Tan Cheng Bock
陈清木
Tan in 2011
Chairman of the Progress Singapore Party
Assumed office
1 April 2021
Secretary-GeneralFrancis Yuen
(2021–2023)
Leong Mun Wai
(since 2023)
Vice-ChairmanWang Swee Chuang
(2021–2023)
Hazel Poa
(since 2023)
Preceded byWang Swee Chuang
Secretary-General of the Progress Singapore Party
In office
28 March 2019 – 31 March 2021
ChairmanWang Swee Chuang
AssistantFrancis Yuen
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byFrancis Yuen
Member of the Singapore Parliament
for Ayer Rajah SMC
In office
23 December 1980 – 20 April 2006
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
Personal details
Born
Adrian Tan Cheng Bock

(1940-04-26) 26 April 1940
Singapore, Straits Settlements
Political partyProgress Singapore Party
(2019–present)
Other political
affiliations		Independent
(2011–2019)
People's Action Party (1980–2011)
SpouseCecilia Lee Choon Lian
Children2
Alma materUniversity of Singapore (MBBS)
OccupationPolitician
ProfessionGeneral practitioner
Signature
Websitewww.tanchengbock.org

Adrian Tan Cheng Bock[1][lower-alpha 1] (Chinese: 陈清木; pinyin: Chén Qīngmù; born 26 April 1940) is a Singaporean politician and medical doctor. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ayer Rajah SMC between 1980 and 2006. After leaving the PAP, Tan founded the Progress Singapore Party (PSP), serving as secretary-general between 2019 and 2021 and as chairman since 2021.

Early life and education

Tan was born on 26 April 1940 in Singapore. He came from a Hokkien-speaking family.

Tan attended Radin Mas Primary School and Raffles Institution (RI). He graduated from the University of Singapore in 1968 with a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery.[3]

Medical career

Tan has been the medical director of Ama Keng Medical Clinic in Jurong since 1971. He has served as the Chairman of the Society of Private Practice, as a Council Member of the College of General Practitioners, as Committee Member on the Council of the Singapore Medical Association (SMA), as Chairman of the SMA Trust Fund, as board member of SMA's Ethics Committee, as SMA's Representative on the Ministry of Health's Committee on the Regulation of Medical Clinics, and as a part-time clinical teacher in general practice at the National University of Singapore.[3]

Political career

1980–2011: People's Action Party

Tan entered politics during the 1980 general election under the People's Action Party's banner, and became the Member of Parliament-elect for the Ayer Rajah SMC with a vote of 83%. Tan's subsequent election results with an average of 77% was perceived as one of the best-performing candidates in Singapore, with his best-ever score being his last election in 2001, with 88%.[4][5][6]

While in Parliament, he served as the Chairman of the Government Parliamentary Committees (GPCs) for Education (1987–90), National Development (1991–95) and the Environment (1995–97), and was the Co-ordinating Chairman for all GPCs between 1987 and 1988. He was also a member of the GPCs for Communications (1997–2000) and Defence and Foreign Affairs (2001–06). Tan was the Leader of the Singapore-European Parliamentary Group between 1991 and 1996 and Singapore-SEA Parliamentary Group between 1997 and 2006. From 1987 to 1996, he was an elected member of the PAP Central Executive Committee,[5] the highest ruling committee within the PAP. Tan stepped down as a Member of Parliament at the 2006 general election. He also served as Chairman of the Jurong East Town Council from 1989 to 1991, Chairman of the West Coast–Ayer Rajah Town Council from 2001 to 2004, Chairman of the Bukit Timah Community Development Council from 1997 to 2000, and Chairman of the Feedback Unit at the Ministry of Community Development from 1985 to 1989.

He left politics ahead of the 2006 general election, while his constituency was redrawn to the nearby West Coast GRC (Ayer Rajah division has since held by S Iswaran (which was absorbed alongside Iswaran's West Coast), and later Foo Mee Har since the 2011 general election).

