Entry to high office

Carrouges had first held authority in Rouen as lieutenant to Brissac, establishing himself over the town in 1563 as lieutenant-general of Rouen and Evreux whilst the duke of Bouillon was still overall governor of Normandie. He was trusted to quell the dispute between Marshal Vielleville and Villebon d'Estouteville that had erupted in the town, Villebon's death in 1565, Carrouges was granted his office of bailli of Rouen.^[2] Having now achieved high office, he cultivated connections at court at the expense of his previous Guisard loyalties that he had demonstrated during the reign of François II.^[6]

Keeping the peace

He proved effective at maintaining the peace in the town at first, however the fragile equilibrium he constructed was shattered by national events in 1567.^[7] Rouen was plagued by disturbances in 1567 and 1568, in reporting to the crown on the matter in early 1568, Carrouges blamed the 'haughty attitudes' and 'insolent words' of the towns Protestant population, as being inducements to violent action.^[8] In the wake of the Peace of Longjumeau Catholic militants engaged in several days of rioting in the town, clashing with Carrouges city guards. He sent increasingly desperate pleas to the crown for royal troops to reinforce his garrison, the crown finally assenting in May. News that royal troops would be coming set off further violence with rumours that the troops would be Protestant and Carrouges was besieged in his residence until he promised that the troops would not be allowed entry into Rouen. The conseillers-échevins for their part were threatened by the crown with royal displeasure if they did not reverse Carrouges decision. Eventually in June the troops were admitted under cover of darkness and the town was brought back into order.^[9]

Relations

As governor with authority over Rouen, Carrouges was usually able to work in concert with the administrative bodies of his town, in contrast to some governors such as Guillaume de Joyeuse who often found themselves at war with the town councils in their governorships.^[10] He formed his own affinity in the town, ensuring men loyal to him monopolised military offices and sending out loyal men to positions in nearby faubourgs.^[6] With the increasing prominence of the king's brother Alençon in Normandie after 1570, Carrouges and Matignon were increasingly jumpy that he represented an impingement on their authority as lieutenant-generals. Catherine had to write reassuringly to the men telling them Alençon only had authority over his appanage. Alongside complaints about Alençon, Carrouges frequently wrote complaints about money to the crown, these were often fairly disconnected from his actual financial position.^[11]

Massacre

As word of the Massacre that was unfolding in the capital trickled into Rouen, Carrouges had little interest in being the mechanism by which it was propagated in his city. He was keen to follow the letter he had received from Charles IX on 24 August bemoaning a 'great and terrible sedition' that was underway in the capital and instructing him to make sure the peace was kept in every municipality under his authority. Anyone who caused disturbances or took up arms was to be sentenced to death.^[12] He was however instructed to depart from the town, to inspect various other regions under his authority and ensure order was maintained in the countryside.^[13] In his absence militant Catholics seized control of the city from the municipal authorities and butchered several hundred of the towns Protestant population.^[14] With this heavy blow to the Protestant movement in Rouen, many other Protestants abjured or fled in the coming months, leaving the city far quieter in terms of disturbances over the coming years.^[15]

Elevation to governor

In 1575, the death of the duke of Bouillon left the governorship of Normandie vacant. Little desiring a potentially threatening magnate to control this key office, the crown decided to divide the governorship into three and elevate the lieutenant generals Carrouges, Jean de Moy, seigneur de Meilleraye and Jacques II de Goyon seigneur de Matignon into governors.^[16] Buoyed by the increased authority of being made governor, Meilleraye and Carrouges supplemented the size of their companies in Normandie, until they rivalled those of the national grandees in the region.^[17]

Catholic ligue

Early in 1576, Carrouges reported to the crown that a noble ligue had formed inside his governorship centred on Rouen, no details of this ligue survive.^[18][19] Rumours of armed bands led to the crown informing Carrouges to be on the watch for a potential attack on Rouen in August 1576, however none materialised.^[20] A more famous ligue would be formed by Jacques d'Humières in Péronne later that year in response to the Peace of Monsieur, which radical Catholics loathed for giving too much to the Protestants. Hoping to co-opt the movement, which quickly spread out from Péronne into a national movement, Henri tried to usurp leadership. Declaring himself to be the head of the ligue as 'no one is more Catholic than I' he modified the ligue to suit his needs and sent out an oath for all provincial governors and representatives to swear with their subordinates. Some governors, such as Meilleraye were not happy with the provisions in the king's ligue that protected Protestants or removed the decentralised electoral aspects; and modified the oath, forming illegal ligues in response. Carrouges for his part was happy with the king's formulation, and he and his subordinates swore an unmodified version of the 18 articles provided by the king.^[21] Carrouges found little enthusiasm for the project among the notables of Rouen, who largely saw the project as a ploy by the king to extract tax income, the cathedral chapter stalled for a month before joining despite pressure exerted by Carrouges, Meilleraye and Cardinal Bourbon.^[22] The Parlement and conseillers-échevins meanwhile balked entirely and did not join this ligue.^[23] The ligue elite in the province sought to elevate Pierre de Roncherolles to overall maître de camp of the ligue forces in Normandie. Carrouges was successfully brought on board with this project, however Matignon was uninterested, having already appointed his own man to the post in lower Normandie. The king for his part refused to overrule Matignon and enforce a singular maître de camp.^[24]

