Ngāpuhi
Iwi (tribe) in Māoridom
The Northland Peninsula
Rohe (region)Northland
Waka (canoe)Māmari, Ngātokimatawhaorua, Māhūhū, Ruakaramea, Tainui, Matawhaorua
Population165,201[1]
Websitehttp://www.ngapuhi.iwi.nz/

Ngāpuhi (or Ngā Puhi) is a Māori iwi associated with the Northland regions of New Zealand centred in the Hokianga, the Bay of Islands, and Whangārei.[2][3]

According to the 2018 New Zealand census, the estimated population of Ngāpuhi is 165,201.[1] This compares to 125,601 in 2001,[4] 102,981 in 2006,[5] and 122,214 in 2013.[6] It is formed from 150 hapū or subtribes, with 55 marae.[3]

Despite such diversity, the people of Ngāpuhi maintain their shared history and self-identity. Te Rūnanga ā Iwi o Ngāpuhi, based in Kaikohe, administers the iwi. The Rūnanga acts on behalf of the iwi in consultations with the New Zealand government.[7] It also ensures the equitable distribution of benefits from the 1992 fisheries settlement[8] with the government, and undertakes resource management and education initiatives.

History

Foundations

The founding ancestor of Ngāpuhi is Rāhiri, the son of Tauramoko and Te Hauangiangi. Tauramoko was a descendant of Kupe, from Matawhaorua, and Nukutawhiti, of the Ngātokimatawhaorua canoe. Te Hauangiangi was the daughter of Puhi, who captained the Mataatua canoe northwards from the Bay of Plenty. Rāhiri was born at Whiria pā, near Opononi in the Hokianga.[9] The early tribes led by Rāhiri's descendants lived in the Hokianga, Kaikohe, and Pouerua areas.[10]

Through intermarriage with other iwi and expansionist land migration, the descendants of Rāhiri formed tribes across the Northland peninsula. These actions also fostered ties with neighbouring iwi. Auha and Whakaaria, for example, led expansion eastward from Kaikohe and Pouērua into the Bay of Islands area, overrunning and often intermarrying with Ngāi Tāhuhu, Ngāti Manaia, Te Wahineiti and Ngāti Miru. These tribes in the east were the first to use the name Ngāpuhi. As the eastern and western groups merged, the name came to describe all the tribes settled in the Hokianga and Bay of Islands. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, the Ngāpuhi tribes pushed further east through the southern Bay of Islands to the open coast, absorbing tribes such as Ngāti Manu, Te Kapotai, Te Uri o Rata, Ngare Raumati, and Ngātiwai.[10]

Hosting the first Christian mission

Ruatara was chief of the Ngāpuhi from 1812 to his death in 1815. In 1814, he invited the Rev. Samuel Marsden to set up the first ever Christian mission in New Zealand on Ngāpuhi land. The presence of these influential Pākehā secured Ruatara's access to European plants, technology and knowledge, which he distributed to other Māori, thus increasing his mana. After the death of Ruatara, his uncle Hongi Hika became protector of the mission.

Thomas Kendall, John King, and William Hall, missionaries of the Church Missionary Society, founded the first mission station in Oihi Bay (a small cove in the north-east of Rangihoua Bay) in the Bay of Islands in 1814 and over the next decades established farms and schools in the area.[11] In 1823 Rev. Henry Williams and his wife Marianne established a mission station at Paihia on land owned by Ana Hamu, the wife of Te Koki.[12][13][14][11] In 1826, Henry's brother William and his wife Jane joined the CMS mission at Paihia. Marianne and Jane Williams established schools for the Ngāpuhi. William Williams lead the CMS missionaries in the translation of the Bible and other Christian literature; with the first chapters of the Māori Bible being printed at Paihia by William Colenso in 1827. The missionaries did not succeed in converting a single Māori until 1830 when Rawiri Taiwhanga (1818–1874), a Ngāpuhi chief, was baptised.[15][16] Ruatara and Hongi Hika themselves welcomed the missionaries' presence, but did not convert.[17] Hōne Heke attended the CMS mission school at Kerikeri and Heke and his wife Ono, were baptised in 1835.[11]

Musket Wars

By the early 19th century, the Bay of Islands had become a prominent shipping port in New Zealand. Through increased trade with Europeans, initiated by Ruatara, Ngāpuhi gained greater access to European weapons, including muskets. Armed with European firearms, Ngāpuhi, led by Hongi Hika, launched a series of expansionist campaigns, with resounding slaughters across Northland and in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty.[18]