CPF for Tertiary Education

In 1988, Tan, as GPC Chairman for Education, led a team of MPs to argue for the use of the Central Provident Fund (CPF) for education, as an appreciable number of able students were not able to enter local universities due to limited places. Tan felt that education was a form of investment and that all his GPC was asking for was an extra option for CPF members, to let them decide whether to put their investible savings in stocks and shares or in education. Chief argument against the idea was that the use of such retirement savings may leave the account holder with an insufficient amount at the end of his or her working life. Minister for Labour Lee Yock Suan said that there were alternatives available such as soft loan schemes which were interest-free. In answer to Tan's claim that Lee had not clearly stated his position on the issue despite the idea being first mentioned years ago, Lee insisted that his position had always been plain, that he "was against it, but you have pressed me to study it and I shall".[7] The set of guidelines on the use of CPF for Education proposed by the GPC was eventually implemented, paving the way for the beginnings of a wave of Singaporean students studying at local tertiary institutions.[8]

Free parking

Tan also convinced the Ministry of National Development (MND) to allow Singaporeans to park their cars for free in Housing & Development Board (HDB) estates on Sundays and public holidays, to promote family togetherness.[9]

In early 2010, Tan volunteered himself to help residents in Sentosa Cove to meet with Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC) to seek a waiver of the gantry entry charge (S$2 to S$7 depending on the entry time) for visitors to their residences to the Sentosa island. His efforts, however, did not bear immediate fruits. Later in October 2010, the SDC offered to cap the entry charge at a concession rate of S$3.[10]

Nominated Member of Parliament Scheme

Tan actually voted against his own party despite the Whip not having been lifted regarding the NMP scheme, on the grounds that MPs had to be elected by the people and be accountable to an electorate for their views.[11] He received a warning for his action.

Think Singaporeans First

In 1999, when Singapore was recovering from the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and experiencing labour talent shortages in several key sectors, the PAP pushed for a stronger intake of foreign talent to fill the ranks. Although not against this rationale, Tan argued that the Singapore government should tone down its calls for the recruitment of foreign talent and reassure Singaporeans that they came first,[12] which earned him strong rebuttals, including one from George Yeo and a stern rebuke from Lee Kuan Yew.[13]

No Blank Cheque

In 1985, he made a speech in Parliament about "no more blank cheque" for the ruling party which he revisited on his blog in May 2011.[14][15]

Working with the opposition

After the 2011 general elections, Tan said in a speech at the 52nd Singapore Medical Association Annual Dinner that he had given advice to opposition candidates, including Tan Jee Say, on how to campaign in the elections when they approached him.[16][17]

In May 2011, he resigned from the PAP to stand as a candidate in the 2011 presidential election.[18]

2018–2020: Progress Singapore Party

Tan inaugurating the Progress Singapore Party

In 2018, Tan led a gathering along with seven opposition parties (Singapore Democratic Party, Reform Party, Singaporeans First, People's Power Party, Democratic Progressive Party, National Solidarity Party, and a new party formed by former NSP chief Lim Tean, Peoples Voice) to plan a possible coalition for the upcoming election.[19]

On 19 January 2019, Tan filed an application to form a new political party called the Progress Singapore Party, alongside 12 other applicants, to be an "added voice in parliament".[20]

Progress Singapore Party was officially launched on 3 August 2019. This launch was covered by mainstream local and foreign media, including alternative media.[21][22] The official launch was broadcast live to the public at 1.30pm. Tan asked Singaporeans, PRs and New Singapore Citizens to step forward together to join the Party as members or volunteers to help bring Singapore to the next level so that the younger generation will have a better Singapore.

He served as the 1st and founding Secretary-General of PSP from its formation in March 2019 to March 2021. He is the founder and member of PSP group.[23]

2020 general election

Tan contested at West Coast GRC in the 2020 Singaporean general election which contained his former ward of Ayer Rajah. His PSP team at West Coast narrowly lost again to the incumbent People's Action Party with 48.31% of the vote.[24]

Business career

Appointment to Chuan Hup

Tan's appointment as non-executive chairman of Chuan Hup Holdings (CHH) Ltd in 1991 was unusual at the time, as Members of Parliament did not normally hold such positions. Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong, who had been a classmate of Tan's in Raffles Institution, later said that he had initially been inclined to say no to Tan's request because Tan was a medical practitioner with no experience in shipping.[25]

Goh ultimately agreed to the appointment, but in the letter he sent to Tan made clear his reservations:[26] Goh later confirmed that neither Tan nor his company had ever tried to take advantage of his position.[25]

Current appointments

Tan has is Chairman of Dredging International Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, a position he held since 1997.[27]

Past corporate appointments

His past corporate appointments include

  • ING Asia Private Bank (2008–09)
  • M&C REIT Management Ltd (2006–10)
  • M&C Business Trust Management Ltd (2006–10)
  • Jurong Health Services (up to 2011)
  • Jurong Medical Centre (up to 2011)
  • Provisional MRT Transit Authority (1983)
  • Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (1983–85)
  • SMRT (1987–95)
  • Land Transport Authority (1995–2005)
  • Chuan Hup Holdings (1991–2011)[27]

Presidential campaigns

2011

Tan Cheng Bock at the Nomination Centre, carried by supporters.
Tan Cheng Bock, with Cecilia Tan, waving to reporters after disembarking from the van at the Nomination Centre.


