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  3. ↑ "The world's 50 Richest Jews: 31-40 – Jewish World – The Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  4. ↑ "WEDDINGS - Christine Hearst, S. A. Schwarzman". The New York Times. November 5, 1995. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  5. ↑ James B. Stewart (February 4, 2008). "The Birthday Party: How Stephen Schwarzman became private equity's designated villain". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Past Award Recipients". Abington.k12.pa.us. June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  7. ↑ Evan Thomas and Daniel Gross, "Taxing the Super Rich", Newsweek, July 23, 2007
  8. ↑ Andrew Clark, "The Guardian profile: Stephen Schwarzman", The Guardian, June 15, 2007
  9. ↑ "Steve Schwarzman's Other Two Great Loves: Chicks And Ballet". Dealbreaker. January 14, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  10. ↑ "The 25 Most Successful Harvard Business School Graduates". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  11. ↑ David Carey; John E. Morris (2010). King of Capital: The Remarkable Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Steve Schwarzman and Blackstone. New York: Crown Business. pp. 13–30. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  12. ↑ "Team Information – Steven Schwarzman" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
  13. ↑ King of Capital, pp. 45–56
  14. ↑ "The Rise and Rise of Steve Schwarzman". Worth. September 17, 2019. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  15. ↑ Archived July 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ Michael Flaherty, "Blackstone Co-Founders to Get $2.3 Billion Post IPO", Reuters, June 11,
  17. ↑ King oReferencesapital, p. 3
  18. ↑ "Blackstone's Chief Received $350 Million in Pay in 2007". The New York Times. Associated Press. March 13, 2008. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  19. ↑ Goldman, David (August 14, 2009). "The top 10 highest paid CEOs are..." CNNMoney. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  20. ↑ Franklin, Joshua (March 1, 2018). "Blackstone Group CEO Schwarzman took home $786 million in 2017". Reuters. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  21. ↑ Rees, Jon (July 6, 2023). "Peloton and Pinterest are out in front for bosses making $100m a year". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  22. 1 2 Andrew Clark (June 15, 2007). "profile: Stephen Schwarzman | Business". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Russian Direct Investment Fund Announces International Advisory Board". Russian Direct Investment Fund. September 16, 2011. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.
  24. 1 2 Kelly, Kate (January 19, 2021). "In Trump, Stephen Schwarzman Found a Chance to Burnish His Legacy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  25. ↑ Lerer, Lisa (October 23, 2007). "Tycoon finds money can't buy him love". Politico. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  26. ↑ Alter, Jonathan (August 15, 2010). "Schwarzman: 'It's a War' Between Obama, Wall St". Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  27. ↑ Brooks, Neil; McQuaig, Linda (April 1, 2012). "How billionaires destroy democracy". Salon.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  28. ↑ Clark, Andrew (August 17, 2010). "Blackstone billionaire is sorry for Nazi jab against Obama's tax policies". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  29. ↑ Moritz, Michael (February 7, 2017). "Stephen Schwarzman's Bad Business Advice". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  30. ↑ Gottfried, Miriam (September 13, 2019). "Stephen Schwarzman's Lifelong Audacity". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Schwarzman Scholars". Schwarzman Scholars. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  32. 1 2 3 Egan, Matt (April 29, 2015). "Blackstone CEO: GOP field way stronger than 2012's 'Seven Dwarfs'". Archived from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  33. ↑ DiChristopher, Tom (January 20, 2016). "Wall Street CEO: I'd pick Trump over Cruz". CNBC. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  34. ↑ Dayen, David (May 27, 2017). "Trump's 'America First' Infrastructure Plan: Let Saudi Arabia and Blackstone Take Care of It". The Intercept. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  35. ↑ Alesci, Cristina (May 21, 2017). "Blackstone for American infrastructure". CNN. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2017. In late 2016 a
  36. ↑ Gara, Antoine. "Trump Taps Steve Schwarzman, Jamie Dimon And Mary Barra For Advice On Job Creation, Growth". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  37. ↑ Edelman, Adam; Ruhle, Stephanie (August 17, 2017). "Trump Dissolves Business Advisory Councils as CEOs Quit". NBC News. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  38. ↑ "Trump reviews top White House staff after tumultuous start". Politico. February 12, 2017. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
  39. ↑ Kelly, Kate (February 18, 2021). "After Capitol Riots, Billionaire's 'Scholars' Confront Their Benefactor". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  40. ↑ Johnson, Hanah Lola (December 12, 2019). "How the World Trade Organization Propelled the Rise of the Global Far-Right". InsideOver. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  41. ↑ "Organizations Disclosing Donations to Senate Leadership Fund, 2020 | OpenSecrets". Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  42. ↑ Allison, Bill (August 21, 2020). "Senate Leadership Fund Gets $10 Million Boost From Schwarzman". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  43. ↑ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (February 2, 2021). "Wall Street billionaire backed Republicans who later tried to overturn election result". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  44. ↑ "Bloomberg Billionaires Index: Stephen Schwarzman". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  45. ↑ "Most Influential 50 Are the Bankers, Investors Who Move Markets". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  46. ↑ "Bloomberg's Fifty Most Influential". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
  47. ↑ Stewart, James B. "The Birthday Party". The New Yorker. Conde Nast. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  48. ↑ "Time 100 (2007) – Stephen Schwarzman". Time. May 3, 2007. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
  49. ↑ Robin Pogrebin (March 11, 2008). "Stephen Schwarzman – New York Public Library". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Billionaire Trump Adviser Donates to Israel National Library". USA Today. Associated Press. February 8, 2018. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  51. ↑ La Roche, Julia (April 21, 2013). "Billionaire Steve Schwarzman Has Donated $100 Million To Start His Own Version Of The Rhodes Scholarship". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
  52. 1 2 Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023). Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.2915805. ISBN 9780674271913. JSTOR jj.2915805.