United Tribes of New Zealand and the Declaration of Independence

On 28 October 1835, various Northland chiefs, primarily from the Ngāpuhi tribe, met at Waitangi with British resident James Busby and signed the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand, proclaiming the United Tribes of New Zealand. In 1836, the Crown received and recognized the United Tribes' independence under King William IV. By 1839, 52 chiefs from around Northland and central North Island had signed the Declaration, including most Ngāpuhi chiefs and Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, ariki of the Tainui tribes of the Waikato (iwi).[19]

Flagstaff War and re-erection of the flagstaff

In 1840, the Ngāpuhi chiefs were all signatories to the Treaty of Waitangi. However, from 1845 to 1846, Ngāpuhi fought against the British Crown over treaty disputes and European encroachment and interference. The Māori forces were led by Te Ruki Kawiti and Hōne Heke, who instigated the war when he chopped down the flagpole at Kororāreka to commence what is sometimes called the Flagstaff War. The British did not fight alone but had Ngāpuhi allies; Tāmati Wāka Nene had given the government assurances of the good behaviour of the Ngāpuhi and he felt that Hōne Heke had betrayed his trust in instigating the Flagstaff War.

The outcome of the Flagstaff War is a matter of some debate. Although the war was widely lauded as a British victory,[20] it is clear that the outcome was somewhat more complex, even contentious. The flagstaff which had proved so controversial was not re-erected by the colonial government. Whilst the Bay of Islands and Hokianga was still nominally under British influence, the fact that the Government's flag was not re-erected was symbolically very significant. Such significance was not lost on Henry Williams, who, writing to E. G. Marsh on 28 May 1846, stating that "the flag-staff in the Bay is still prostrate, and the natives here rule. These are humiliating facts to the proud Englishman, many of whom thought they could govern by a mere name."[21][22]

The legacy of Kawiti's rebellion during the Flagstaff War was that during the time of Governor Grey and Governor Thomas Gore Browne, the colonial administrators were obliged to take account of opinions of the Ngāpuhi before taking action in the Hokianga and Bay of Islands.

The Waitangi Tribunal in The Te Roroa Report 1992 (Wai 38) state that "[a]fter the war in the north, government policy was to place a buffer zone of European settlement between Ngāpuhi and Auckland. This matched Ngati Whatua's desire to have more settlers and townships, a greater abundance of trade goods and protection from Ngāpuhi, their traditional foe."[23]

The flagstaff that now stands at Kororareka was erected in January 1858 at the direction of Kawiti's son Maihi Paraone Kawiti, as a signal to Governor Thomas Gore Browne, that Maihi did not follow his father's path. In a symbolic act, the 400 Ngāpuhi warriors involved in preparing and erecting the flagpole were selected from the "rebel" forces of Kawiti and Heke – that is, Ngāpuhi from the hapū of Tāmati Wāka Nene (who had fought as allies of the British forces during the Flagstaff War), observed, but did not participate in the erection of the fifth flagpole. The restoration of the flagpole was presented by Maihi Paraone Kawiti was a voluntary act on the part of the Ngāpuhi that had cut it down on 11 March 1845, and they would not allow any other to render any assistance in this work.[24] The erection of the fifth flagstaff at Kororareka by the Ngāpuhi warriors who had conducted the Flagstaff War, and not by government decree, indicates the colonial government did not want to risk any further confrontation with the Ngāpuhi. The continuing symbolism of the fifth flagpole at Kororareka is that it exists because of the goodwill of the Ngāpuhi.

Notwithstanding the achievements of Te Ruki Kawiti and Hōne Heke in pushing back colonial government control over the Ngāpuhi, in the years after the Flagstaff War over 2,000 km2 of Ngāpuhi land was alienated from Māori control. As part of Maihi Paraone Kawiti's erection of the fifth flagpole at Kororareka, he offered the Governor all the lands between Karetu and Moerewa to north of Waiomio and as far south as the Ruapekapeka Pa. Tawai Kawiti described this offer of land as being "a whariki" (or mat) for the flag to repose on. The offer was accepted but was paid for at half the land's value.[25]

20th and 21st centuries

Amidst cultural and economic decline, the twentieth century saw a steady migration of Ngāpuhi Māori from Northland into other regions of the North Island, mainly Auckland, Waikato and the Bay of Plenty. In part, this has seen the organisation of Ngāpuhi into large geographic and urban divisions.[26]

Kia tū tika ai te whare tapu o Ngāpuhi.
(May the sacred house of Ngāpuhi always stand firm.)