On 27 May 2011, 20 days after the recent general election, Tan was the first candidate to seek candidacy for the forthcoming Presidential Election; he resigned from PAP earlier that month prior to the announcement (per the constitution, candidates running for the presidential election must be a nonpartisan, independent candidate, and should not affiliate or to represent to any political party).[18][28] On 22 July 2011, Tan submitted the presidency forms.[29]

Ahead of the nomination day (due to be held on 17 August), despite anticipation for a strong contest against the other potential rivals who also announced their candidacy (former Deputy Prime Minister Tony Tan, and NTUC Income Chief Executive Officer Tan Kin Lian), he filed his applications on 22 July, and on 11 August, was one of the four candidates (the aforementioned three, plus former Singapore Democratic Party candidate Tan Jee Say) to be granted the Certificate of Eligibility, an item required to complete their nominations during Nomination Day.[30] The four-cornered fight marked only the second presidential election in history (the first was in 1993) with a contest, as the two preceding presidential elections (1999 and 2005) were both uncontested walkovers.

Tan stated that he would promote multiracialism, if elected.[31]

Controversy erupted shortly after Tan declared his interest in the presidency. It was revealed that in a Straits Times article dated back in 1987, Tan had spoken regarding the Singaporean government's controversial Operation Spectrum while he was in Parliament, which saw 22 young Roman Catholic church and social activists and professionals detained without trial.[32] He addressed, in his capacity as Feedback Unit chief, that most Singaporeans had accepted the reasons of the government and the Internal Security Department for the detention. He also reported that certain "solid citizens" were sceptical of the detention. On 4 June 2011, Tan's Facebook administrator cited that as posts on his page about the incident were running contrary to what law courts have ruled, the risk of being sued for defamation was open to both hosts of the site and people behind the posts alike, as such, "(they) are obliged to remove posts that run contrary to what the law courts have ruled."[33]

A bumper sticker produced by Tan for his presidential bid

In the presidential candidate broadcast,[34] Tan said, "The President must be above politics" and that "he must not be a proxy to be any political party", as "his interest must be national, not with a political agenda in mind".

He also proposed that the government and the Prime Minister's Office be separated as "this familiarity attracts unwanted suspicion of undue influence". He emphasised that the separation is a symbolic move required to reassure the people that they are independent of each other.

Tan also proposed an Annual Statement for greater transparency for Singaporeans to better understand the president's activities and ideas in unifying Singapore. The statement also touches on Singapore's reserves and the rationale behind the appointment or vetoing of civil servants.

Tan's campaign slogan was "Think Singaporeans First", a reference to his 1999 debate on the need to prioritise Singaporeans first when faced with prevailing foreign talent policy.[34]

Tan's election symbol was a palm tree, based on a Ravenala madagascariensis.

Tan's selected the palm tree as his symbol, explaining that "The leaves of the palm represents our multiracial society, the trunk represents them coming together, and the roots represents us taking root in Singapore."[35]

Tan Cheng Bock at the Nomination Centre.

On 27 August, Singapore went to choose their seventh and newly elected candidate. About five hours after polls closed, at 1.23am, Tan called Election Department for an Election recount; due to a narrow margin with less than 2% between the top two highest candidates (the other was Tony Tan), ELD approved Tan's request, and vote counting went on for around three hours before the results were finalised.[36]

At 4.10am, the final results saw Tan Cheng Bock losing the election marginally to Tony Tan by a 0.35% margin (7,269 votes); Cheng Bock garnered 737,128 (34.85% out of the 2,115,118 valid) votes, while Tony garnered 744,397 votes (35.20%).[37]

Tan requested a second counting of votes and accepted the results and tried to stand again for 2017 Singaporean presidential election. However, changes made to the criteria of candidates rendered him ineligible. In a congratulatory Facebook post published on 13 September 2017, Tan said that the elected Halimah Yacob would assume "...the most controversial presidency in the history of Singapore."[38]

