The style and title of the Canadian sovereign is the formal mode of address of the monarch of Canada. The form is based on those that were inherited from the United Kingdom and France, used in the colonies to refer to the reigning monarch in Europe. As various Canadian territories changed ownership and then the country gradually gained independence, the style and title of the monarchs changed almost as often as the kings and queens themselves. The mode of address currently employed is a combination of a style that originates in the early 17th century and a title established by Canadian law in 1953.

Current style and titles

In 1953, a year after the accession to the throne of Queen Elizabeth II, the Canadian Parliament passed the Royal Style and Titles Act,[1] providing for the Parliament's consent to the issuance of a royal proclamation changing the monarch's title being then used. The relevant royal proclamation was issued 28 on May,[2] just days before her coronation. As of the accession of, Elizabeth's successor, Charles III, in 2022, the sovereign's style and titles in Canada are, in English:

Charles the Third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.[3][2][4]

And in French:

Charles Trois, par la grâce de Dieu Roi du Royaume-Uni, du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défenseur de la Foi.[2][4]

The style and titles were composed to distinctly mention Canada so as to highlight the monarch's shared status, being both monarch of Canada and, separately, of the United Kingdom, as well as the 13 other Commonwealth realms; with emphasis showing the distinct title King of Canada as embedded in the longer formal title.[5][6] When composed in 1953, this format was consistent with the monarch's titles in her other realms. Only Canada retains this title; all others, aside from the UK itself, removed the reference to the United Kingdom.

The monarch is typically addressed by the title King of Canada[12] and is expected to allude to himself as King of Canada when in or acting abroad on behalf of the country. For example, Elizabeth II said in 1973, "it is as Queen of Canada that I am here; Queen of Canada and of all Canadians, not just of one or two ancestral strains." Since the title was adopted, the federal government has promoted its use as a signifier of Canada's sovereign and independent status;[13] Prime Minister John Diefenbaker said of the title in 1957, "the Queen of Canada is a term which we like to use because it utterly represents her role on this occasion."[14][15]

Canadian coins bearing the words D.G. Rex for King George VI (top) and D.G. Regina for Queen Elizabeth II (below)

The title is also included in the Oath of Allegiance, which forms a part of the Oath of Citizenship, and can be found as Elizabeth II Dei Gratia Regina Canada (Latin for 'Elizabeth II by the Grace of God Queen, Canada') on the obverse of various medals in the Canadian honours system;[16] this wording is expected to change in light of the accession of Charles III.

Although the King's Canadian titles include defender of the faith/défenseur de la foi, neither the monarch nor any of the viceroys have an official religious role in Canada. Unlike in the United Kingdom, where the term (fidei defensor, in Latin) signifies the sovereign's position as supreme governor of the Church of England and a member and defender of the security of the Church of Scotland, there have been no established churches in Canada since before its confederation in 1867. "Defender of the faith", thus, has a more vague meaning in the Canadian title, alluding only to the monarch's belief in a higher power. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent stated on this matter in his 1953 contribution to the debate on the Royal Style and Titles Act in the House of Commons, "the rather more delicate question arose about the retention of the words defender of the faith [...] In our countries [Canada and the other non-British monarchies of the Commonwealth], there are no established churches. But, in our countries there are people who have faith in the direction of human affairs by an all-wise providence; and we felt that it was a good thing that the civil authorities would proclaim that their organization is such that it is a defence of the continued beliefs in a supreme power that orders the affairs of mere men and that there could be no reasonable objection from anyone who believed in the supreme being in having the sovereign, the head of the civil authority, described as a believer in and a defender of the faith in a supreme ruler."[17]

Also, while the sovereign holds the nominal title head of the Commonwealth, this does not imply any political power over member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. In keeping, however, with the declaration of the prime ministers of the Commonwealth in London in 1949 of "the King as the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and, as such, the Head of the Commonwealth," the title will pass to the next monarch upon the demise of the Crown and in fact did so in 1952 and 2022, though any future change is not a guaranteed certainty.

