A white sticker showing a male figure and a female figure holding hands with the words "straight pride" above the figures. The sticker is on the glass window of a pick-up truck.
A straight pride sticker on the window of a pick-up truck in Sonoma, California in 2023.

Straight pride is a reactionary slogan that arose in the 1980s and early 1990s and has primarily been used by social conservatives as a political stance and strategy.[1] The term is described as a response to "gay pride",[2][3][4] a slogan adopted by various groups (later united under the moniker LGBT) in the early 1970s, or to the accommodations provided to gay pride initiative.

Straight pride backlash incidents have generated controversy and media attention. School policies and court decisions regarding freedom of expression have drawn particular attention, spotlighting individuals protesting school expressions against harassment of LGBTQ adolescents.[4][5][6]

Background

Stonewall riots spark gay pride

LGBTQ history traces back to ancient civilizations, but the term gay pride is usually associated with the modern LGBTQ rights movement that was sparked by the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City. Newspaper coverage of the events was minor, since, in the 1960s, huge marches and mass rioting had become commonplace and the Stonewall riots were relatively small. It was the commemorative march one year later that drew 5,000 marchers up New York City's Sixth Avenue, that got nationwide publicity and led to modern-day LGBTQ pride marches. A new period of liberalism in the late 1960s began a new era of more social acceptance of homosexuality which lasted until the late 1970s. In the 1970s, the popularity of disco music and its culture in many ways made society more accepting of gays and lesbians.

Late in 1979, a new religious revival among conservative Catholics and evangelical Protestants ushered in the conservatism politically aligned with the Christian right that would reign in the United States during the 1980s,[7][8][9] becoming another obstacle to the progress of the LGBTQ rights movement. During the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, LGBTQ communities were further stigmatized as they became the focus of mass hysteria, suffered isolation and marginalization, and were targeted with extreme acts of violence.[10]

Straight pride as an appeal to ridicule

The concept of LGBTQ pride originates as a movement that seeks to challenge the negative images of LGBTQ people[11] by being openly identified with a culturally stigmatized group; as such, it creates discomfort.[2]

In this context, the terms straight pride and heterosexual pride have been used as an argument criticizing gay pride as unnecessary, stating by contrast with heterosexuality that heterosexuals "don't talk about straight pride",[2] do not have "straight pride rallies",[3] and would be seen as ridiculous if they were to "band together and have a heterosexual pride [...] parade".[12]

This appeal to ridicule argument expresses the idea that showing pride for LGBTQ orientations is equally absurd. Analysts of LGBTQ rights state as a counter-argument that mainstream culture offers many approved social venues (weddings, baptism, family reunions and so on) for heterosexuals to express and celebrate their sexual orientation in public, while LGBTQ individuals feel more isolated and pride parades offer them support and an opportunity for socializing.[3]

Straight pride events

Heterosexual pride parades exist as a response to societal acceptance of LGBTQ visibility and originated in campuses in the 1990s as a backlash tactic.[1][4]

Incidents where the slogan or concept of "Straight pride" caused controversy have occurred since the late 1980s. In 1988, Vermont Republican John Burger asked the state's Governor to establish a "Straight Pride Day".[13] In 1990, rallies in support of Straight Pride were held at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst) organized by the group Young Americans for Freedom; and at nearby Mount Holyoke College.[14] The UMass event was promoted as a "Burn a Fag in Effigy" rally.[15] Conservative organizations at UMass Amherst held another such event the next year, attended by about fifty people and protested by a crowd estimated to be ten times larger.[16]

"Straight pride parades"[17][18][19] or "straight pride days"[13][20][21][22] have been organized in response to similar events organized by LGBTQ groups.[23] Other events, typically occurring in United States high schools where First Amendment concerns arise,[24] have revolved around people desiring to wear "straight pride" t-shirts.[25][26][27][28][29]

At a 2010 Tea Party Express rally in Lansing, the state capital of Michigan, a vendor was selling t-shirts printed with the slogan "straight pride".[30] Some state and national gay advocacy groups denounced the shirts, claiming that they echoed the use by racist groups of a "white pride" slogan. Some of the opposition arose from reports that the shirt seller was a sponsor of the event with a cut of sales funding the Tea Party Express, although those reports may not have been accurate.[30][31]

Support for straight pride events is often based on religious objections to homosexuality.[16][32] Groups such as the White Aryan Resistance and Ku Klux Klan have also tried to oppose "gay pride" by stressing straight pride.[33]

Individual events

Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada (2005)

