Stephen E. Ambrose
Ambrose in August 2001
Ambrose in August 2001
BornStephen Edward Ambrose
(1936-01-10)January 10, 1936
Lovington, Illinois, U.S.
DiedOctober 13, 2002(2002-10-13) (aged 66)
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, U.S.
Occupation
  • Historian
  • author
Alma materUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison (BA, PhD)
Louisiana State University (MA)
Spouse
Judith Dorlester
​
​
(m. 1957; died 1965)​
    Moira Buckley
    ​
    (m. 1967)​
    Children5 including Hugh Ambrose[1]

    Stephen Edward Ambrose (January 10, 1936 – October 13, 2002) was an American historian, most noted for his biographies of U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. He was a longtime professor of history at the University of New Orleans and the author of many bestselling volumes of American popular history.

    Despite numerous well-documented allegations of plagiarism and inaccuracies in his writings, in a review of To America: Personal Reflections of an Historian for The New York Times, high school teacher William Everdell credited Ambrose with reaching "an important lay audience without endorsing its every prejudice."[2]

    Early life and education

    Ambrose was born January 10, 1936,[3] in Lovington, Illinois,[4] to Rosepha Trippe Ambrose and Stephen Hedges Ambrose. His father was a physician who served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Ambrose was raised in Whitewater, Wisconsin,[5] where he graduated from Whitewater High School. His family also owned a farm in Lovington, Illinois, and vacation property in Marinette County, Wisconsin.[6][7] He attended college at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he was a member of Chi Psi fraternity and played on the University of Wisconsin football team for three years.[8]

    Ambrose planned to major in pre-medicine, but changed his major to history after hearing the first lecture in a U.S. history class entitled "Representative Americans" in his sophomore year. The course was taught by William B. Hesseltine, whom Ambrose credits with fundamentally shaping his writing and igniting his interest in history.[9] While at Wisconsin, Ambrose was a member of the Navy and Army ROTC. He graduated with a B.A. in 1957. Ambrose received a master's degree in history from Louisiana State University in 1958, studying under T. Harry Williams.[9] Ambrose then went on to earn a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1963, under William B. Hesseltine.[9][10]

    Career

    Academic positions

    Ambrose was a history professor from 1960 until his retirement in 1995. From 1971 onward, he was a member of the University of New Orleans faculty, where he was named the Boyd Professor of History in 1989, an honor given only to faculty who attain "national or international distinction for outstanding teaching, research, or other creative achievement".[10][11] During the 1969–1970 academic year, he was the Ernest J. King Professor of Maritime History at the Naval War College. While teaching at Kansas State University as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of War and Peace during the 1970–1971 academic year, Ambrose participated in heckling of Richard Nixon during a speech the president gave on the KSU campus. Given pressure from the KSU administration and having job offers elsewhere, upon finishing out the year Ambrose offered to leave and the offer was accepted.[12][13] His opposition to the Vietnam War[14] stood in contrast to his research on "presidents and the military at a time when such topics were increasingly regarded by his colleagues as old fashioned and conservative."[15] Ambrose also taught at Louisiana State University (assistant professor of history; 1960–1964) and Johns Hopkins University (associate professor of history; 1964–1969). He held visiting posts at Rutgers University, the University of California, Berkeley, and a number of European schools, including University College Dublin, where he taught as the Mary Ball Washington Professor of American History.[9][16]

    He founded the Eisenhower Center at the University of New Orleans in 1989 with, "The mission of the Eisenhower Center is the study of the causes, conduct, and consequences of American national security policy and the use of force as an instrument of policy in the twentieth century."[17] He served as its director until 1994.[18] The center's first efforts, which Ambrose initiated, involved the collection of oral histories from World War II veterans about their experiences, particularly any participation in D-Day. By the time of publication of Ambrose's D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II, in 1994, the center had collected more than 1,200 oral histories.[19] Ambrose donated $150,000 to the Center in 1998 to foster additional efforts to collect oral histories from World War II veterans.[20]