2023 pending revision

In spring 2023, between the accession of King Charles III and his coronation, the federal Cabinet introduced a bill changing the monarch's title by dropping the reference to the United Kingdom and the phrase Defender of the Faith.[18] Philippe Chartrand, writing in the Western Standard, said this would help "clarify the distinct role of Charles III as King of Canada—constitutionally and legally independent from his role as King of the United Kingdom" and "part of the evolution of the Canadian Crown as a distinctly Canadian institution".[19] The bill received royal assent on 22 June,[20] but, a royal proclamation of the new title has yet to be issued.

Once proclaimed, the new style and title shall be:

Charles the Third, by the Grace of God King of Canada and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.[21]

And in French:

Charles Trois, par la grâce de Dieu, Roi du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth.[22]

Style of address

The use of the styles of address highness and majesty originated in the United Kingdom, where they were used from the 12th century onward. During the reign of James VI and I. However, majesty became the official style, to the exclusion of all others, and it was then brought to North America during colonial times through usage in reference to the British monarch, who then had sovereignty over the colonies on that continent. Its usage has continued since Canada became a realm in its own right in 1867 and,[26] after a process of constitutional evolution ending with full sovereignty from the United Kingdom, is now applied to the Canadian monarch. Unlike in the United Kingdom, where the sovereign is referred to in treaties and on British passports as his Britannic majesty, the sovereign in Canada is referred to simply as his majesty (sa majesté). Still, from time to time, the style will be his Canadian majesty, so as to differentiate from foreign sovereigns. Canadian styles of address are officially maintained by the Department of Canadian Heritage's Protocol Office.[27]

History

Elizabeth II, the first Canadian monarch to be titled Queen of Canada (r. 1952–2022)

Following Canadian Confederation, Prime Minister of Canada John A. Macdonald, having been denied the name Kingdom of Canada for the new country, was repeatedly heard to refer to Queen Victoria as the queen of Canada and,[28] similarly, in the lead up to the coronation of King Edward VII in 1902, Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier desired to have the words king of Canada included in the royal title by the time of the ceremony.[28][29] This wish was not fulfilled, however, and Canada inherited the full British title when the country gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931.

Liberal Member of Parliament Eugène Marquis in 1945 tabled a motion in the House of Commons proposing that a change to the King's title be a subject of discussion at the next Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference; Marquis suggested that the title include each of the King's Dominions, giving him the designation king of Canada.[33] But, the motion did not pass and it was only in 1948 that that form of address changed, when the Canadian Parliament passed in 1947 its own Royal Style and Titles Act and an order-in-council was issued on 22 June the following year to remove the term emperor of India from the sovereign's Canadian title.[34] In 1949, it was suggested by Cabinet that the King's title be altered so that, in Canada, it would be George the Sixth, by the Grace of God, of Canada and the other nations of the British Commonwealth, King;[35][36] but, again, nothing came of the proposal. At the time, Robert Gordon Robertson, then a member of the Cabinet Secretariat, opined that Canadians would not like the title King of Canada, as "most Canadians [...] have not thought of themselves as citizens of either a republic or a monarchy."[37] Still, in 1950, when William Ferdinand Alphonse Turgeon was sent to Ireland as Canada's ambassador, the Cabinet wished to have George VI referred to in the letters of credence as King of Canada. The King's secretaries objected strongly, claiming the monarch had only one title in law and Turgeon's letters eventually used George's full legal title, which referred to him as sovereign of Great Britain and "Ireland".[38]

The royal proclamation of the National Flag, issued in 1965, with the full title of Queen Elizabeth II, in both French and English at top