In May 2005, the northern Canadian city of Yellowknife announced that it would mark both a gay and straight pride day.[20] After the mayor proclaimed June 10, 2005, as Gay Pride Day, Councillor Alan Woytuik proposed that there be a Heterosexual Day. The mayor agreed and set it for June 9. Woytuik defended the proposal for Heterosexual Day by stating that "recognizing the contributions of heterosexuals is just as legitimate as recognizing the contributions of gay and lesbian communities." The group seeking the Gay Pride Day designation was dismayed, asking if Black History Month would be partnered with White Heritage Month and whether days marking heart disease and strokes should be paired with days celebrating good health.[20] Woytuik's request for Heterosexual Day was widely reported on. Shocked by the attention, he withdrew his request for the proclamation and apologized. He referred to his request as a simple one seeking to treat everyone the same which was blown out of proportion. The city subsequently rescinded its proclamation of Heterosexual Day.[34]

Budapest, Hungary (2010)

In 2010, a heterosexual pride march was held in Budapest. Following the route of an earlier gay pride parade, one hundred people participated including two politicians. The march's stated goal was to prevent future use of public spaces by homosexuals for gatherings.[19]

São Paulo, Brazil (2011)

In August 2011, the city council of São Paulo, Brazil, designated the third Sunday in December as Heterosexual Pride Day (Portuguese: Dia do Orgulho Hétero).[21] Debate in Brazil over this decision was intense.[35][36] Evangelical supporter Carlos Apolinário, who previously tried to ban São Paulo Gay Pride Parade,[35] told reporters that his idea was "not anti-gay, but a protest against the privileges the gay community enjoys". The Brazilian Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Association criticized this claim, arguing "it could provoke homophobic violence."[37]

Chipman, New Brunswick, Canada (2018)

A flag with six horizontal stripes, alternating between black and white
A straight pride flag similar to this was used in New Brunswick[38]

In October 2018, Chipman, New Brunswick resident Glenn Bishop put up a straight pride flag, which was taken down a short while later by LGBTQ people. Hoisting the straight flag was likened to "putting up a swastika" by local Margaret Clark. The flag drew further protests.[39]

San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States (2019)

Don Grundmann, a Bay Area chiropractor, founded the National Straight Pride Coalition (NSPC) in Spring of 2019 for "protecting traditional gender roles, Christianity, heterosexuality, Western Civilization, babies, and the contributions of whites to Western Civilization from the malevolence of the homosexual movement."[40] Grundmann had previously founded Citizens Against Perversion and American Warrior Ministry.[40] The NSPC's first event was planned to be at Modesto, California's Mancini Bowl, the Graceada Park amphitheater, but the permit was denied for safety and compatibility issues, and because their insurance was voided.[41] After failing again to get the needed insurance for a public venue because of the nature of their event,[42] they moved the rally to a private space but were shut down by the owners when they were alerted the event was live streaming and more counter-protesters would likely arrive.[40] The owners were unaware of the nature of the event or group and have disavowed their involvement.[40] After the rally was kicked out of the private venue, they moved to the parking lot of the area's Planned Parenthood, which was closed.[43] "Grundmann had predicted some 500 attendees, but reports put the number closer to 20."[43] Counter-protestors outnumbered participants ten-to-one.[43]

Boston, Massachusetts, United States (2019)

Boston Straight Pride Parade attendees on August 31, 2019. An attendee holds a sign depicting two hands making the 'OK' gesture.

The group Super Happy Fun America (SHFA) organized an August 31 "Straight Pride Parade"[44] that attracted several hundred participants and thousands of protesters.[45] Counter-protesters vastly outnumbered attendees of the parade.[46][47] SHFA called the event "a response to the 'identity politics' of the left."[44] Emerson College's president M. Lee Pelton warned about the event, as the parade route, starting at Copley Square and ending at Boston City Hall, borders the college campus. He said the event represents "fear and ignorance, humanity's most potent cocktail, masquerading as freedom of speech"[44] in response to which SHFA organizer Samson Racioppi asked for a retraction and apology.[44] The SHFA group was created in 2017 by Kyle Chapman, who founded the group Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights a week after the Charlottesville Unite the Right riot.[48] Staff include president John Hugo, former Republican Congressional candidate; and vice president Mark Sahady, "a member of the right-wing group Resist Marxism, who has organized several right-wing demonstrations in the past."[44] SHFA announced the event in June 2019. Racioppi, Sahady, and Hugo contacted the police in early July 2019 when envelopes filled with glitter were mailed to them.[49] One of the event's attendees, Marky Hutt, previously founded a group for gay Trump supporters; he said the organizers of the Straight Pride event had invited him to attend, and he was present at the event with his fiancé.[45]