    Writings

    Ambrose's earliest works concerned the American Civil War. He wrote biographies of the generals Emory Upton and Henry Halleck, the first of which was based on his dissertation.[21]

    Early in his career, Ambrose was mentored by World War II historian Forrest Pogue.[22][23] In 1964, Ambrose took a position at Johns Hopkins as the Associate Editor of the Eisenhower Papers, a project aimed at organizing, cataloging and publishing Eisenhower's principal papers. From this work and discussions with Eisenhower emerged an article critical of Cornelius Ryan's The Last Battle, which had depicted Eisenhower as politically naîve, when at the end of World War II he allowed Soviet forces to take Berlin, thus shaping the Cold War that followed.[24] Ambrose expanded this into a book, Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe (1967).[25] Ambrose was aided in the book's writing by comments and notes provided by Eisenhower, who read a draft of the book.[25]

    In 1964, Ambrose was commissioned to write the official biography of the former president and five-star general Dwight D. Eisenhower.[25] This resulted in a book on Eisenhower's war years, The Supreme Commander (1970), and a two-volume full biography (published in 1983 and 1984), which are considered "the standard" on the subject.[26] Regarding the first volume, Gordon Harrison, writing for The New York Times, proclaimed, "It is Mr. Ambrose's special triumph that he has been able to fight through the memoranda, the directives, plans, reports, and official self-serving pieties of the World War II establishment to uncover the idiosyncratic people at its center."[27] Ambrose also wrote a three-volume biography of Richard Nixon. Although Ambrose was a strong critic of Nixon, the biography was considered fair and just regarding Nixon's presidency.[28][29]

    A visit to a reunion of Easy Company veterans in 1988 prompted Ambrose to collect their stories, turning them into Band of Brothers, E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne: From Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest (1992). D-Day (1994), built upon additional oral histories, presented the battle from the view points of individual soldiers and became his first best seller. A reviewer for the Journal of Military History commended D-Day as the "most comprehensive discussion" of the sea, air, and land operations that coalesced on that day.[30] Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, writing for The New York Times, proclaimed that "Reading this history, you can understand why for so many of its participants, despite all the death surrounding them, life revealed itself in that moment at that place."[31] Ambrose's Citizen Soldiers, which describes battles fought in northwest Europe from D-Day through the end of the war in Europe, utilized, again, extensive oral histories. Citizen Soldiers became a best seller, appearing on the New York Times best sellers lists for both hardcover and paperback editions in the same week. During the same week, in September 1998, D-Day and Undaunted Courage, Ambrose's 1996 book on Meriwether Lewis and the Corps of Discovery, appeared on the best seller list, also.[32] He also wrote The Victors (1998), a distillation of material from other books detailing Eisenhower's wartime experiences and connections to the common soldier, and The Wild Blue, that looks at World War II aviation largely through the experiences of George McGovern, who commanded a B-24 crew that flew numerous missions over Germany. His other major works include Undaunted Courage about the Lewis and Clark Expedition and Nothing Like It in the World about the construction of the Pacific Railroad. His final book, This Vast Land, a historical novel about the Lewis & Clark expedition written for young readers, was published posthumously in 2003.

    Ambrose's most popular single work was Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (1996), which stayed on the New York Times best seller list for a combined, hardcover and paperback, 126 weeks.[33] Ambrose consolidated research on the Corps of Discovery's expedition conducted in the previous thirty years and "synthesized it skillfully to enrich our understanding and appreciation of this grand epic," according to Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., who reviewed the book for The New York Times.[34] Ken Burns, who produced and directed a PBS documentary on Lewis & Clark declared that Ambrose "takes one of the great, but also one of the most superficially considered, stories in American history and breathes fresh life into it."[35]

    In addition to 27 self-authored books, Ambrose co-authored, edited, and contributed to many more and was a frequent contributor to magazines such as American Heritage.[36] He, also, reviewed the works of other historians in the Journal of Southern History, Military Affairs, American Historical Review, The Journal of American History, and Foreign Affairs. He served as a contributing editor to MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, also.[37]

    Television, film, and other activities

    Ambrose featured in the 1973-74 ITV television series, The World at War, which detailed the history of World War II.