The proclamations of Elizabeth II's accession to the throne in February 1952 differed between Canada and the United Kingdom; in the latter, the new queen was referred to unconventionally as Queen Elizabeth II by the Grace of God, Queen of this Realm, and of Her other Realms and Territories, while the Canadian Privy Council adhered to the letter of the law, calling the sovereign Elizabeth the Second by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas Queen.[39] The discrepancies between independent countries sharing one person as sovereign prompted discussions among the Commonwealth prime ministers before a meeting in London, England, in December 1952; Canada's then-prime minister, Louis St. Laurent, stated that it was important a new composition for the royal title be agreed upon by all realms involved, to "emphasise the fact that the Queen is Queen of Canada, regardless of her sovereignty over other Commonwealth countries." Canada's preferred format was Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Canada and of Her other realms and territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith; the Canadian government preferred to keep the word queen next to Canada, as it made the sovereign's role as monarch of Canada more clear than having queen follow several words on after the country's name.[40] However, as Australian ministers wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned in all the Queen's titles,[35] the resolution reached was a designation that included the United Kingdom as well as, for the first time, reference to Canada and the other Commonwealth realms separately.

When the Royal Style and Titles Act of 1953 was debated in the House of Commons, St. Laurent asserted on the nature of the separate and shared characteristics of the Crown, "Her Majesty is now Queen of Canada but she is the Queen of Canada because she is Queen of the United Kingdom [...] It is not a separate office."[17] The new legislation conferred publicly and legally the reality of a unique constitutional monarchy for Canada,[41][42] thereby fulfilling the vision of the Fathers of Confederation.[43][44]

The title of the Canadian sovereign was discussed intermittently through the end of the 20th and early 21st centuries, always ending up "on hold".[19]

The royal style and titles of Canadian sovereigns

From Title Amending law Monarchs
1 July 1867 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith Victoria
28 April 1876 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India Royal Titles Act 1876 (UK) Victoria
22 January 1901 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India Common law Edward VII
4 November 1901 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India Royal Titles Act 1901 (UK) Edward VII
George V
13 May 1927 By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 (UK) George V
Edward VIII
George VI
22 June 1948 By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith Royal Style and Titles, Act 1947 (Can) George VI
6 February 1952 By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas Queen, Defender of the Faith Common law Elizabeth II
29 May 1953 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith Royal Style and Titles Act, 1953 (Can) Elizabeth II
8 September 2022 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith Common law Charles III
Proclamation pending By the Grace of God King of Canada and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Royal Style and Titles Act, 2023 (Can) Charles III

Titles bestowed by Indigenous peoples

During treaty negotiations between First Nations and agents of the British Crown in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the term Great Father came to be used to refer to King George III.[45] This was revived as the Numbered Treaties were being formed during the latter quarter of the 19th century, when Queen Victoria was spoken of in familial terms such as the Great Queen Mother and the Great White Mother, as the Indigenous peoples understood the agreements to exist within a framework of kinship. (The informal titles, used in conjunction with the phrase Indian children for the aboriginals, were originally neither intended nor taken as an indication of Indigenous inferiority; though, they were later misinterpreted by Canadian government officials as such.[46]) Victoria's great-grandson, Prince Edward Albert (later King Edward VIII) was given the title Morning Star by Chief Little Thunder when he was invested as a chief of the Nakoda and Kainai nations in Banff, Alberta, in 1919.[47][48]

Queen Elizabeth II visiting with the Salish peoples at Nanaimo, British Columbia, July 1959

During a lengthy meeting with the Salish peoples near Nanaimo, British Columbia, while on her royal tour of Canada in 1959, Queen Elizabeth II was granted by the Salish leaders the title Mother of All People.[49] Elizabeth's son, Charles III, was, before he acceded to the Canadian throne in 2022, given a number of titles by various tribes: In 1976, the Inuit in the Northwest Territories (today Nunavut) bestowed on him the title Attaniout Ikeneego (Inuktitut for 'the Son of the Big Boss'), which loosely translates to 'heir apparent',[50] and, the following year, the Blackfoot in Alberta bestowed upon him the title Mekaisto, meaning 'Chief Red Crow'.[51][52] Cree and Ojibway students in Manitoba named Charles Leading Star in 1986.[53]