Ngāpuhi motto

The whārenui of Ōkorihi marae burned down in 2003.[2]

Waitangi Tribunal - Te Paparahi o te Raki (Wai 1040)

In 2010, the Waitangi Tribunal began hearings into the Ngāpuhi's claim that sovereignty was not given up in their signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.[27] The Tribunal, in Te Paparahi o te Raki inquiry (Wai 1040),[28] considered the Māori and Crown understandings of He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga / The Declaration of Independence 1835 and Te Tiriti o Waitangi / the Treaty of Waitangi 1840.

Many of the arguments used were outlined in Paul Moon's 2002 book Te Ara Ki Te Tiriti: The Path to the Treaty of Waitangi, which argued that not only did the Māori signatories have no intention of transferring sovereignty, but that at the time the British government and James Busby did not wish to acquire it and that the developments and justifications leading to the present state were later developments.[29] A common Ngāpuhi interpretation of the Declaration of the United Tribes is that the British government was simply recognizing Māori independence and putting the world on check, merely re-asserting sovereignty that had existed from "time immemorial".[30]

The Te Paparahi o Te Raki stage 1 inquiry hearings phase was intended to reach conclusions as to the meaning and effect of the treaty for the Crown and Te Raki Māori in 1840.[31] Hearings began in May 2010 and on 14 November 2014, the Te Raki stage 1 report handover took place at Te Tii Marae, Waitangi.

The key conclusion of the stage 1 report was that the treaty signatories did not cede sovereignty in February 1840.[32][33] "That is, they did not cede authority to make and enforce law over their people or their territories." The rangatira did, however, agree "to share power and authority with Britain".[34]

The consequences of the findings in the stage 1 report were considered in the Te Raki stage 2 inquiry, with the Tribunal hearings considering issues including the immediate aftermath of the Treaty of Waitangi, the Flagstaff War and Crown pre-emption (the right of the Crown to acquire Māori land that is addressed in the treaty).

