Stephen Timoshenko
Timoshenko, c. 1918
Born
Stepan Prokopovych Tymoshenko (Степан Прокопович Тимошенко)

December 22 [O.S. December 10] 1878
Shpotovka, Chernigov Governorate, Russian Empire
DiedMay 29, 1972(1972-05-29) (aged 93)
Wuppertal, West Germany
NationalityRussian Empire, then United States after about 1927
Alma materPetersburg State Transport University
Known forTimoshenko beam theory
AwardsLouis E. Levy Medal (1944)
Timoshenko Medal (1957)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1958)
Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
FieldsEngineering Mechanics
InstitutionsKiev Polytechnic Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, University of Michigan, Stanford University
Doctoral students

Stepan Prokopovich Timoshenko[3] (Ukrainian: Степан Прокопович Тимошенко, romanized: Stepan Prokopovych Tymoshenko; Russian: Степан Прокофьевич Тимошенко; December 22 [O.S. December 10] 1878 – May 29, 1972), later known as Stephen Timoshenko, was an ethnic Ukrainian,[4] citizen of the Russian Empire[5][6][7][8] and later, an American[9] engineer and academician.

He is considered to be the father of modern engineering mechanics. An inventor and one of the pioneering mechanical engineers at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. A founding member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Timoshenko wrote seminal works in the areas of engineering mechanics, elasticity and strength of materials, many of which are still widely used today. Having started his scientific career in the Russian Empire, Timoshenko emigrated to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes during the Russian Civil War and then to the United States.[1][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Biography

Timoshenko was born in the village of Shpotovka, Uyezd of Konotop in the Chernigov Governorate which at that time was a territory of the Russian Empire (today in Konotop Raion, Sumy Oblast of Ukraine).

He studied at a Realschule (Russian: реальное училище) in Romny, Poltava Governorate (now in Sumy Oblast) from 1889 to 1896. In Romny his schoolmate and friend was future famous semiconductor physicist Abram Ioffe. Timoshenko continued his education towards a university degree at the St. Petersburg State Transport University. After graduating in 1901, he stayed on teaching in this same institution from 1901 to 1903 and then worked at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute under Viktor Kirpichov 1903–1906. In 1905, he was sent for one year to the University of Göttingen where he worked under Ludwig Prandtl.

In the fall of 1906, he was appointed to the Chair of Strengths of Materials at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. The return to his native Ukraine turned out to be an important part of his career and also influenced his future personal life. From 1907 to 1911, as a professor at the Polytechnic Institute he did research in the earlier variant of the Finite Element Method of elastic calculations, the so-called Rayleigh method. During those years he also pioneered work on buckling, and published the first version of his famous Strength of Materials textbook. He was elected dean of the Division of Structural Engineering in 1909.

In 1911 he signed a protest against Minister for Education Kasso and was fired from the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. In 1911 he was awarded the D. I. Zhuravski prize of the St. Petersburg State Transport University that helped him survive after losing his job. He went to St Petersburg where he worked as a lecturer and then a Professor in the Electrotechnical Institute and the St Petersburg Institute of the Railways (1911–1917). During that time he developed the theory of elasticity and the theory of beam deflection, and continued to study buckling. In 1918 he returned to Kyiv and assisted Vladimir Vernadsky in establishing the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences – the oldest academy among the Soviet republics other than Russia. In 1918–1920 Timoshenko headed the newly established Institute of Mechanics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, which today carries his name.

After the Armed Forces of South Russia of general Denikin had taken Kyiv in 1919, Timoshenko moved from Kyiv to Rostov-on-Don. After travel via Novorossiysk, Crimea and Constantinople to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, he arrived in Zagreb, where he got professorship at the Zagreb Polytechnic Institute. In 1920, during the brief liberation of Kyiv from Bolsheviks, Timoshenko traveled to the city, reunited with his family and returned with his family to Zagreb.

He is remembered for delivering lectures in Russian while using as many words in Croatian as he could; the students were able to understand him well.

United States

In 1922, Timoshenko moved to the United States where he worked for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation from 1923 to 1927, after which he became a faculty professor in the University of Michigan where he created the first bachelor's and doctoral programs in engineering mechanics. His textbooks have been published in 36 languages. His first textbooks and papers were written in Russian; later in his life, he published mostly in English. In 1928 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Bologna.[16] From 1936 onward he was a professor at Stanford University. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1939 and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1940.[17]

Timoshenko's younger brothers, architect Serhii (Sergius Timoshenko, Ukrainian Minister of Transport, participant in the 1921 Second Winter Campaign against the Soviet regime, and member of the Polish Senate),[18][19] and economist Volodymyr, both immigrated to the United States as well.

