Swimming at the XXVI Summer Universiade | |
---|---|
Venues | Universiade Center Aquatic Center Seven Star Bay |
Dates | 13 August 2011 – 19 August 2011 |
Swimming at the 2011 Summer Universiade was contested from August 13 to August 19 in Shenzhen, China. The competition featured 40 long course (50m) pool events and 2 open water events, held at the Universiade Center Aquatic Center and the Seven Star Bay, respectively.[1] This edition marked the first time an open water event was held at a Universiade.
Participating nations
Countries with swimmers at the 2011 World University Games included:
- Angola
- Australia (24)[2]
- Austria
- Belarus
- Belgium (5)[3]
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Canada (44)[4]
- China
- Chinese Taipei
- Comoros
- Czech Republic
- Estonia
- France (14)[5]
- Germany
- Great Britain
- Guatemala
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- India
- Indonesia
- Ireland (8)[6]
- Israel
- Italy (32)[7]
- Japan (33)[8]
- Kenya
- South Korea
- Kyrgyzstan
- Lebanon
- Lithuania
- Macau
- Macedonia
- Malaysia
- Mongolia
- Morocco
- Netherlands Antilles
- New Zealand (22)[9]
- Niger
- Northern Mariana Islands
- Norway
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Palestine
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Saudi Arabia
- Senegal
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- South Africa
- Spain (6)[10]
- Sri Lanka
- Sweden
- Switzerland (12)[11]
- Syria
- Tanzania
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates
- United States (50)[12]
- Uruguay
Event schedule
Open water
Saturday, August 13, 2011: Men's 10 km marathon (8:00 a.m.), women's 10 km marathon (8:15 a.m.)[13]
Pool
Date | Sunday August 14 |
Monday August 15 |
Tuesday August 16 |
---|---|---|---|
Events | 50m butterfly (w) 200m butterfly (m) 200m breaststroke (m) 800m freestyle (w) 200m backstroke (m) 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay (w) |
50m butterfly (m) 400m freestyle (w) 800m freestyle (m) 100m backstroke (m) 200m Individual Medley (w) 100m freestyle (w) 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay (m) |
50m backstroke (m) 400m Individual Medley (w) 100m freestyle (m) 100m breaststroke (m) 200m breaststroke (w) 200m freestyle (w) 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay (m) |
Date | Wednesday August 17 |
Thursday August 18 |
Friday August 19 |
Events | 50m breaststroke (w) 100m butterfly (w) 100m butterfly (m) 400m freestyle (m) 100m backstroke (w) 200m Individual Medley (m) 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay (w) |
400m Individual Medley (m) 1500m freestyle (w) 50m backstroke (w) 50m breaststroke (m) 200m butterfly (w) 200m freestyle (m) 4 × 100 m Medley Relay (w) |
50m freestyle (w) 50m freestyle (m) 200m backstroke (w) 1500m freestyle (m) 100m breaststroke (w) 4 × 100 m Medley Relay (m) |
m= men's event, w= women's event
Preliminaries begin daily at 9:00 a.m., finals at 7:00 p.m. All events are preliminary/final, expect the 800 m and 1500 m freestyle events, which are timed final events (all swim only once, fastest heat swims with finals).