    He served as the historical consultant for the movie Saving Private Ryan.[38] Tom Hanks, who starred in the movie, said he "pored over D-Day" and Band of Brothers in researching his role.[39] Hanks also credited Ambrose's books with providing extensive detail, particularly regarding D-Day landings.[40]

    The HBO mini-series, Band of Brothers (2001), for which he was an executive producer, helped sustain the fresh interest in World War II that had been stimulated by the 50th anniversary of D-Day in 1994 and the 60th anniversary in 2004.[38] Ambrose served as executive producer for Price for Peace, a documentary concerning the war in the Pacific theater during World War II, and for Moments of Truth, a TV documentary containing interviews with World War II veterans.[41]

    In addition, Ambrose served as a commentator for Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery, a documentary by Ken Burns.[38] He provided commentary in 20 made-for-TV documentaries, covering diverse topics, such as World War II, Lewis & Clark, and America's prominence in the 20th century.[41] He also appeared as a guest on numerous TV programs or stations, including The Charlie Rose Show, C-Span programming,[42] CNN programming, NBC's Today Show, CNBC's Hardball,[37] and various programming on The History Channel and the National Geographic Channel.[38] Ambrose's association with National Geographic stemmed, in part, from his designation as an Explorer-in-Residence by the Society.[38]

    In addition to his academic work and publishing, Ambrose operated a historical tour business, acting as a tour guide to European locales of World War II.[21] Also, he served on the board of directors for American Rivers and was a member of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Council.[43]

    National World War II Museum

    Ambrose's work for the Eisenhower Center, specifically his work with D-Day veterans, inspired him to co-found the National D-Day Museum in New Orleans with another historian and UNO professor Gordon H. "Nick" Mueller. Ambrose initiated fundraising by donating $500,000.[44] "He dreamt of a museum that reflected his deep regard for our nation's citizen soldiers, the workers on the Home Front and the sacrifices and hardships they endured to achieve victory."[45] He secured large contributions from the federal government, state of Louisiana, Tom Hanks, Steven Spielberg, and many smaller donations from former students, who answered a plea made by Ambrose in the New Orleans Times-Picayune.[46] In 2003, Congress designated the museum as "America's National World War II Museum," acknowledging an expanded scope and mission for the museum. "The Stephen E. Ambrose Memorial Fund continues to support the development of the museum's Center for Study of the American Spirit, its educational programs and oral history and publication initiatives."[45]

    Awards

    In 1997, Ambrose received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates.[47][48] In 1998, he received the National Humanities Medal.[5] In 1998, he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement given by the Society for Military History.[49] In 1998, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[50] In 2000, Ambrose received the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, the highest honorary award the Department of Defense offers to civilians.[38] In 2001, he was awarded the Theodore Roosevelt Medal for Distinguished Service from the Theodore Roosevelt Association.[51] Ambrose won an Emmy as one of the producers for the mini-series Band of Brothers.[38] Ambrose also received the George Marshall Award, the Abraham Lincoln Literary Award, the Bob Hope Award from the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, and the Will Rogers Memorial Award.[38]

    Upon Ambrose's death, U.S. Sen. Mary Landrieu of Louisiana offered a resolution in the Senate, which received unanimous consent, saluting the "excellence of Stephen Ambrose at capturing the greatness of the American spirit in words."[52]

    Personal life, final years, and death

    External videos
    video icon Memorial Service for Ambrose at the National D-Day Museum, October 19, 2002, C-SPAN