In 1957, ASME established a medal named after Stephen Timoshenko; he became its first recipient. The Timoshenko Medal honors Stephen P. Timoshenko as the world-renowned authority in the field of mechanical engineering and it commemorates his contributions as author and teacher. The Timoshenko Medal is given annually for distinguished contributions in applied mechanics. In 1960 he moved to Wuppertal, West Germany to be with his daughter.

In addition to his textbooks, in 1963 Timoshenko wrote a book Engineering Education in Russia and an autobiography, As I Remember in the Russian language. It was translated into English in 1968 [10] by sponsorship of the Stanford University. Jacob Pieter Den Hartog, who was Timoshenko's co-worker in the early 1920s at Westinghouse, wrote a review in the magazine Science [20] stating that "between 1922 and 1962 he [S.P. Timoshenko] wrote a dozen books on all aspects of engineering mechanics, which are in their third or fourth U.S. edition and which have been translated into half a dozen foreign languages each, so that his name as an author and scholar is known to nearly every mechanical and civil engineer in the entire world.. Then, Den Hartog stressed: "There is no question that Timoshenko did much for America. It is an equally obvious truth that America did much for Timoshenko, as it did for millions of other immigrants for all over the world. However, our autobiographer has never admitted as much to his associates and pupils who, like myself often have been pained by his casual statements in conversation. That pain is not diminished by reading these statements on the printed page and one would have wished for a little less acid and a little more human kindness."

The celebrated theory that takes into account shear deformation and rotary inertia was developed by Timoshenko in collaboration with Paul Ehrenfest. Thus it is referred to as Timoshenko-Ehrenfest beam theory. This fact was testified by Timoshenko.[21] The interrelation between Timoshenko-Ehrenfest beam and Euler-Bernoulli beam theory was investigated in the book by Wang, Reddy and Lee.[22]

He died in 1972 and his ashes are buried in Alta Mesa Memorial Park, Palo Alto, California.

Eduard Ivanovich Grigolyuk (1923—2005) wrote several papers devoted to S.P. Timoshenko’s life and work.[23][24][25][26][27][28] He also composed two books about him.[29][30] Elishakoff et al.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] wrote several articles investigating S.P. Timoshenko’s scientific activities and the question of the priority.

An archive of his manuscripts, letters, and handwritten materials are available online.[41]

List of doctoral students in the U.S.

Timoshenko remembered his students in his autobiography:[10]

University of Michigan
  • Coates, W. M., (1929)
  • Donnell, L. H., (1930)
  • Billevicz, V., (1931)
  • Everett, F. L., (1931)
  • Frocht, M. M., (1931)
  • Goodier, J. N., (1931)
  • Brandeberry, J. B., (1932)
  • MacCullough, G. H., (1932)
  • Jamieson, J., (1933)
  • Taylor, W. H., (1933)
  • Verse, G. L., (1933)
  • Vesselowsky, S. T., (1933)
  • Weibel, E. E., (1933)
  • Jakkula, A. A., (1934)
  • Maugh, L. C., (1934)
  • Schoonover, R. H., (1934)
  • Way, S., (1934)
  • Wojtaszak, I. A., (1934)
  • Allan, G. W. C., (1935)
  • Horger, O. J., (1935)
  • Maulbetsch, J. L., (1935)
  • Miles, A. J., (1935)
  • Young, D. H., (1935)
  • Anderson, C. G., (1936)
  • Fox, E. N., (1936)
  • Hetenyi, M. I., (1936)
  • Hogan, M. B., (1936)
  • Marin, J., (1936)
  • Zahorski, A. T., (1937)
Stanford University
  • Bergman, E. O., (1938)
  • Kurzweil, A. C., (1940)
  • Lee, E. H., (1940)
  • Huang, Y. S., (1941)
  • Wang, T. K., (1941)
  • Weber, H. S., (1941)
  • Hoff, N. J., (1942)
  • Popov, E. P., (1946)
  • Chilton, E. G., (1947)