Medal summary
Medal table
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | United States (USA) | 12 | 11 | 4 | 27 |
2 | Japan (JPN) | 6 | 7 | 13 | 26 |
3 | China (CHN) | 6 | 0 | 3 | 9 |
4 | New Zealand (NZL) | 5 | 3 | 4 | 12 |
5 | Italy (ITA) | 4 | 2 | 4 | 10 |
6 | Hungary (HUN) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
7 | Australia (AUS) | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8 |
8 | Lithuania (LTU) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
9 | Spain (ESP) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
10 | Belarus (BLR) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
11 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
12 | Canada (CAN) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
13 | Brazil (BRA) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Ukraine (UKR) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
15 | Russia (RUS) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
16 | France (FRA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
South Korea (KOR) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
18 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Israel (ISR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Romania (ROU) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
21 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Poland (POL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Totals (22 entries) | 43 | 41 | 44 | 128 |
Men's events
Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 m freestyle[14] |
Lucio Spadaro Italy | 22.30 | Adam Small United States | 22.31 | Shinri Shioura Japan | 22.37 |
100 m freestyle[15] |
Jimmy Feigen United States | 49.26 | Norbert Trandafir Romania | 49.41 | Shinri Shioura Japan | 49.50 |
200 m freestyle[16] |
Matt McLean United States | 1:47.44 | Clement Lefert France | 1:47.78 | Sho Uchida Japan | 1:49.06 |
400 m freestyle[17] |
David McKeon Australia | 3:48.78 | Michael Klueh United States | 3:48.84 | Sho Uchida Japan | 3:51.93 |
800 m freestyle[18] |
Michael Klueh United States | 7:52.31 | Rocco Potenza Italy | 7:53.45 | Yohsuke Miyamoto Japan | 7:56.29 |
1500 m freestyle[19] |
Rocco Potenza Italy | 15:00.57 | Yohsuke Miyamoto Japan | 15:04.86 | Sergii Frolov Ukraine | 15:06.17 |
50 m backstroke[20] |
Ryosuke Irie Japan | 25.11 | Guy Barnea Israel | 25.21 | Sergey Makov Russia | 25.42 |
100 m backstroke[21] |
Gareth Kean New Zealand | 54.71 | Juan Miguel Rando Galvez Spain | 54.94 | Kurt Bassett New Zealand Sebastiano Ranfagni Italy | 55.21 |
200 m backstroke[22] |
Ryosuke Irie Japan | 1:56.01 | Rex Tullius United States | 1:58.66 | Gareth Kean New Zealand | 1:58.74 |
50 m breaststroke[23] |
Glenn Snyders New Zealand | 27.37 NR | João Gomes Jr. Brazil | 27.60 | Mattia Pesce Italy | 27.80 |
100 m breaststroke[24] |
Giedrius Titenis Lithuania | 1:00.39 | Glenn Snyders New Zealand | 1:00.71 | João Gomes Jr. Brazil | 1:00.78 |
200 m breaststroke[25] |
Glenn Snyders New Zealand Giedrius Titenis Lithuania | 2:10.85 NR | Not awarded | Kazuki Otsuda Japan | 2:10.96 | |
50 m butterfly[26] |
Tim Phillips United States | 23.51 | Paolo Facchinelli Italy | 23.85 | Masayuki Kishida Japan | 23.93 |
100 m butterfly[27] |
Tim Phillips United States | 52.06 | Tom Shields United States | 52.62 | Paweł Korzeniowski Poland | 52.96 |
200 m butterfly[28] |
László Cseh Hungary | 1:55.87 | Bobby Bollier United States | 1:56.06 | Hidemasa Sano Japan | 1:56.81 |
200 m individual medley[29] |
László Cseh Hungary | 1:57.86 | Yuya Horihata Japan | 1:59.74 | Yuma Kosaka Japan | 1:59.81 |
400 m individual medley[30] |
László Cseh Hungary | 4:12.67 | Yuya Horihata Japan | 4:13.66 | William Harris United States | 4:15.40 |
4 × 100 m freestyle relay[31] |
United States Jimmy Feigen (49.27) Tim Phillips (48.96) Kohlton Norys (48.73) Bobby Savulich (48.88) | 3:15.84 | Brazil Marcos Macedo (50.02) Marcelo Chierighini (48.86) Henrique Martins (50.34) Nicolas Oliveira (48.08) | 3:17.30 | France Clément Lefert (49.56) Guillaume Strohmeyer (50.14) Joris Hustache (49.48) Lorys Bourelly (49.60) | 3:18.78 |
4 × 200 m freestyle relay[32] |
United States Michael Klueh (1:48.79) Dax Hill (1:48.89) Matt Bartlett (1:48.62) Matt McLean (1:47.24) | 7:13.54 | Japan Sho Sotodate (1:49.14) Yuya Horihata (1:48.08) Yuma Kosaka (1:49.30) Sho Uchida (1:48.14) | 7:14.66 | Australia David McKeon (1:48.92) Mitchell Dixon (1:49.58) Kristopher Taylor (1:49.76) Nic Ffrost (1:49.32) | 7:17.58 |
4 × 100 m medley relay[33] |