Thirty-four counter-protesters were arrested at the event. Boston city councilor Michelle Wu suggested that police tactics and choice of equipment raised tensions between police and counter-protesters.[50]

High school shirt incidents

"All students benefit from the respectful and thoughtful exchange of ideas and sharing of beliefs and practices. Schools, in particular, are environments that can provide education of both the substance of diversity and the responsible manner with which such diversity is approached and expressed"[51]

Judge Donovan Frank closing Chambers v Babbitt (2001)

In 2001, Woodbury High School in Woodbury, Minnesota, a suburb of Saint Paul, Minnesota, created homophobia-free areas called "safe zones" designated by an inverted pink triangle and intended for gay students.[26] Student Elliot Chambers reacted by wearing a makeshift sweatshirt with the slogan "Straight Pride" and the image of male and female stick figures holding hands. In light of previous anti-gay incidents, the school's principal ordered Chambers to remove the shirt, and a court case ensued.[5] A court upheld Chambers' complaint that his First Amendment rights had been violated, and that the principal's decision was unjustified.[5] Although praising the principal's intentions, the judge explained that views of both sides of the debate should be allowed and that such issues should be resolved within the school's community, not within the court system.[5] Under the Tinker case, the court stated that the substantial disruptions claimed by the school must be shown to have some connection to Chambers' sweatshirt message of "Straight Pride".[52]

In 2010, in response to suicides amongst gay adolescents, an Ally Week was held at St. Charles North High School in St. Charles, Illinois. On the first day of this Ally Week, though, three students arrived wearing "Straight Pride" t-shirts. The back of these t-shirts displayed "Leviticus 20:13", a verse stating that men who perform homosexual acts should be put to death. While the school did not force the students to remove their t-shirts, it did persuade them to remove the Bible quotation. The following day two different students arrived wearing "Straight Pride" t-shirts minus the Bible quotations and were consequently asked to remove their shirts.[6][53]

