Taz
Тазы хуаюй
Tazi huayü
RegionRussian Far East
Ethnicity274 Taz people[1] (2010 census)[2]
Extinct(date missing)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone

Taz is a dialect of Northeastern Mandarin formerly spoken by the Taz people of the Russian Far East.[3] There are a few loanwords from Tungusic languages, but no obvious Tungusic effect on the grammar.[4]

Taz is largely mutually intelligible with Mandarin. In 1992, some Chinese bought ginseng from the Taz. They spoke Standard Chinese and Taz, respectively, and could understand one other. What they did not understand were mainly place names and social terms.[4]

History

The Taz are descendants of the intermarriage of Han Chinese immigrants and local Tungusic peoples. In the early to middle 19th century, Han Chinese from Northeast China moved to the Ussuri River basin and engaged in ginseng harvesting, fishing and hunting. The immigrants were mostly men, and they married the local Udege and Nanai peoples. Their language, while remaining completely Chinese grammatically, adopted some loan words from Nanai and Udege.[3] There is a 400-word dictionary, but the language otherwise has no writing system and is a purely oral language.[5] In 1880, the language was used by a thousand people. By the beginning of the 21st century, only a few elderly people still spoke it. The 2002 All-Russian Census recorded that all Taz people regarded Russian as their mother tongue. The 2010 census found 274 Taz people but no Taz speakers,[2] so the Taz language is likely to be extinct.

Phonology

Taz is a typical Northeastern Mandarin dialect. There is no retroflex series, but there is erhua. Words with an r initial of Standard Chinese (MSC) have an initial y in Taz, and some words with an initial f in MSC have an initial h in Taz. The MSC finals -ai and -ou are pronounced -ei and -u in Taz, whereas nasal finals are mostly realized as nasal vowels. Taz has the four lexical tones and the neutral tone of MSC and Northeast Mandarin. The yin ping tone (tone 1) is lower than in MSC, and yang ping (tone 2) 为降升调. The distinction between yang ping and shang tone (tone 3) is not obvious. The pitch drops at the end of a sentence, and can sound like a shang or qu tone.[4]

Vocabulary

The vocabulary is typical of Northeastern Mandarin, with such characteristic words as 俺們 for 'we', дэй3фань4 dei3fan4 for 'food' and 日頭 for 'sun'. There are a few loanwords from Tungusic languages, such as араки ar'aki 'wine', яцзига yajiga 'daughter' (Udege ajiga), etc. Исима yixima 'rainbow trout' may be from Oroch.[4]

Sample texts

Listed below are some Taz sentences.[4] They are transcribed in standard Russian Cyrillicized Chinese.

It's warm today.цзиэр1гэ нао3хуъ.jiērge nǎohu.
Dinner's ready.цзоу4фан4лэ.zòufànle.lit., (it's) cooked
The glass is full of water / ?How much water to put.стакан ман2суй3 / гао2дуо1сао1суй3.stakan mánsuǐ / gáoduōsāosuǐ.Russian: стакан stakan
This dress is too big for you.цзе4цяъ4 йи1хан ни3 цуань1дэ да4.jièqià yīhan nǐ cuānde dà.lit., you're wearing it big
Two families.лян2цзя4 йин3 / лян2цзя4 йин3цзяliángjiàyǐn / liángjià yǐnjia
I don't have enough money today.во3 цзиэр4гэ цянь2 бу2дэгоу4 сы3хуаъ.wǒ jièrge qián búdegòu sǐhua.
Come, join us.лэй2ба, цуанмэйр2ба.léiba, cuangméirba.
There was a fire here.цзе1ли ци2лэ хуо2лэ.jiēli qíle huóle.
What are you doing here, you're interrupting my work.ни2 дэй3цзяр4 лэй2 ганъ4 хан2ма. ни3 дан4 во3 гань4хуо2.

ní děijiàr léi gàn hánma. nǐ dàng wǒ gànhuó.

References

  1. ↑ "Tazy" Тазы. Etnic.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  2. 1 2 3 "Natsionalny sostav naseleniya Rossiyskoy federatsii" Национальный состав населения Российской федерации (Table) (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLS) on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2019-07-06 – via perepis-2010.ru.
  3. 1 2 "Tazy" Тазы. Assotsiatsiya korennykh malochislennykh narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka Rossiyskoy Federatsii (AKMNSS i DV RF) Ассоциация коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации (АКМНСС и ДВ РФ) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Kazama, Shinjiro 風間 伸次郎; Podmaskin, V.V. [В.В. Подмаскин] (2002). "Tāzu no gengo to bunka" ターズの言語と文化. In Irimoto, Takashi 煎本孝 (ed.). Tōhoku Ajia sho minzoku no bunka dōtai 東北アジア諸民族の文化動態 (in Japanese). Sapporo-shi: Hokkaidō Daigaku Toshokankōkai. ISBN 4-8329-6241-8.
  5. ↑ "Lingvisty popytayutsya sokhranit yazyk tazov" Лингвисты попытаются сохранить язык тазов. NTV НТВ (in Russian). 2005-10-25. Archived from the original on 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2020-04-04.

Bibliography

  • Belikov, Vladimir and Elena Perexval’skaja. 1994. "Tazov jazyk [The language of the Taz]", in Vladimir Neroznak (ed.) Krasnaja kniga jazykov narodov Rossii. Enciklopedičeskij slovar’-spravočnik [The Red Book of languages of Russia. Encyclopedic dictionary]. Moscow: Academia, 50–51.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.