    He married his first wife, Judith Dorlester, in 1957, and they had two children, Stephenie and Barry. Judith died in 1965, when Ambrose was 29. Ambrose married his second wife, Moira Buckley (1939–2009), in 1967 and adopted her three children, Andrew, Grace, and Hugh. Moira was an active assistant in his writing and academic projects. After retiring, he maintained homes in Helena, Montana, and Bay St. Louis, Mississippi.[21][53] A longtime smoker, he was diagnosed with lung cancer in April 2002. His health deteriorated rapidly, and seven months after the diagnosis he died, at the age of 66. George McGovern, the primary focus of Ambrose's Wild Blue said, "He probably reached more readers than any other historian in our national history."[5]

    Legacy

    Ambrose donated $500,000, half the amount needed, to the University of Wisconsin, to endow a chair in the name of William B. Hesseltine, Ambrose's mentor. The chair's position would focus on the teaching of American military history. When the chair became fully endowed, after Ambrose's death, it was renamed the Ambrose-Hesseltine Chair.[54]

    The Ambrose Professor of History title was established at the University of New Orleans after his death. The position is reserved for a military historian.[55]

    Each year the Rutgers University Living History Society awards the Stephen E. Ambrose Oral History Award to "an author or artist who has made significant use of oral history." Past winners include Tom Brokaw, Steven Spielberg, Studs Terkel, Michael Beschloss, and Ken Burns.[56]

    Criticism

    Plagiarism

    In 2002, Ambrose was accused of plagiarizing several passages in his book The Wild Blue.[57][58] Fred Barnes reported in The Weekly Standard that Ambrose had taken passages from Wings of Morning: The Story of the Last American Bomber Shot Down over Germany in World War II, by Thomas Childers, a history professor at the University of Pennsylvania.[59] Ambrose had footnoted sources, but had not enclosed in quotation marks numerous passages from Childers's book.[58][60]

    Ambrose asserted that only a few sentences in all his numerous books were the work of other authors. He offered this defense:

    I tell stories. I don't discuss my documents. I discuss the story. It almost gets to the point where, how much is the reader going to take? I am not writing a Ph.D. dissertation. I wish I had put the quotation marks in, but I didn't. I am not out there stealing other people's writings. If I am writing up a passage and it is a story I want to tell and this story fits and a part of it is from other people's writing, I just type it up that way and put it in a footnote. I just want to know where the hell it came from.[58]

    A Forbes investigation of his work found cases of plagiarism involving passages in at least six books, with a similar pattern going all the way back to his doctoral dissertation.[61] The History News Network lists seven of Ambrose's more than 69 works—The Wild Blue, Undaunted Courage, Nothing Like It In the World, Nixon: Ruin and Recovery, Citizen Soldiers, The Supreme Commander, and Crazy Horse and Custer—contained content from twelve authors without appropriate attribution from Ambrose.[60]

    Factual errors and disputed characterizations

    Pacific Railroad

    A front-page article published in The Sacramento Bee on January 1, 2001, entitled "Area Historians Rail Against Inaccuracies in Book",[62] listed more than sixty instances identified as "significant errors, misstatements, and made-up quotes" in Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863–1869, Ambrose's non-academic popular history about the construction of the Pacific Railroad between Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska, and the San Francisco Bay at Alameda/Oakland via Sacramento, California, which was published in August 2000. The discrepancies were documented in a detailed "fact-checking" paper compiled in December 2000 by three Western US railroad historians who are also experienced researchers, consultants, and collectors specializing in the Pacific Railroad and related topics.[60][63][64]

    On January 11, 2001, Washington Post columnist Lloyd Grove reported in his column The Reliable Source that a co-worker had found a "serious historical error" in the same book that "a chastened Ambrose" promised to correct in future editions.[65] A number of journal reviews also sharply criticized the research and fact checking in the book. Reviewer Walter Nugent observed that it contained "annoying slips" such as mislabeled maps, inaccurate dates, geographical errors, and misidentified word origins,[66] while railroad historian Don L. Hofsommer agreed that the book "confuses facts" and that "The research might best be characterized as 'once over lightly'."[67]