Balancing freedom of expression vs. protection of students

In school environments, straight pride expressions and events have been reviewed within a framework of balancing freedom of expression with protection of other students. In some situations, schools take actions against students who are open about or encourage hiding homosexuality, or limit clothing that has references to sexual orientation. Such may prompt lawsuits.[54] In the Minnesota Chambers v. Babbitt case, "The court noted that maintaining a school community of tolerance includes tolerance of such viewpoints as expressed by 'Straight Pride' as well as tolerance of homosexuality."[54] Students (including openly gay students) who are valued and respected are "more likely to learn and achieve than students who are not".[54]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Making Colleges and Universities Safe for Gay and Lesbian Students (PDF) (Report). Boston, MA: The Governor's Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth. July 1993. p. 22. Retrieved August 28, 2021. A relatively recent tactic used in the backlash opposing les/bi/gay/trans campus visibility is the so-called 'heterosexual pride' strategy.
  2. 1 2 3 Eliason, Michele J.; Schope, Robert (2007). "Shifting Sands or Solid Foundation? Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Identity Formation". In Meyer, Ilan H.; Northridge, Mary E. (eds.). The Health of Sexual Minorities: Public Health Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations. Springer. pp. 3–26. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_1. ISBN 978-0-387-28871-0. Not surprisingly, individuals in the pride stage are most criticized not only by heterosexual persons but also many LGBT individuals, who are uncomfortable forcing the majority to share the discomfort. Heterosexual individuals may express bewilderment at the term 'gay pride,' arguing that they do not talk about 'straight pride'.
  3. 1 2 3 Eliason, Michele J. (1996). Who Cares?: Institutional Barriers to Health Care for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Persons. NLN Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780887376764.
  4. 1 2 3 Zorn, Eric (November 14, 2010). "When 'pride' turns shameful". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Ayres, Ian; Brown, Jennifer Gerarda (2005). Straightforward: How to Mobilize Heterosexual Support for Gay Rights. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN 978-0-691-12134-5.
  6. 1 2 Fuller, James (November 11, 2010). "'Straight Pride' shirts become free speech fight at St. Charles North". Daily Herald. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  7. ↑ Miller, Steven P. (2014). "Left, Right, Born Again". The Age of Evangelicalism: America's Born-Again Years. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 32–59. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199777952.003.0003. ISBN 9780199777952. LCCN 2013037929. OCLC 881502753.
  8. ↑ Durham, Martin (2000). "The rise of the right". The Christian Right, the Far Right, and the Boundaries of American Conservatism. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press. pp. 1–23. ISBN 9780719054860.
  9. ↑ Gannon, Thomas M. (July–September 1981). "The New Christian Right in America as a Social and Political Force". Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions. Paris: Éditions de l'EHESS. 26 (52–1): 69–83. doi:10.3406/assr.1981.2226. ISSN 0335-5985. JSTOR 30125411.
  10. ↑ Westengard, Laura (2019). "Monstrosity: Melancholia, Cannibalism, and HIV/AIDS". Gothic Queer Culture: Marginalized Communities and the Ghosts of Insidious Trauma. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 99–103. ISBN 978-1-4962-0204-8. LCCN 2018057900.
  11. ↑ Kaczorowski, Craig (2004). "Kameny, Frank (1925–2011)". glbtq Encyclopedia Project. [Kameny] coined the slogan 'Gay is Good.'
  12. ↑ Kainz, Howard P. (1999). Politically Incorrect Dialogues: Topics Not Discussed in Polite Circles. Rodopi. p. 39. ISBN 978-9042006867. One of the two fictional philosophers in the dialogs states: 'If, for example, heterosexuals were to band together and have a "heterosexual pride" (or "'straight' pride') parade, it would be recognized immediately as dumb and ridiculous.
  13. 1 2 "Vermont". USA Today. June 30, 1988. ProQuest 306056750. MONTPELIER - John Burger of state Republican Assembly wants Gov. Kunin to designate Nov. 8 'Straight Pride Day,' says Assembly will support move. Burger: 'I don't see any reason why straights can't be proud of their straightness.'
  14. ↑ "Campus Life: UMass, Mount Holyoke; Rallies Opposing Gay Students Disrupt Campuses". The New York Times. May 6, 1990. p. 51. ProQuest 427669771.
  15. ↑ Henry, William A. III (April 1, 1991). "Upside Down in the Groves of Academe". Time. p. 66. Amherst, Mass. A 'straight pride' demonstration by conservative students at the University of Massachusetts in March was broken up by gay protesters. (Last year the event was billed provocatively as the 'Burn a Fag in Effigy' rally.)
  16. 1 2 "Campus Life: Massachusetts; Angry Gay Groups Drown Out Rally By Conservatives". The New York Times. March 10, 1991. ProQuest 428007459. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  17. ↑ "London hosts straight and gay pride parades". The Record. Kitchener, Ontario, CA. The Canadian Press. July 8, 1999. ProQuest 275631883. The city's gay pride parade on Sunday has a rival – a straight pride parade organized at the same time and on practically the same route.
  18. ↑ Laitner, Bill (June 17, 2002). "Oakland Today". Detroit Free Press. ProQuest 436381186. About 100 people marched through downtown Ferndale on Sunday morning in a Straight Pride Parade...
  19. 1 2 MTI (September 6, 2010). "Anti-gay parade held in Budapest". caboodle.hu. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  20. 1 2 3 "Yellowknife to mark gay and straight pride". CBC News. May 25, 2005. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  21. 1 2 Ring, Trudy (August 4, 2011). "Brazilian City Seeks Heterosexual Pride Day". The Advocate. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  22. ↑ "Straight Pride Day fails at ETSU campus". The Oak Ridger. The Associated Press. October 17, 1997. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  23. ↑ Manning, Anita (June 2, 1992). "Gay topics go public // Issues are entering the mainstream // Exposure brings air of acceptance". USA Today. ProQuest 306536183. On college campuses, where gay student groups are no longer unusual, 'you see increased incidences of straight pride rallies in retaliation against gay pride activities'...