Publications

  • Applied Elasticity, with J. M. Lessells, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1925
  • Vibration Problems in Engineering, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1st Ed. 1928, 2nd Ed. 1937, 3rd Ed. 1955 (with D. H. Young)
  • Strength of Materials, Part I, Elementary Theory and Problems, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1st Ed. 1930, 2nd Ed. 1940, 3rd Ed. 1955
  • Strength of Materials, Part II, Advanced Theory and Problems, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1st Ed. 1930, 2nd Ed. 1941, 3rd Ed. 1956
  • Theory of Elasticity , McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1934, 2nd Ed. 1951 (with J. N. Goodier), 3rd Ed. 1970 (with J.N. Goodier)
  • Elements of Strength of Materials, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1st Ed. 1935, 2nd Ed. 1940, 3rd Ed. 1949 (with G.H. MacCullough), 4th Ed. 1962 (with D.H. Young)
  • Theory of Elastic Stability, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1936, 2nd Ed. 1961 (with J. M. Gere)
  • Engineering Mechanics, with D.H. Young, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1937, 2nd Ed. 1940, 3rd. Ed. 1951, 4th Ed. 1956
  • Theory of Plates and Shells , McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1940, 2nd Ed. 1959 (with S. Woinowsky-Krieger)
  • Theory of Structures, with D. H. Young, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1st Ed. 1945, 2nd Ed. 1965
  • Advanced Dynamics, with D. H. Young, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1948
  • History of The Strength of Materials, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953
  • Engineering Education in Russia, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959
  • As I Remember, D. Van Nostrand, 1968, ASIN: B000JOIJ7I
  • Mechanics of Materials, with J. M. Gere, 1st edition, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1972
  • Erinnerungen, Translation from the Russian original edition (Translator: Albert Duda), Berlin: Wiley, 2006, ISBN 3-433-01816-2 (in German)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Mansfield, E. H.; Young, D. H. (1973). "Stephen Prokofievitch Timoshenko 1878-1972". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 679–694. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0025.
  2. ↑ Stephen Prokofyevich Timoshenko at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  3. ↑ Elishakoff I., "Stepan Prokofievich Timoshenko", in Encyclopedia of Continuum Mechanics (H. Altenbach and A. Öchsner, eds.), pp. 2552-2555, Berlin: Springer, 2020
  4. ↑ SODERBERG, C. RICHARD SODERBERG (1982). STEPHEN P. TIMOSHENKO 1878—1972 (PDF). WASHINGTON D.C.: NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. p. 323. THE MAJOR FACTS of the life of Stephen P. Timoshenko are by now well known. He was born as Stepen Prokofyevich Timoshenko* in the village of Shpotovka in the Ukraine on December 23, 1878.
  5. ↑ The Life and Work of Stephen P. Timoshenko
  6. ↑ The Chartered Mechanical Engineer: The Journal of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Volume 10. 1954. p. 466.
  7. ↑ University of Michigan. Faculty History Project
  8. ↑ Moon, Francis C.: Social Networks in the History of Innovation and Invention. London: Springer, 2014. p. 150.
  9. ↑ Stephen Timoshenko on NNDB.
  10. 1 2 3 Timoshenko, Stephen P. (1968). As I Remember; The Autobiography of Stephen P. Timoshenko. Princeton, Van Nostrand.
  11. ↑ C. Richard Soderberg (1982). Stephen P. Timoshenko, 1878-1972: A biographical memoir. The National Academies Press (National Academy of Sciences).
  12. ↑ Biographical Memoirs about Stephen P. Timoshenko (machine-read extracts). The National Academies Press (National Academy of Sciences)
  13. ↑ Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 19 (1993). Stephen Timoshenko. Toronto: University of Toronto.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ В. Борисов, Тимошенко Степан Прокофьевич,Institute of the History of the Natural Sciences and Technology of the Russian Academy of Science
  15. ↑ Писаренко Г.С. Степан Прокофьевич Тимошенко. М., 1991.
  16. ↑ Timoshenko, S. "The stiffness of suspension bridges". In: Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici: Bologna del 3 al 10 de settembre di 1928. Vol. 6. pp. 305–306.