  53. ↑ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (January 11, 2020). "The Moral Hazard of Dealing With China". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  54. ↑ "Beijing welcomes scholars funded by U.S. tycoon". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. September 10, 2016. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  55. ↑ Chen, George (May 7, 2013). "Schwarzman Scholars plan raises doubts over Beijing interference". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  56. ↑ "YaleNews | $150 Million Gift by Stephen A. Schwarzman to Establish First-of-its-Kind Campus Center at Yale University". News.yale.edu. May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  57. ↑ Pogrebin, Robin (May 11, 2015). "Stephen A Schwarzman Gives $150 Million for Yale Cultural Hub". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Berggruen Institute". Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  59. ↑ "Hospital Leadership - Board of Trustees". New York Presbyterian. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  60. ↑ Strauss, Valerie (April 12, 2018). "Billionaire offered $25 million to high school alma mater. What he wanted in return was too much for the district". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  61. ↑ Lohr, Steve (October 15, 2018). "M.I.T. Plans College for Artificial Intelligence, Backed by $1 Billion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  62. ↑ Adams, Richard (June 19, 2019). "Oxford to receive biggest single donation 'since the Renaissance'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  63. ↑ "Schwarzman Centre: Planning application submitted for concert hall". BBC News. November 17, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  64. ↑ Zhang, Hannah (February 5, 2020). "Blackstone CEO pledges to donate the majority of his wealth to charity". CNN Business. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  65. ↑ La Roche, Julia (February 5, 2020). "EXCLUSIVE: Billionaire Steve Schwarzman signs Warren Buffett's Giving Pledge". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  66. ↑ "USA Track & Field | Stephen A. Schwarzman Pledges $8,000,000 to USATF Foundation in Support of Elite Track & Field Athle". usatf.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  67. 1 2 Toobin, Jeffrey (July 15, 2014). "The Birthday Party". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  68. ↑ "Ellen Zajac and Teddy Schwarzman". The New York Times. November 11, 2007. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  69. ↑ "Oh, Zibby, Thanks So Much for Calling!". Observer. June 20, 2007. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  70. ↑ "740 Park | Michael Gross". Mgross.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  71. ↑ Toobin, Jeffrey (July 15, 2014). "The Birthday Party". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  72. ↑ Sorkin, Andrew Ross (February 13, 2017). "A Billionaire's Party Is a Lens on Wealth in the Trump Era". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  73. ↑ Dangremond, Sam (February 13, 2017). "Jared and Ivanka Attended Steve Schwarzman's Epic 70th Birthday Party in Palm Beach". Town & Country. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  74. ↑ Campo-Flores, Arian (July 11, 2011). "Big Water Users Get Flak in Drought: Calls for Surcharges as Vast Amounts Consumed by Wealthy Palm Beach Residents Draw Ire of Neighbors". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  75. ↑ "Top 5 Water Users in Palm Beach". Wall Street Journal. July 10, 2011. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  76. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  77. ↑ "President Confers Mexican Order of Aztec Eagle on co-founder and CEO of the Blackstone Group Stephen Allen Schwarzman". Presidencia de la República. gob.mx. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  78. ↑ The Blackstone Group Inc. "Our People". www.blackstone.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  79. ↑ The New York Times. "NYTimes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

Further reading

  • King of Capital: The Remarkable Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Steve Schwarzman and Blackstone.
  • Greed and Glory on Wall Street—The Fall of the House of Lehman by Ken Auletta, The Overlook Press, New York, ISBN 1-58567-088-X
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