  24. ↑ Juarez, Vanessa (October 3, 2004). "They Dress to Express". Newsweek. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  25. ↑ Case, Mary Anne (2010). "A Lot to Ask: Review Essay of Martha Nussbaum's From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law". Columbia Journal of Gender and Law. 19 (1) – via ResearchGate. The public schools have been the locus in recent years of what might be called the T-shirt wars, with a number of federal constitutional lawsuits addressing the general question of whether 'a public high school [may] prohibit students from wearing Tshirts with messages that condemn and denigrate other students on the basis of their sexual orientation,' and specific questions as to whether a range of T-shirt slogans from 'Homosexuality is Shameful "Romans 1:27"' to 'Straight Pride' and 'Be Happy, Not Gay' qualify for such a prohibition.
  26. 1 2 Fenton, Ben (January 18, 2002). "Student wins right to show 'straight pride'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  27. ↑ Spencer, Kim (September 8, 2003). "Telling it (too much) like it is". Fort Morgan Times. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  28. ↑ "Gay pride display removed". Lodi News-Sentinel. The Associated Press. June 8, 1998. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  29. ↑ Saunders, Kevin W. (2011). Degradation: What the History of Obscenity Tells Us about Hate Speech. NYU Press. pp. 187–88. ISBN 9780814741450.
  30. 1 2 Heywood, Todd A. (April 12, 2010). "'Straight pride' shirts at Tea Party rally draw fire". The Michigan Messenger. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  31. ↑ Lepore, Jill (2010). The whites of their eyes: the Tea Party's revolution and the battle over American history. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-0-691-15027-7.
  32. ↑ Washington, Robin (September 6, 2009). "What does one wear to a straight pride parade?". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  33. ↑ Blazak, Randy (February 2001). "White boys to terrorist men: Target recruitment of Nazi Skinheads" (PDF). American Behavioral Scientist. 44 (6): 993. doi:10.1177/00027640121956629. S2CID 145374040. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  34. ↑ "'Shocked' councillor withdraws Straight Pride motion". CBC News. May 30, 2005. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  35. 1 2 Flock, Elizabeth (June 22, 2011). "'Straight Pride' as Brazil's gay pride parade kicks off". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  36. ↑ Ring, Trudy. "Brazilian City Seeks Heterosexual Pride Day | World News". The Advocate. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  37. ↑ Levesque, Brody (August 4, 2011). "Sao Paulo lawmaker calls for 'straight pride' to counter 'privileged' gay celebration". LGBTQ Nation.
  38. ↑ Reid-Smith, Tris (January 21, 2020). "Pride flags: The biggest guide to LGBT+ rainbow flags and what they all mean". Gay Star News. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  39. ↑ Fraser, Elizabeth (October 22, 2018). "New Brunswick village removes 'straight pride' flag amid backlash". CBC News. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Valine, Kevin; Rowland, Marijke; Holland, John (August 24, 2019). "Modesto protesters outnumber straight pride supporters at tense but peaceful rally". The Modesto Bee. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  41. ↑ Valine, Kevin (August 10, 2019). "Modesto denies Straight Pride rally at Graceada. Organizer says event will go on". The Modesto Bee. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  42. ↑ Valine, Kevine (August 16, 2019). "Modesto Centre Plaza is out for straight pride, but organizers say rally still on". The Modesto Bee. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  43. 1 2 3 Avery, Daniel (August 27, 2019). "'Straight Pride' rally in California draws 20 attendees, 200 counter-protestors". Newsweek. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 Garrison, Joey (August 29, 2019). "Straight Pride Parade a 'perversion': Boston plans draws outrage". USA Today. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  45. 1 2 Hilliard, John; Wu, Sarah; MacQuarrie, Brian; Ortiz, Aimee (August 31, 2019). "Protesters jeer Straight Pride Parade marchers along route to City Hall". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
  46. ↑ Grant, Melissa Gira (September 4, 2019). "When the State Enforces 'Straight Pride'". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
  47. ↑ Garrison, Joey (August 31, 2019). "Boston's Straight Pride Parade draws hundreds of marchers and even more counter protesters". USA Today. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  48. ↑ Patrice, Jenna (August 30, 2019). "Straight Pride Organizer Is Against Civil Rights Protections". witlessX. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
  49. ↑ Aviles, Gwen (July 2, 2019). "FBI investigates 'glitter bombing' of Straight Pride Parade organizers". NBC News. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  50. ↑ DeCosta-Klipa, Nik (September 4, 2019). "Michelle Wu questions police tactics at 'Straight Pride Parade'". Boston.com. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
  51. ↑ Biegel, Stuart (2010). The right to be out: sexual orientation and gender identity in America's public schools. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-8166-7457-2.
  52. ↑ "Chambers v. Babbitt, 145 F. Supp. 2d 1068 (District of Minn. 2001)". First Amendment Schools: Speech. First Amendment Center. October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  53. ↑ Bland, Joseph (November 12, 2010). "Chicago High School Uses 'Straight Pride' Shirts for Rights Education". Fox News. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  54. 1 2 3 Mesibov, Laurie L. (April 1, 2006). "Schools' Legal Obligations to Gay Students" (PDF). Popular Government.
  • Chambers v. Babbitt (United States District Court, D. Minnesota May 17, 2001), Text.
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