2017

In March 2016, Tan declared his intention to run again for president in the next election, which had to be held within the next 17 months.[39]

In September 2016, the eligibility criteria for the elected presidency was revised to include the "reserved election" (an election made exclusive for one particular race; in the case, Malay candidates), and were passed by the Constitution in November 2016, eventually preventing Tan from running in the election.[40][41]

In May 2017, three months before the elections, Tan filed a constitutional challenge to the High Court, to determine whether it is correct to set the election as a reserved election under the newly introduced amendments to the Elected Presidency, and whether Wee Kim Wee (the fourth Singapore's president) is counted as one six-year term since the constitution for the elected presidency was instated in 1991, but the High Court's Justice Quentin Loh dismissed his challenge,[42] providing an explanation that "Article 164(1)(a) provides for Parliament to specify the first term of office of the President to be counted under Art 19B(1)" ("First Term").[43][44][45][46] Tan later appealed to the Court on 31 July,[47] but the court of the five judges unanimously dismissed his appeal on 23 August, ruling that the Parliament has their full discretion to set the First Term, which President Wee was counted as one term of Presidency.[48]

The election ended with a walkover after former Parliamentary Speaker Halimah Yacob became the sole candidate to be granted the Certificate of Eligibility, and was inaugurated on 14 September. After the nomination day, he, along with potential candidates such as Farid Khan and Salleh Marican, also congratulated Halimah on her victory.[49][50]

Charity work

Tan has been involved in Charity Organisations such as the Tsao Organisation (2000–2009), Centre for Third Age Ltd (2007–2011), Disabled People's Association (1985–2006), Handicap Welfare Association (1986–2006) and the Credit Counselling Singapore (2002–2007).. In January 2012, he sang in the Meet The Entrepreneur Charity Concert together with 40 other Singapore entrepreneurs like Andrew Chow to say that "If you ever change your mind, come back to me in 2016, I will be back to fight again, please understand".[51]

Personal life

Tan is married to Cecilia Lee Choon Lian and they have one son and one daughter together.[52]

Awards and decorations

Tan has been awarded numerous accolades from various organisations.

  • Sreenivasan Orator, Singapore Medical Association (SMA)
  • Orator, Obstetrics & Gynaecology Society
  • Fellow, College of Family Practitioners
  • Honorary Member, Singapore Medical Association
  • Honorary Member, Republic of Singapore Yacht Club
  • Governor, Tower Club
  • Honoured – 100 Rafflesians (1823–2003)

Notes

  1. ↑ "When contacted by The Straits Times on Thursday and told that Reach had no record of a "Tan Cheng Bock" registered for the forum, Dr Tan said he registered under the name Adrian Tan, which is part of his full name on his identity card."[2])