The Cree in Saskatchewan honoured the Prince with the title Kīsikāwipīsimwa miyo ōhcikanawāpamik, which translates as 'The Sun Watches Over Him in a Good Way'.[54][55] Chief Perry Bellegarde described this as echoing "the language of the Numbered Treaties" and to invoke "one of our most important teachings. [...] Grandfather Sun watches over all of us [...] We are all related, and we all depend on each other." The title was given to Charles in 2001 by Elder, Chief, and Sun Dance leader Gordon Oakes during ceremonies in Wanuskewin Heritage Park, marking the 125th anniversary of the signing of Treaty 6.[54]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002), Fifty Years the Queen, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 75, ISBN 1-55002-360-8
  2. 1 2 3 Elizabeth II (29 May 1953), "Proclamation", Canada Gazette, Queen's Printer for Canada, 87 (6): 1–2, retrieved 25 April 2023
  3. ↑ "King Charles III proclaimed Canada's new head of state in ceremony at Rideau Hall". Globe and Mail. Canadian Press. September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  4. 1 2 Elizabeth II 1985, 2
  5. ↑ St. Laurent, Louis (1952), "Speech to the House of Commons", written at Ottawa, Canada at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, Toronto: Ryerson Press (published 1 January 1953)
  6. ↑ Smy, William A. (2008). "Royal titles and styles". The Loyalist Gazette. Toronto: United Empire Loyalists Association of Canada. XLVI (1). Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  7. ↑ "The Kings and Queens of Canada" (PDF). Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  8. ↑ "The Queen of Canada is dead, long live the British queen", Maclean's, Rogers Communications, 2 March 2013, retrieved 29 May 2013
  9. ↑ Department of Canadian Heritage. "The Queen of Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  10. ↑ A Crown of Maples. Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 2012. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-100-20079-8.
  11. ↑ Forsey, Eugene A. (2012). How Canadians Govern Themselves. Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-100-20078-1.
  12. ↑ [7][8][9][10][11]
  13. ↑ MacLeod, Kevin S. (2008), A Crown of Maples (PDF) (1 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 10, ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1, retrieved 23 September 2009
  14. ↑ Bousfield & Toffoli 2002, p. 12
  15. ↑ "Royal Visit", Time, 21 October 1957, ISSN 0040-781X, archived from the original on 6 December 2008, retrieved 23 September 2009
  16. ↑ Department of National Defence, Sequence for Wearing Orders, Decorations and Medals (PDF), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011, retrieved 2 December 2009
  17. 1 2 St. Laurent, Louis (3 February 1953), "Hansard", written at Ottawa, in Toffoli, Gary; Bousfield, Arthur (eds.), Queen of Canada, Toronto: Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, retrieved 7 October 2009
  18. ↑ Woolf, Marie (19 April 2023), "King's Canadian title—dropping defender of the faith—is break with tradition: Church figures, constitutional experts", The Globe and Mail, retrieved 19 April 2023
  19. 1 2 Chartrand, Philippe (26 April 2023), "Even if no longer defender of the faith, the Crown still defends Canadian values", Western Standard, New Media Corporation, retrieved 27 April 2023
  20. ↑ Parliament of Canada, C-47 (44-1), King's Printer for Canada, retrieved 27 June 2023
  21. ↑ https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/44-1/bill/C-47/royal-assent
  22. ↑ https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/fr/44-1/projet-loi/C-47/sanction-royal
  23. ↑ "Heritage Saint John > Canadian Heraldry". Heritage Resources of Saint John and New Brunswick Community College. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
  24. ↑ The Royal Household. "The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government". Queen's Printer. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
  25. ↑ Department of Canadian Heritage (2005), The Crown in Canada (PDF), Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 7, retrieved 3 July 2009
  26. ↑ [23][24][25]
  27. ↑ Department of Canadian Heritage (25 January 2016). "Styles of address". Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  28. 1 2 Bousfield & Toffoli 2002, p. 76