Hapū and marae

Name[2]Takiwā[2]Marae (meeting grounds)[2]
KōhatutakaNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te RakiMangamuka Marae, Te Arohanui / Mangataipa
MāhurehureNgā Ngaru o HokiangaMāhuri Marae, Moehau Marae, Arohamauora, Ōtātara, Tāheke, Tuhirangi Marae
Ngā Uri o PuhatahiTe Takiwā o Ngāpuhi ki WhangāreiOmauri
Ngāi TāwakeNgāpuhi ki te Hauāuru, Te Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaPukerātā Marae, Tauwhara
Ngāi Tāwake ki te MoanaNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te RakiMokonuiārangi Marae, Puketawa, Tauratumaru
Ngāi Tāwake ki te TuawhenuaNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te RakiPiki te Aroha / Rāhiri
Ngāi Tāwake ki te WaokuNgāpuhi ki te HauāuruKaingahoa Mataraua, Ngāi Tāwake Marae, Paripari Marae, Te Huehue Marae
Ngāi Tū Te AuruNgāpuhi ki te Hauāuru, west coastPukerātā Marae
Ngāti HaoNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te Raki, Te Takiwā o Ngāpuhi ki WhangāreiParemata Marae, Piki te Aroha / Rāhiri, Puketawa, Tauratumaru, Pehiaweri, Whakapara
Ngāti HauTe Takiwā o Ngāpuhi ki Whangārei, Ngā Ngaru o HokiangaAkerama, Ngāraratunua Marae, Pehiaweri, Whakapara, Te Pīti / Ōmanaia
Ngāti HineTe Takiwā o Ngāti Hine, Ngāpuhi ki te Hauāuru, Te Takiwā o Ngāpuhi ki WhangāreiHoromanga Marae, Kaikou, Kawiti Marae, Matawaia, Maungārongo, Miria Marae, Mohinui, Mōtatau, Ōtiria, Parakao Marae, Tau Henare Marae, Te Rito Marae, Ngāti Kahu o Torongare, Ngāti Kōpaki, Ngāti Ngāherehere, Ngāti Te Ara, Ngāti Te Tāwera, Te Kau i Mua, Te Orewai, Ngāraratunua Marae, Te Hūruhi, Tereawatea Marae[35]
Ngāti HineiraTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaParawhenua Marae, Rāwhitiroa / Te Ahuahu Marae, Tauwhara
Ngāti HinemutuNgāpuhi ki te HauāuruParihaka, Ōkorihi
Ngāti HorahiaPākotaiParahaki, Parakao Marae, Te Oruoru Marae, Te Tārai o Rāhiri
Ngāti Kahu o TorongareTe Takiwā o Ngāpuhi ki Whangārei, Te Takiwā o Ngāti HineNgāraratunua, Mohinui
Ngāti KairewaNgā Ngaru o HokiangaMātai Aranui Marae, Mōria, Pā te Aroha Marae
Ngāti KawaTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaOromāhoe Marae, Te Tii Waitangi, Waitangi Upper Marae
Ngāti KerewhetiNgā Ngaru o HokiangaMātai Aranui Marae, Mōria, Pā te Aroha Marae
Ngāti KiriahiTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaNgāwhā Marae
Ngāti KōpakiTe Takiwā o Ngāti HineŌtiria
Ngāti KorohueTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaParawhenua Marae
Ngāti KorokoroNgā Ngaru o HokiangaKōkōhuia / Ōmāpere, Pākanae, Te Whakamaharatanga / Waimamaku, Waiwhatawhata / Aotea
Ngāti KuraNgāpuhi ki te Hauāuru, Te Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaKohewhata, Te Kotahitanga Marae, Matuari / Te Tāpui
Ngāti KutaTaiāmai ki te MarangaiTe Rāwhiti / Omakiwi
Ngāti MāhiaNgāpuhi ki te HauāuruTe Hūruhi, Ururangi Marae
Ngāti ManuTaiāmai ki te MarangaiKāretu Marae
Ngāti MauTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaNgāwhā Marae, Wharengaere
Ngāti MiruTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaMatuari / Te Tāpui
Ngāti MoePākotaiParakao Marae, Te Oruoru Marae, Te Tārai o Rāhiri
Ngāti MoerewaNgāpuhi ki te HauāuruTe Hungāiti, Te Maata, Te Rīngi, Māhūhū ki te Rangi Marae
Ngāti MokoTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaWaitangi Upper Marae
Ngāti NgāherehereTe Takiwā o Ngāti HineMatawaia
Ngāti PākauNgā Ngaru o HokiangaMāhuri Marae, Tāheke Marae
Ngāti PareTaiāmai ki te MarangaiWaikare / Te Tūruki
Ngāti RāhiriTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaTe Tii Waitangi, Oromāhoe Marae
Ngāti RangiNgāpuhi ki te Hauāuru, Te Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaKaingahoa Mataraua, Te Hungāiti, Te Maata, Ngāwhā Marae
Ngāti RauwaweNgā Ngaru o HokiangaTāheke Marae
Ngāti RēhiaTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaHiruhārama Hou Marae, Korokota, Mātoa, Maungārongo, Tākou Marae, Tauwhara, Whitiora Marae