References

  1. ↑ 陈清木阿德里安. newnation. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  2. ↑ "Tan Cheng Bock disappointed forum on elected presidency cancelled; organisers say response was poor". 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  3. 1 2 "Profile". Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
  4. ↑ Singapore Election Candidates (T) Archived 23 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine , singapore-elections.com
  5. 1 2 Tan Cheng Bock's Profile Archived 8 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Tan Cheng Bock's Official Blog
  6. ↑ "Elections Department Singapore (ELD)". Elections.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  7. ↑ The Straits Times 30 March 1988
  8. ↑ "CPF Education Scheme". Mycpf.cpf.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  9. ↑ "Dr Tan Cheng Bock to contest next Presidential Election". 11 March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  10. ↑ "Sentosa sheds light on entry levy saga, Jessica Tan". The Straits Times Pg A10. 24 August 2011.
  11. ↑ "Presidential Election, Oxley Road saga are key issues that show 'drastic change' in the PAP: Tan Cheng Bock". Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  12. ↑ "'Let's think of our own first' call". The Straits Times. Singapore. 9 March 1999. p. 27. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  13. ↑ "Think Singaporeans First Debate 1999 « Dr Tan Cheng Bock". Archived from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
  14. ↑ "No more blank cheque for Government, says Cheng Bock". The Straits Times. 2 March 1985. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  15. ↑ "No more blank cheque for Government". Cheng Bock's Official Blog. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  16. ↑ "SMA News" (PDF). News.sma.org. May 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  17. ↑ "Registrant WHOIS contact information verification - Namecheap.com". Tanchengbock.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  18. 1 2 Tan Cheng Bock keen to run for President Archived 29 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Straits Times, 27 May 2011
  19. ↑ "7 opposition parties discuss forming a new coalition, invite former PAP MP Tan Cheng Bock to be leader". The Straits Times. 28 July 2018. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  20. ↑ "Tan Cheng Bock files application to form new political party". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  21. ↑ "Tan Cheng Bock cries twice speaking about succession & party recruitment at PSP launch event". Mothership. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  22. ↑ "PSP can help people take up issues only if voted into Parliament, says Tan Cheng Bock at party launch". The Straits Times. 3 August 2019. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  23. ↑ "Doctor, PAP MP and presidential candidate: 5 things about Tan Cheng Bock". 19 January 2019. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  24. ↑ "GE2020 official results: PAP retains West Coast GRC with 51.69% of votes against Tan Cheng Bock's PSP". The Straits Times. 11 July 2020. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  25. 1 2 Straits Times, 10 December 1994.
  26. ↑ Letter from Goh Chok Tong to Tan Cheng Bock dated 31 January 1991, quoted in Straits Times, 6 December 1997.
  27. 1 2 "ANNOUNCEMENT OF CESSATION AS NON-EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN". Chuan Hup Holdings Ltd. 21 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  28. ↑ Former MP Tan Cheng Bock may run for President Archived 28 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Channelnewsasia.com, 27 May 2011
  29. ↑ Lim, Leonard (22 July 2011). "Dr Tan Cheng Bock files presidency forms". The Straits Times. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  30. ↑ "CERTIFICATES OF ELIGIBILITY ISSUED FOR PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2011" (PDF). Elections Department. 11 August 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  31. ↑ Hetty Musfirah, Riz Sunawan (7 August 2011). "PE: Dr Tan Cheng Bock says he'll promote multiracialism very strongly if elected". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  32. ↑ "Most think Govt acted rightly, says Cheng Bock". The Straits Times. 30 July 1987. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  33. ↑ "Marxist issue could be potentially defamatory". Facebook. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  34. 1 2 "To champion multi-racialism: Tan Cheng Bock". Today. 18 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  35. ↑ See, Sharon (18 August 2011). "PE: Candidates unveil election symbols". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  36. ↑ "PE: Elections Dept allows recount of votes". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2011.
  37. ↑ "PE: Dr Tony Tan elected Singapore president". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  38. ↑ "Tan Cheng Bock: Halimah Yacob to assume the 'most controversial presidency' in Singapore's history". sg.news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  39. ↑ "Tan Cheng Bock to make second bid for S'pore presidency". Today. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  40. ↑ Ong, Justin (15 September 2016). "Elected Presidency review: Eligibility criteria suggestions largely accepted". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  41. ↑ "Elected Presidency: New criteria would rule out Tan Cheng Bock, Tan Jee Say". Today. 8 September 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  42. ↑ Loh, Quentin. "TAN CHENG BOCK v ATTORNEY GENERAL [2017] SGHC 160 DECISION DATE: 07 Jul 2017 HC/OS 495/2017" (PDF). High Court of the Republic of Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  43. ↑ "Dr Tan Cheng Bock's constitutional challenge on counting of Reserved Presidential Election, dismissed by High Court". The Online Citizen. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  44. ↑ Seow, Joanna (7 July 2017). "Law allows Parliament to count Wee Kim Wee's term in triggering reserved presidential election: High Court". Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  45. ↑ "Tan Cheng Bock's constitutional challenge dismissed by High Court". Channel NewsAsia. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  46. ↑ Yong, Nicholas (7 July 2017). "Tan Cheng Bock's constitutional challenge on Elected Presidency fails". Yahoo News Singapore. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  47. ↑ Seow, Joanna (27 July 2017). "Five judges to hear Tan Cheng Bock's case on presidential election in Court of Appeal". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  48. ↑ Yong, Nicholas (23 August 2017). "Presidential Election 2017: Tan Cheng Bock's appeal dismissed". Yahoo News Singapore. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  49. ↑ "Farid Khan, Salleh Marican congratulate President-elect Halimah Yacob". Channel NewsAsia. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  50. ↑ "People feel 'muzzled and angry' because they could not vote this Presidential Election: Tan Cheng Bock". Channel NewsAsia. 13 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  51. ↑ "Tan Cheng Bock may run again in 2016". News.asiaone.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  52. ↑ "Family members of presidential candidate Dr Tan Cheng Bock …". www.nas.gov.sg. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
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