  29. ↑ Pearson, Lester (3 February 1953), "Hansard", written at Ottawa, in Toffoli, Gary; Bousfield, Arthur (eds.), Queen of Canada, Toronto: Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, retrieved 7 October 2009
  30. ↑ "King of Canada title urged by Quebec M.P.", Toronto Daily Star, p. 12, 6 November 1945, retrieved 14 October 2010
  31. ↑ "King of Canada", Ottawa Citizen, p. 21, 9 November 1945, retrieved 14 October 2010
  32. ↑ "King of Canada", Ottawa Citizen, p. 15, 7 November 1945, retrieved 14 October 2010
  33. ↑ [30][31][32]
  34. ↑ King, William Lyon Mackenzie, "Order in Council", in Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (ed.), Documents on Canadian External Relations, vol. 14–1, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 8 October 2009
  35. 1 2 Privy Council Office (24 November 1952), "Memorandum for Prime Minister", in Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (ed.), Documents on Canadian External Relations, vol. 18–2, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 23 November 2011, retrieved 23 September 2009
  36. ↑ Privy Council Office (19 January 1949), "Extract from Cabinet Conclusions", in Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (ed.), Documents on Canadian External Relations, vol. 15–2, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 8 October 2009
  37. ↑ Smith, David E., "The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?" (PDF), Queen’s University, retrieved 4 March 2021
  38. ↑ Lloyd, Lorna (2007). Diplomacy With a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006. Lieden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 146. ISBN 978-90-04-15497-1.
  39. ↑ Rinfret, Thibaudeau (6 February 1952), "Notice and Proclamations", in Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (ed.), Documents on Canadian External Relations, vol. 14–1, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 15 May 2013, retrieved 8 October 2009
  40. ↑ Twomey, Anne (2006), The Chameleon Crown, Sydney: Federation Press, p. 105, ISBN 9781862876293
  41. ↑ Trepanier, Peter (2004), "Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition" (PDF), Canadian Parliamentary Review, Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 27 (2): 28, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2012, retrieved 8 October 2009
  42. ↑ McCreery, Christopher (2012). Commemorative Medals of the Queen's Reign in Canada, 1952–2012. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 47. ISBN 9781459707566.
  43. ↑ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry. "Elizabeth II Queen of Canada". Canadian Royal Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  44. ↑ Tupper, William (1988), "Two Perspectives on the Queen in Canada" (PDF), Canadian Parliamentary Review, Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 11 (3): 8, retrieved 14 December 2009
  45. ↑ Carter, Sarah (2004), "Your Great Mother Across the Salt Sea": Prairie First Nations, the British Monarchy and the Vice Regal Connection to 1900, Manitoba Historical Society, retrieved 26 April 2023
  46. ↑ Buckner, Phillip Alfred (2005), Canada and the End of Empire, Vancouver: UBC Press, pp. 300–301, ISBN 0774809167, retrieved 26 April 2023
  47. ↑ "At Home in Canada": Royalty at Canada's Historic Places, Canada's Historic Places, retrieved 26 April 2023
  48. ↑ Wind, Whispering (2012), To Banff and the Rockies! The Prince, the Premier, and the Stoneys, The Free Library, retrieved 26 April 2023
  49. ↑ Buckner 2005, p. 77
  50. ↑ "Royal Visit 2001". Canadianheritage.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  51. ↑ "A Pinto for the Prince". National Film Board of Canada. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  52. ↑ Clibbon, Jennifer (22 May 2012), The 'special relationship' of native peoples and the Crown, CBC News, retrieved 10 March 2023
  53. ↑ "Royal Involvement With Canadian Life". Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from the original (.doc) on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  54. 1 2 Bellegarde, Perry (27 April 2023), "Great expectations: King Charles III and his commitment to Indigenous Peoples", Canadian Geographic, Royal Canadian Geographical Society, retrieved 30 April 2023
  55. ↑ Lilley, David (2001), "Prince Charles gets a new Aboriginal name", Saskatchewan Sage, 5 (9), archived from the original on 1 October 2020, retrieved 1 March 2021
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