Japan Ryosuke Irie (53.56) Ryo Tateishi (1:00.04) Masayuki Kishida (52.46) Shinri Shioura (48.96) | 3:35.02 | United States Rex Tullius (55.15) George Klein (1:01.17) Tim Phillips (52.55) Jimmy Feigen (49.05) | 3:37.92 | New Zealand Gareth Kean (54.24) Glenn Snyders (59.63) Kurt Bassett (54.60) Matthew Stanley (50.28) | 3:38.75 |
Italy Sebastiano Ranfagni (55.17) Mattia Pesce (1:01.16) Paolo Facchinelli (53.27) Luca Leonardi (49.15) | ||||||
10 km marathon[34] |
Simone Ruffini Italy | 1:58:00.74 | Kirill Abrosimov Russia | 2:00:03.35 | Yasunari Hirai Japan | 2:00:05.54 |
Women's events
Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 m freestyle[35] |
Aleksandra Gerasimenya Belarus | 24.66 | Darya Stepanyuk Ukraine | 25.12 | Cate Campbell Australia | 25.17 |
100 m freestyle[36] |
Tang Yi China | 54.24 GR | Darya Stepanyuk Ukraine | 55.32 | Megan Romano United States | 55.38 |
200 m freestyle[37] |
Melania Costa Schmid Spain | 1:57.98 | Lauren Boyle New Zealand | 1:59.19 | Karlee Bispo United States | 1:59.31 |
400 m freestyle[38] |
Lauren Boyle New Zealand | 4:07.78 | Melania Costa Schmid Spain | 4:07.97 | Stephanie Peacock United States | 4:10.25 |
800 m freestyle[39] |
Lauren Boyle New Zealand | 8:26.30 NR | Haley Anderson United States | 8:27.11 | Melania Costa Schmid Spain | 8:33.66 |
1500 m freestyle[40] |
Haley Anderson United States | 16:21.72 | Melania Costa Schmid Spain | 16:21.79 | Lauren Boyle New Zealand | 16:26.37 |
50 m backstroke[41] |
Jenny Connolly United States | 27.92 GR | Aleksandra Gerasimenya Belarus | 27.93 | Grace Loh Australia | 28.37 |
100 m backstroke[42] |
Shiho Sakai Japan | 1:00.28 | Jenny Connolly United States | 1:00.50 | Aleksandra Gerasimenya Belarus | 1:00.91 |
200 m backstroke[43] |
Shiho Sakai Japan | 2:09.75 | Hilary Caldwell Canada | 2:11.12 | Duane da Rocha Spain | 2:11.24 |
50 m breaststroke[44] |
Annie Chandler United States | 31.13 | Tera van Beilen Canada | 31.45 | Valentina Artemyeva Russia | 31.74 |
100 m breaststroke[45] |
Sun Ye China | 1:07.53 | Tera van Beilen Canada | 1:08.24 | Satomi Suzuki Japan | 1:08.45 |
200 m breaststroke[46] |
Sun Ye China | 2:24.63 | Andrea Kropp United States | 2:26.18 | Satomi Suzuki Japan | 2:26.67 |
50 m butterfly[47] |
Lu Ying China | 25.98 | Marieke Guehrer Australia | 26.24 | Alice Mills Australia | 26.53 |
100 m butterfly[48] |
Lu Ying China | 57.86 GR | Tomoyo Fukuda Japan | 59.08 | Alice Mills Australia | 59.11 |
200 m butterfly[49] |
Jessica Dickons Great Britain | 2:08.91 | Natsumi Hoshi Japan | 2:08.94 | Choi Hye-Ra South Korea | 2:09.35 |
200 m individual medley[50] |
Izumi Kato Japan | 2:13.52 | Choi Hye-Ra South Korea | 2:14.17 | Liu Jing China | 2:14.3 |
400 m individual medley[51] |
Maya Dirado United States | 4:40.79 | Miho Takahashi Japan | 4:42.28 | Jördis Steinegger Austria | 4:43.30 |
4 × 100 m freestyle relay[52] |
Australia Cate Campbell (55.26) Alice Mills (55.35) Jessica Morrison (55.82) Marieke Guehrer (53.60) | 3:40.03 GR | United States Kate Dwelley (55.22) Felicia Lee (55.22) Shannon Vreeland (55.46) Megan Romano (54.13) | 3:40.19 | China Zhu Qianwei (55.31) Lu Ying (55.94) Liu Jing (55.67) Tang Yi (53.37) | 3:40.29 |
4 × 200 m freestyle relay[53] |
United States Karlee Bispo (2:00.19) Chelsea Nauta (1:58.66) Kate Dwelley (1:58.76) Megan Romano (1:57.41) | 7:55.02 GR | New Zealand Natasha Hind (2:00.57) Melissa Ingram (2:00.56) Amaka Gessler (1:59.87) Lauren Boyle (1:58.60) | 7:59.60 | China Tang Yi (1:58.17) Zhu Qianwei (1:57.88) Liu Jing (2:00.88) Lu Ying (2:02.69) | 7:59.62 |
4 × 100 m medley relay[54] |
China Gao Chang (1:01.59) Sun Ye (1:06.81) Lu Ying (57.52) Tang Yi (53.23) | 3:59.15 GR | United States Jenny Connolly (1:00.21 GR) Annie Chandler (1:07.40) Lyndsay DePaul (58.84) Megan Romano (53.70) | 4:00.15 | Japan Shiho Sakai (1:00.41) Satomi Suzuki (1:07.38) Tomoyo Fukuda (58.92) Yayoi Matsumoto (54.27) | 4:00.98 |
10 km marathon[55] |
Rachele Bruni Italy | 2:06:49.31 | Nadine Reichert Germany | 2:07:29.21 | Alice Franco Italy | 2:08:42.77 |
References
- ↑ "Sports Programme: Swimming page of the official website of the 2011 Summer Universiade (www.sz2011.org)". Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