  17. ↑ "Stephen P. Timoshenko". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  18. ↑ Tymoshenko, Serhii. Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
  19. ↑ "S. TIMOSHENKO, 69, CHURCH ARCHITECT; Exiled Ukrainian Leader Dies --Had Designed Edifices for Greek Orthodox Faith". The New York Times: 13. 8 July 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Wikidata Q106642728.
  20. ↑ Den Hartog J.P.,1968. Odyssey of an engineer, Science, Vol. 160, pp.1102-1103
  21. ↑ Timoshenko, S. P. (1922) "On the transverse vibrations of bars of uniform cross-section", Philosophical Magazine, page 125
  22. ↑ Wang, C.M., Reddy, J.N. and Lee, K.H. (2000) Shear Deformable Beams and Plates: Relationship With Classical Solutions, Oxford, UK: Elsevier
  23. ↑ .Grigolyuk E.I., S.P. Timoshenko and His Works in the Field of Stability of Deformable Systems, in Stability of Beams, Plates, and Shells (E.I. Grigolyuk, ed.), Moscow: Nauka, 731-800, 1974 (in Russian).
  24. ↑ .Grigolyuk E.I., S.P. Timoshenko and His Works in Problems of Mechanics of Deformable Solids and Analysis of Engineering Structures, in S.P. Timoshenko: Static and Dynamic Problems in Theory of Elasticity, pp. 515-542, Kiev: “Naukova Dumka” Publishers, 1975 (in Russian).
  25. ↑ Grigolyuk E.I., S.P. Timoshenko and Modern Mechanics, Problemy Prochnosti (Strength of Materials), Issue 5, 116-121, 1989 (in Russian).
  26. ↑ Grigolyuk E.I., “The Difference in Scientific Preparedness of Russian and American Engineers at that Time Was Stunning,” (Nauka i Zhizn) Science and Life, Issue 7, 48-54, 1997 (in Russian).
  27. ↑ Grigolyuk E.I., Once Again on One Named Prize, Vestnik Rosiisko: Akademii Nauk (Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Vol. 68(3), 266-268, 1998a (in Russian).
  28. ↑ Grigolyuk E.I., How I was Publishing Works of S.P. Timoshenko, Vestnik Rosiiskoi Akademii Nauk (Proceedings of Russian Academy of Sciences), Vol. 68(12), 1109-1112, 1998b (in Russian).
  29. ↑ Grigolyuk E. I., S.P. Timoshenko: Life and Destiny, St. Petersburg: Krylov State Research Centre, 2000 (in Russian).
  30. ↑ Grigolyuk E.I. (2002) S.P. Timoshenko: Life and Destiny, Moscow: Aviation Institute Press (in Russian).
  31. ↑ Elishakoff, I., Julius Kaplunov and Evgeniya Nolde (2015) “Celebrating the centenary of Timoshenko’s study of effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia”, Applied Mechanics Reviews, Vol. 67(6), article 060802
  32. ↑ Elishakoff, I. (2019) “J.P. Den Hartog about S.P. Timoshenko: fifty years later”, Mathematics & Mechanics of Solids 24(5):1340-1348
  33. ↑ Elishakoff, I., “Stepan Prokofievich Timoshenko and America” (2019) ZAMM: Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Vol. 99(3)
  34. ↑ Elishakoff I. (2020) “Who developed the so-called Timoshenko beam theory?”, Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 25(1): 97-116
  35. ↑ Elishakoff, I., Julius Kaplunov, Elizabeth Kaplunov (2020) “Galerkin’s method was not developed by Ritz, contrary to the Timoshenko’s statement”, in Nonlinear Dynamics of Discrete and Continuous Systems (A. Abramyan, I. Andrianov and V. Gaiko, eds.), pp. 63-82, Springer, Berlin
  36. ↑ Elishakoff, I., (2021) ” Stephen Timoshenko's life during last five years in the Russian Empire: From the letters of his son Gregory”, Mechanics Research Communications, Vol.115, article 103691
  37. ↑ Elishakoff I., and Konstantin Volokh (2021) "Centenary of two pioneering theories in mechanics", Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 26(12): 1896-1904
  38. ↑ Elishakoff I. (2021) "Letters of S.P. Timoshenko to V. I. Vernadsky recently discovered at the Columbia University’s library, with analysis of his attitudes”, Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 27(6): 943-975
  39. ↑ Elishakoff I., Daniel Segalman and Firas Khasawneh (2022) “The 100th anniversary of the Timoshenko-Ehrenfest beam model”, Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, article 060301
  40. ↑ Elishakoff I. (2022) “Did S.P. Timoshenko and P. Ehrenfest overestimate the importance of the fourth-order time derivative in their theory of beams?", Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 144, article 061012
  41. ↑ Archive of Manuscripts, Letters, and Handwritten Materials of Stephen P. Timoshenko

Further reading

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