    The Eisenhower controversy

    In the introduction to Ambrose's biography of Eisenhower, he claims that the former president approached him after having read his previous biography of the American general Henry Halleck, but Tim Rives, Deputy Director of the Eisenhower Presidential Center, says it was Ambrose who contacted Eisenhower and suggested the project,[42][68] as shown by a letter from Ambrose found in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum.[69] In his response, Eisenhower stated that "the confidence I have derived from your work by reading your two books—especially the one on Halleck—give reasons why I should be ready to help out so far as I can."[25][70] The Halleck biography "still sits on a shelf" at the Eisenhower National Historic Site in Gettysburg.[25]

    After Eisenhower's death in 1969, Ambrose made repeated claims to have had a unique and extraordinarily close relationship with him over the final five years of the former President's life. In an extensive 1998 interview, before a group of high school students, Ambrose stated that he spent "a lot of time with Ike, really a lot, hundreds and hundreds of hours." Ambrose claimed he interviewed Eisenhower on a wide range of subjects, and that he had been with him "on a daily basis for a couple years" before his death "doing interviews and talking about his life."[12] The former president's diary and telephone records show that the pair met only three times, for a total of less than five hours.[25][42] Rives has stated that interview dates Ambrose cites in his 1970 book, The Supreme Commander, cannot be reconciled with Eisenhower's personal schedule, but Rives discovered, upon further investigation, a "hidden" relationship between the two men. Eisenhower enlisted Ambrose in his efforts to preserve his legacy and counteract criticisms of his presidency, particularly those charging that Eisenhower's actions at the end of World War II produced the Cold War. Ambrose wrote a review and book supporting the former general, with Eisenhower providing direction and comments during the process. Rives could not square the questionable interview dates cited by Ambrose in later works, but uncovered a relationship with Eisenhower that was "too complicated" to be described by Ambrose's critics.[25]

    Works

    Sole author

    With others

    Edited works

    • Institutions in Modern America: Innovation in Structure and Process, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press (1967)
    • with James A. Barber, The Military and American Society: Essays and Readings, New York, NY: The Free Press (1972) ISBN 0-375-50910-0
    • with Gunter Bischoff, Eisenhower and the German POWs: Facts Against Falsehood, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press (1992) ISBN 0-8071-1758-7
    • with Gunter Bischoff, Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press (1995) ISBN 0-8071-1942-3
    • American Heritage New History of World War II (original text by C.L. Sulzberger), New York, NY: Viking Press (1997) ISBN 0-670-87474-4