Ngāti RuamahueTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaVarious
Ngāti TautahiNgāpuhi ki te Hauāuru, Te Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaParihaka, Te Kotahitanga Marae, Ōkorihi, Tākou Marae, Te Whetū Marama
Ngāti Tawake ki te TuawhenuaTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaTauwhara
Ngāti Te AraTe Takiwā o Ngāti HineŌtiria
Ngāti Te PouNgā Ngaru o HokiangaKōkōhuia / Ōmāpere, Mātai Aranui Marae, Mōria, Pā te Aroha Marae, Te Pīti / Ōmanaia, Te Whakamaharatanga / Waimamaku
Ngāti Te RēingaNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te RakiWaihou / Waimirirangi
Ngāti Te RinoPākotaiMaungārongo, Parahaki Marae, Parakao Marae, Te Oruoru Marae, Te Tārai o Rāhiri
Ngāti Te TāweraTe Takiwā o Ngāti HineMōtatau
Ngāti TokiPākotaiParahaki Marae, Parakao Marae, Te Oruoru Marae, Te Tārai o Rāhiri
Ngāti TorehinaTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaWharengaere
Ngāti ToroNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te Raki, Ngā Ngaru o HokiangaMataitaua, Mokonuiārangi Marae, Paremata Marae, Piki te Aroha / Rāhiri, Puketawa, Rangatahi Marae, Motukiore, Tauratumaru Marae
Ngāti TuapangoNgā Ngaru o Hokianga, Te Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaMatahuru Papakainga, Mōria, Pā te Aroha Marae, Tākou
Ngāti UeoneoneNgāpuhi ki te HauāuruŌkorihi
Ngāti WaiNgā Ngaru o HokiangaVarious
Ngāti WhakaekeNgāpuhi ki te Hauāuru, Te Takiwā o Ngāti Hine, Te Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaTe Kotahitanga Marae, Mātoa, Tākou, Parahaki Marae
Ngāti WhakaminengaPākotaiTe Kiore
Ngāti WhāraraNgā Ngaru o HokiangaKōkōhuia / Ōmāpere, Pākanae, Waiwhatawhata / Aotea
PatukehaTaiāmai ki te MarangaiKaingahoa Rāwhiti, Te Rāwhiti / Omakiwi
Takoto KēNgāpuhi ki te HauāuruKohewhata, Te Kotahitanga Marae
Te HikutuNgā Ngaru o HokiangaMātai Aranui Marae, Mōria, Pā te Aroha Marae
Te HonihoniNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te RakiPuketawa, Tauratumaru Marae
Te KapotaiBay of IslandsKororareka, Waikare / Te Tūruki, Rāwhitiroa / Te Ahuahu Marae, Waikare / Te Tūruki
Te Kau i MuaTe Takiwā o Ngāti HineMatawaia
Te KumutuPākotaiParahaki Marae, Te Oruoru Marae
Te MāhurehureTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaTe Raukura Marae
Te NgahengaheNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te RakiMokonuiārangi Marae, Rangatahi Marae
Te OrewaiTe Takiwā o Ngāti HineTau Henare Marae
Te ParawhauTe Takiwā o Ngāpuhi ki Whangārei, Te Takiwā o Ngāti HineNgāraratunua, Pehiaweri, Toetoe Marae, Korokota, Maungārongo, Parakao Marae, Tangiterōria Marae
Te PatuharakekeTe Takiwā o Ngāpuhi ki WhangāreiTakahiwai
Te PopotoNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te Raki, Te Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaRangatahi Marae, Tauratumaru Marae, Rāwhitiroa / Te Ahuahu Marae
Te PoukāNgā Ngaru o HokiangaKōkōhuia / Ōmāpere, Pākanae, Waiwhatawhata / Aotea
Te RauweraTaiāmai ki te MarangaiTe Rauwera
Te Uri KarakaTaiāmai ki te MarangaiKāretu
Te Uri MāhoeNgāpuhi Hokianga ki te RakiMangamuka Marae, Te Arohanui / Mangataipa
Te Uri o HawatoTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaNgāwhā Marae, Kaikou
Te Uri o HuaNgāpuhi ki te HauāuruKohewhata, Te Kotahitanga Marae
Te Uri OngaongaTaiāmai ki te MarangaiWaimangaro
Te Uri TaniwhaTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaNgāwhā Marae, Parawhenua Marae, Rāwhitiroa / Te Ahuahu Marae
Te UriroroiTe Takiwā o Ngāpuhi ki Whangārei, Te Takiwā o Ngāti HinePehiaweri, Toetoe Marae, Maungārongo Marae, Tangiterōria
Te Whānau WheroNgā Ngaru o HokiangaMātai Aranui Marae, Mōria, Pā te Aroha Marae
Te WhanauwheroTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaParawhenua Marae
Uri o Te TangataTe Takiwā o Ngāpuhi ki WhangāreiTe Kotahitanga Marae o Otangarei, Terenga Parāoa
WhānautaraTe Rūnanga o Taumārere ki RākaumangamangaTauwhara