Demotion

By 1583 the crown was tired of the split Normandie, desiring to reconsolidate the governorship, so that it might be given to the king's favourite Anne de Joyeuse. To this end it was necessary to buy out or otherwise compensate the three governors of the region. Carrouges was bought out of his share with a gift of 60,000 livres and returned to his previous position as one of the lieutenant-generals of Normandie.^[25] He secured a further concession that his son would inherit his lieutenant-generalship on his death.^[26] Carrouges and Jacques de Moy, seigneur de Pierrecourt wrote with concern in 1586 about the increased authority of François d'O who had recently passed the town of Caen over to a client of his. Henri and Catherine responded desperately that they would not diminish either of the families authority without a just recompense.^[27]

Second ligue

With the death of Alençon in 1584, creating the prospect of a Protestant heir to the throne, the ligue movement, which had been dormant since the Treaty of Bergerac quelled the grievances caused by the peace of Monsieur, roared back to life. No longer headed by the king, this movement found far more popular support in Rouen. Carrouges wrote to the king in April 1585 that the majority of the population had liguer sympathies, the Parlement was described as having many ligue aligned deputies, while the 'Council of Twenty Four' was more resistant to ligue impulses. Carrouges suspecting the Spanish in the city had a role in fomenting ligue activities, planned to remove them from the town, but was talked down from such a step by the cities merchants who informed him of their importance to the economy, and peripheral involvement in politics. Regardless Carrouges decided to impose a 6pm curfew on non naturalised residents, he also supplemented the city guard and implemented searches on inbound ships to locate any weapons. Henri, decided further security was required, and that the correct solution would be to introduce a garrison commanded by Joyeuse. The urban authorities reacted with horror to this proposal and incessantly requested the king back down, which he eventually did. Joyeuse came to the city alone.^[28]

After the Day of the Barricades Henri was exiled from Paris and increasingly conscious that his authority was in tatters. From his exile in Chartres he took Rouen to be a priority for its strategic location between the capital and the channel. He and the liguers in Paris now competed for Rouens affections each trying to present their side of the events in Paris. Henri offered material concessions to the city, with the repeal of several recent taxes, meanwhile his ally in the city Carrouges worked to ensure the city would be loyal and allow him entry. Carrouges and the Parlementaire Claude Groulart worked on the Council of 24 trying to coax them into siding with the king. Their efforts bore fruit and in June the council wrote to the king thanking him for his generosity and inviting him to visit. He entered several days later to cheers from the populace. Over the next month the city entertained him, and he made public acts of Catholic devotion, heading to mass on foot.^[29] For Carrouges' loyalty he was to be rewarded with a spot as a Marshal of France when a vacancy opened up in the institution, his son was not so loyal and was drawn increasingly into ligue activities in the town.^[30]

Collapse of royal authority

Formal loyalty to the crown was maintained in Rouen until after the murder of the duke of Guise by the king, after which point, Carrouges found it impossible to continue the cities obedience to the crown. Carrouges would however attempt to do so, as soon as news reached Rouen he sprung into action, stationing spies throughout the city to alert him to dangerous developments in public opinion, exiled and disarmed former Protestants who were now Catholic and banning preachers from mentioning the assassination. While Carrouges was working against the ligue he would also not allow royal troops into the city, very conscious that this would be explosive.^[31] By 29 December his ban against mentioning the assassination in sermons was violated, opening the floodgates.^[32] On 14 January he was called before the Council of 24 and accused of conspiring to allow royal troops to enter the town, a charge he successfully denied.^[33] On 7 February 1589, a Liguer coup seized the city, as had happened in Paris.^[34] Carrouges who was held up in the Abbey of St Ouen was persuaded to hand over control of the two royal strongholds by the ligue leadership to avoid any bloodshed.^[35] The ligue movement established a 'holy council' of 12 notables to administer the town. Carrouges, though in opposition to the ligue movement was not keen to be outflanked, he declared for the ligue on 10 February and established a new council with himself at its head, swearing to uphold the ligue's tenets, few were convinced that the stalwart royalist was a sincere liguer.^[36] This new arrangement was equally ephemeral however as Carrouges and the liguer notables struggled to work together. On 4 March 1589 Charles, Duke of Mayenne came to the town, hoping to establish a more complete ligue authority. To this end he declared a ligue council with authority over the entirety of Normandie. He placed at its head the governor of upper Normandy Meilleraye, and his brother Pierrecourt, Carrouges for his part left the town.^[37] In 1590 Mayenne installed Jean de Saulx Tavannes into the position, but the notables of Rouen worked poorly with him, and he in turn was replaced by Villars in 1591.^[38]