    References

    1. ↑ "Hugh Ambrose dies at 48; author of WWII history 'The Pacific'". Los Angeles Times. May 29, 2015.
    2. ↑ Everdell, William R. (November 17, 2002). "Personal History". The New York Times.
    3. ↑ "UPI Almanac for Friday, Jan. 10, 2020". United Press International. January 10, 2020. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020. ... historian Stephen Ambrose in 1936
    4. ↑ "Biography and Video Interview of Stephen Ambrose". at Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
    5. 1 2 3 Richard Goldstein, "Stephen Ambrose, Historian Who Fueled New Interest in World War II, Dies at 66," New York Times, October 14, 2002, accessed May 27, 2010.
    6. ↑ Neil H. Shively (September 19, 1996). "A Class Act: Stephen Ambrose's History Lectures Enthrall Kids and War Veterans Alike". The Capital Times. Madison, WI.
    7. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen E. Comrades: Brothers, Fathers, Heroes, Sons, Pals. Simon & Schuster, 2000, p. 132.
    8. ↑ "Historian Stephen Ambrose dies". CNN. October 14, 2002. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
    9. 1 2 3 4 Stephen E. Ambrose bio by Stephen Ambrose.
    10. 1 2 Christian A. Hale, "Stephen Ambrose Dies," Perspectives, December 2002.
    11. ↑ "Boyd Professors," Louisiana State System . retrieved March 4, 2014
    12. 1 2 Interview with Stephen Ambrose Archived December 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine May 22, 1998, Academy of Achievement, Washington, D.C.
    13. ↑ Alan Brinkley, "The Best Man" Archived May 28, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times Review of Books, July 16, 1987.
    14. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen E. (2002). To America: Personal Reflections of an Historian. Simon and Schuster. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7432-0275-6.
    15. ↑ "Historian Stephen Ambrose Dead At 66". CBS News. Associated Press. October 13, 2002.
    16. ↑ "The Mary Ball Washington Professorship of American History". UCD School of History. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
    17. ↑ Eisenhower Center D-Day Collection, Special Collections, University of New Orleans Archived April 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
    18. ↑ "Eisenhower Center – University of New Orleans". Archived from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
    19. ↑ Trevelyan, Raleigh (May 29, 1994). "Telling It Like It Was". The New York Times.
    20. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen (August 7, 1998). "Writer Pleas for Local D-Day Museum Support". New Orleans Times-Picayune.
    21. 1 2 3 M. R. D. Foote, "Stephen Ambrose: Historian and author of Band of Brothers," The Independent, October 14, 2002, accessed May 27, 2010.
    22. ↑ Art Jester. Ambrose Installs New Faith in Some Old Heroes. Lexington Herald-Leader. November 9, 1997.
    23. ↑ Gwendolyn Thompkins. Ambrose to Leave Historic Legacy: UNO Prof in Colin Powell's Camp. Times-Picayune. April 30, 1995.
    24. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen E. (1966). "Refighting the Last Battle: The Pitfalls of Popular History". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 49 (4): 294–301. JSTOR 4634174.
    25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rives, Timothy D. "Ambrose and Eisenhower: A View from the Stacks in Abilene". History News Network. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
    26. ↑ Jim Newton, "Books & Ideas: Stephen Ambrose's troubling Eisenhower record," Los Angeles Times, May 9, 2010, accessed May 26, 2010. "His work on Eisenhower is penetrating and readable, lively, balanced and insightful. Indeed, these efforts have long stood alongside Fred Greenstein's The Hidden-Hand Presidency as the standards against which other Eisenhower scholarship is judged."
    27. ↑ Harrison, Gordon, "The Making of a General and How It Came About" Archived September 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, October 4, 1970.
    28. ↑ Neuhaus, Richard J. "Nixon: The Education of a Politician 1913-1962, by Stephen E. Ambrose" (book review), Commentary magazine, August 1987. "Nixon is competently, sometimes brightly, written, and one gets the impression that Ambrose is striving, above all, to be assiduously fair."
    29. ↑ Apple, R.W., Jr., "Beyond Damnation or Defense: The Middle Years", The New York Times, November 12, 1989. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
    30. ↑ Minniear, Steven S.; Love, Robert W. (1996). "Review of D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II.; Over Lord: General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II.; The Year of D-Day: The 1944 Diary of Admiral Sir Bertram I. Ramsay., Robert W. Love, Jr.; D-Day 1944". The Journal of Military History. 60 (1): 186–188. doi:10.2307/2944480. JSTOR 2944480.
    31. ↑ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (June 6, 1994). "Books of The Times; Putting a Human Face On One Shattering Day". The New York Times.