- ↑ 2011 World University Games Team; published by Swimming Australia, retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ Swimming team roster for Universiade 2011; published by the Belgium University Sport Federation; retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ Équipe Universiade 2011 page from Swimming Canada website; retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ (in French) Composition de la Sélection Française (Équipe de France): 26e Universiade, à Shenzhen (Chine) (trans: Composition of French Selection (French team): 26th World University Games, in Shenzhen (China)); retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ Team Ireland Announced for World University Games. Published by Swim Ireland on 2011-07-28; retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ (in Italian) Mondiali e Universiadi Ecco l'Italnuoto published by Federazione Italiana Nuoto on 2011-06-30; retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ (in Japanese) 26th World University Games roster published by the Japan Swimming Federation; retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ 2011 World University Games team published by Swimming New Zealand; retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ (in Spanish) Universiada / Nuestros nadadores debutan mañana published by Real Federación Española de Natación on 2011-08-13; retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ (in German) Sommeruniversiade Shenzhen 2011 page of the Swiss University Sport website; retrieved 2011-07.
- ↑ 2011 World University Games Team published by USA Swimming on 2011-07-15; retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ↑ "Complete schedule - swimming" (PDF). www.sz2011.org. August 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 50 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 100 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 200 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 400 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 800 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 1500 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 50 metre backstroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 100 metre backstroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 200 metre backstroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 50 metre breaststroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 100 metre breaststroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 200 metre breaststroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 50 metre butterfly (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 100 metre butterfly (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 200 metre butterfly (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 200 metre individual medley (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 400 metre individual medley (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 4x100 metre freestyle relay (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 4x200 metre freestyle relay (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 4x100 metre medley relay (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Men's 10 kilometre marathon" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 50 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 100 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 200 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 400 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 800 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 1500 metre freestyle (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 50 metre backstroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 100 metre backstroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 200 metre backstroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 50 metre breaststroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 100 metre breaststroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 200 metre breaststroke (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 50 metre butterfly (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 100 metre butterfly (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 200 metre butterfly (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 200 metre individual medley (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 400 metre individual medley (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 4x100 metre freestyle relay (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 4x200 metre freestyle relay (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 4x100 metre medley relay (final)" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ↑ "2011 Summer Universiade – Women's 10 kilometre marathon" (PDF). Omega Timing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.