Media

Tautoko FM broadcasts to the people of Ngāpuhi-nui-tonu, and began operating on 28 November 1988. It broadcasts on 99.5 FM in Mangamuka.[36] The Tautoko FM building burnt to the ground on 18 May 2015, cutting power to the small Mangamuka community.[37]

Religion

Most Ngāpuhi, 49.6%, identify as being irreligious, according to data from Te Whata iwi estimates, based on 2018 Census data. 42.2% of Ngāpuhi specify a religious affiliation, larger than the 38.1% of Māori as a whole who specify religious affiliation.[38]

Religious affiliation %
Irreligious49.6
Christian33.70
Catholic8.6
Anglican6.9
Christian nfd6.2
Latter-day Saints4.5
Pentecostal nfd1.8
Presbyterian, Congregational, and Reformed1.5
Methodist nfd1.4
Jehovah's Witnesses0.9
Baptist nfd0.4
Evangelical, Born Again, and Fundamentalist0.4
Seventh-day Adventist0.4
Other Christian0.4
Māori Religions8
Rātana6.8
Ringatū0.5
Māori Religions, Beliefs, and Philosophies nfd/nec0.7
Spiritualism and New Age religions0.5
Jediism0.4
Islam0.2
Buddhism0.2
Hinduism<0.1
Other0.6
Object to answering8.2

Notable Ngāpuhi people

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Iwi affiliation (estimated count), for the Maori descent usually resident population, 2018". stats.govt.nz. Statistics New Zealand.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "TKM Ngāpuhi". tkm.govt.nz. Te Puni Kōkiri, New Zealand Government. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Te Runanga a Iwi o Ngāpuhi". ngapuhi.iwi.nz. Te Runanga a Iwi o Ngāpuhi.
  4. "Iwi (Total Responses) and Sex, for the Maori Descent Census Usually Resident Population Count, 2001". stats.govt.nz. Statistics New Zealand.
  5. "Iwi (Total Responses) and Work and Labour Force Status by Sex, for the Maori Descent Census Usually Resident Population Count Aged 15 Years and Over, 2006". stats.govt.nz. Statistics New Zealand.
  6. "Iwi (total responses) and iwi groupings and languages spoken by age group, for the Maori descent census usually resident population count, 2001, 2006 and 2013 Censuses (RC, TA)". stats.govt.nz. Statistics New Zealand.
  7. Compare: Kake, Jade (1 November 2019). "An insider's guide to the Ngāpuhi settlement". The Spinoff. Retrieved 5 July 2020. [...] our Rūnanga is not, should not, and cannot be a proxy for Ngāpuhi te iwi. It was established for a specific purpose, to hold and manage the assets received through the fisheries settlement, through an act of Crown legislation. It should not be assumed by default that the Rūnanga will be the entity to take us forward into negotiations over our historic loss, nor to manage any future redress.
  8. "Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992 No 121 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  9. Taonui, Rāwiri (3 March 2017). "Ngāpuhi – Ancestors". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  10. 1 2 Taonui, Rāwiri (1 March 2017). "Ngāpuhi – Tribal links and movement". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. I". The Life of Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library.
  12. Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004). Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands. Penguin Books, New Zealand. p. 62. ISBN 0-14-301929-5.
  13. Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973). Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams. Pegasus Press. p. 55.
  14. Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011). Te Wiremu: Henry Williams – Early Years in the North. Huia Publishers, New Zealand. pp. 25, 39–40. ISBN 978-1-86969-439-5.
  15. Orange, Claudia & Ormond Wilson. 'Taiwhanga, Rawiri fl. 1818 – 1874'. in: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 22 June 2007
  16. Missionary Impact > 'A high profile conversion' by Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
  17. James Belich, Making Peoples; A History of the New Zealanders, 1996, ISBN 0-8248-2517-9, pp. 141–168.
  18. "The Te Roroa Report 1992 (Wai 38)". Waitangi Tribunal. 1992. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  19. "Treaty events 1800-49 - Treaty timeline". New Zealand History online. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  20. "OFFICIAL DESPATCHES. Colonial Secretary's Office, Auckland, January 17, 1846". New Zealander, Volume 1, Issue 34. 24 January 1846. p. 4. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  21. Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. II". The Life of Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 137–8.
  22. James Belich, The New Zealand Wars, p. 70
  23. The Te Roroa Report 1992 (Wai 38), Waitangi Tribunal (1992) Chapter 1, Section 1.1. p 8
  24. Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. II". The Life of Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 328–331.
  25. Kawiti, Tawai (October 1956). "Heke's war in the North". Te Ao Hou / The New World. Maori Affairs Department (16): 38–46. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  26. Events of August 2004 may have the effect of recognising Ngāti Hine as an independent iwi rather than a hapū of Ngāpuhi.
  27. Field, Michael (9 May 2010). "Hearing starts into Ngapuhi's claims". Stuff.co.nz. Fairfax New Zealand. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  28. Te Paparahi o Te Raki (Northland) Te Paparahi o Te Raki (Northland) inquiry, Waitangi Tribunal
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