    32. ↑ "Best Seller," New York Times Book Review, September 20, 1998, p. BR38 and BR40.
    33. ↑ "Best Seller," New York Times Book Review, March 23, 1997, p. BR26, and "Best Seller," New York Times Book Review, January 17, 1999, p. BR32
    34. ↑ Josephy, Alvin M. (March 10, 1996). "Giants in the Earth". The New York Times.
    35. ↑ Simon & Schuster, Books Retrieved March 6, 2014
    36. ↑ "List of essays by Stephen Ambrose". Retrieved January 14, 2014.
    37. 1 2 Nicholas Confessore, "Selling Private Ryan," The American Prospect, September 24 – October 8, 2001, p. 21-27.
    38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Historian Steven Ambrose Dead at 66, National Geographic News, October 15, 2002.
    39. ↑ Bowden, Mark (November 2004). "Tom Hanks, The 'Men's Journal' Interview". Men's Journal. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013.
    40. ↑ Ebert, Roger. "Tom Hanks recalls 'Private Ryan' shoot - Interviews - Roger Ebert". Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
    41. 1 2 "Stephen Ambrose". IMDb. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
    42. 1 2 3 Rayner, Richard (April 26, 2010). "Channelling Ike". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
    43. ↑ "Stephen E. Ambrose - Bookreporter.com". Retrieved October 6, 2016.
    44. ↑ Ambrose, Stephen (August 7, 1998). "Writer Pleas for Local D-Day Museum Support". New Orleans Times-Picayune.
    45. 1 2 "About The Founder - The National WWII Museum - New Orleans". Retrieved October 6, 2016.
    46. ↑ Varney, James (August 30, 1998). "$64,000 Given to Museum by Locals, Ambrose Needs $2 Million More". New Orleans Times-Picayune.
    47. ↑ "Saint Louis Literary Award - Saint Louis University". Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
    48. ↑ Saint Louis University Library Associates. "Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award". Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
    49. ↑ "Samuel Eliot Morison Prize previous winners". Society for Military History. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
    50. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
    51. ↑ Theodore Roosevelt Association, The Theodore Roosevelt Distinguished Service Medal Recipients.
    52. ↑ Tribute to Stephen E. Ambrose, capitolwords.org, October 16, 2002 words.org/date/2002/10/16/luker#ixzz2uTBVBwBF. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
    53. ↑ "Stephen E. Ambrose, Ph.D." Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
    54. ↑ Luker, Ralph E. (December 4, 2006). "Sit in My Chair". Inside Higher Ed.
    55. ↑ "Endowed Chairs and Professors - University of New Orleans". Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
    56. ↑ "Rutgers' Stephen Ambrose Oral History Award Goes to Michael Beschloss", Rutgers Today, May 14, 2013
    57. ↑ Williams, Robert Chadwell. The Historian's Toolbox: A Student's Guide to the Theory and Craft of History Armonk NY: M E Sharpe Inc (2003) ISBN 0-7656-1093-0 pp 88-89
    58. 1 2 3 David D. Kirkpatrick, "As Historian's Fame Grows, So Does Attention to Sources," New York Times, January 11, 2002, accessed May 27, 2010.
    59. ↑ Writing History Archived January 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine PBS NewsHour discussion of plagiarism by historians, January 28, 2002.
    60. 1 2 3 "How the Ambrose Story Developed," History News Network, June 2002.
    61. ↑ Mark Lewis, "Ambrose Problems Date Back To Ph.D. Thesis," Forbes, May 10, 2002.
    62. ↑ Barrows, Matthew "Area Historians Rail Against Inaccuracies in Book". The Sacramento Bee, January 1, 2001
    63. ↑ Graves, G.J., Strobridge, E.T., & Sweet, C.N.The Sins of Stephen E. Ambrose The Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum (CPRR.org), December 19, 2000
    64. ↑ Stobridge E. (2002). Stephen Ambrose: Off the Rails. History News Network.
    65. ↑ Grove, Lloyd (January 11, 2001). "The Reliable Source". The Washington Post.
    66. ↑ Nugent, Walter; Ambrose, Stephen E. (September 2001). "Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863-1869". The Journal of American History. 88 (2): 657. doi:10.2307/2675159. JSTOR 2675159.
    67. ↑ Hofsommer, Donovan L. (2002). "Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863-1869, and: Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad (review)". Technology and Culture. 43 (1): 169–170. doi:10.1353/tech.2002.0018. S2CID 110233622.
    68. ↑ Goldman, Russell (April 27, 2010). "Did Historian Stephen Ambrose Lie About Interviews with President Dwight D. Eisenhower?". ABC News. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
    69. ↑ Rayner, Richard. "Uncovering Stephen Ambrose's fake Eisenhower interviews". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
    70. ↑ "Eisenhower and My Father, Stephen Ambrose". History News Network. Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
    71. ↑ "Eisenhower: Soldier and President". Publishers Weekly. October 1, 1990. Retrieved March 5, 2019.

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