Technische Universität Berlin | |
 | |
| Motto | Wir haben die Ideen für die Zukunft. Zum Nutzen der Gesellschaft. |
|---|---|
Motto in English | We've got the brains for the future. For the benefit of society.[1][2] |
| Type | Public |
| Established |
|
| Affiliation | TIME, TU9, EUA, CESAER, DFG, SEFI, PEGASUS, German Excellence Universities, Berlin University Alliance |
| Budget | €606.6 million (2020)[3] |
| President | Geraldine Rauch (since 2022) |
Academic staff | 3,120[4] |
Administrative staff | 2,258[4] |
| Students | 35,570[4] |
| Location | , Germany 52°30′43″N 13°19′35″E / 52.51194°N 13.32639°E |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | tu.berlin |
 | |
The Technical University of Berlin (official name both in English and German: Technische Universität Berlin, also known as TU Berlin and Berlin Institute of Technology) is a public research university located in Berlin, Germany.[5] It was the first German university to adopt the name "Technische Universität" (Technical University).[6]
The university alumni and staff includes several US National Academies members,[7] two National Medal of Science laureates,[8][9] the creator of the first fully functional programmable (electromechanical) computer, Konrad Zuse, and ten Nobel Prize laureates.[10][11][12][13][14]
TU Berlin is a member of TU9, an incorporated society of the largest and most notable German institutes of technology and of the Top International Managers in Engineering network,[15] which allows for student exchanges between leading engineering schools. It belongs to the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research.[16] The TU Berlin is home of two innovation centers designated by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. The university is labeled as "The Entrepreneurial University" ("Die Gründerhochschule") by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.[17][18]
The university is notable for having been the first to offer a degree in Industrial Engineering and Management (Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen). The university designed the degree in response to requests by industrialists for graduates with the technical and management training to run a company. First offered in winter term 1926/27, it is one of the oldest programmes of its kind.[19]
TU Berlin has one of the highest proportions of international students in Germany, almost 27% in 2019.[20]
In addition, TU Berlin is part of the Berlin University Alliance, has been conferred the title of "University of Excellence" under and receiving funding from the German Universities Excellence Initiative.[21]
History
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On 1 April 1879, the Königlich Technische Hochschule zu Berlin ("Royal Technical Academy of Berlin")[22] came into being in 1879 through a merger of the Royal Trade Academy (Königliche Gewerbeakademie zu Berlin, founded in 1827) and Royal Building Academy (Königliche Bauakademie zu Berlin, founded in 1799), two predecessor institutions of the Prussian State.[23]
In 1899, the Königlich Technische Hochschule zu Berlin was the first polytechnic in Germany to award doctorates, as a standard degree for the graduates, in addition to diplomas, thanks to professor Alois Riedler and Adolf Slaby, chairman of the Association of German Engineers (VDI) and the Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies (VDE).
In 1916 the long-standing Königliche Bergakademie zu Berlin, the Prussian mining academy created by the geologist Carl Abraham Gerhard in 1770 at the behest of King Frederick the Great, was incorporated into the Königlich Technische Hochschule as the "Department of Mining". Beforehand, the mining college had been, however, for several decades under the auspices of the Frederick William University (now Humboldt University of Berlin), before it was spun out again in 1860.
After Charlottenburg's absorption into Greater Berlin in 1920 and Germany being turned into Weimar Republic, the Königlich Technische Hochschule zu Berlin was renamed "Technische Hochschule zu Berlin" ("TH Berlin").[22] In 1927, the Department of Geodesy of the Agricultural College of Berlin was incorporated into the TH Berlin. During the 1930s, the redevelopment and expansion of the campus along the "East-West axis" were part of the Nazi plans of a Welthauptstadt Germania, including a new faculty of defense technology under General Karl Becker, built as a part of the greater academic town (Hochschulstadt) in the adjacent west-wise Grunewald forest. The shell construction remained unfinished after the outbreak of World War II and after Becker's suicide in 1940, it is today covered by the large-scale Teufelsberg rubble hill.
The north section of the main building of the university was destroyed during a bombing raid in November 1943.[24] Due to the street fighting at the end of the Second World War, the operations at the TH Berlin were suspended as of 20 April 1945. Planning for the re-opening of the school began on 2 June 1945, once the acting rectorship led by Gustav Ludwig Hertz and Max Volmer was appointed. As both Hertz and Volmer remained in exile in the Soviet Union for some time to come, the college was not re-inaugurated until 9 April 1946, now bearing the name "Technische Universität Berlin".
Since 2009 the TU Berlin houses two Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KIC) designated by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology.[25] A spin-off of the university, the 3D printing software company 3YourMind, was launched in 2014.[26]
Name
The official policy of the university is that only the German name, Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin), should be used abroad in order to promote corporate identity and that its name is not to be translated into English.[27][28]
Campus
The TU Berlin covers 604,000 square metres (6.5 million square feet), distributed over various locations in Berlin. The main campus is located in the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. The seven schools of the university have some 33,933 students enrolled in 90 subjects (October 2015).[29]
From 2012 to 2022, TU Berlin operated a satellite campus in Egypt, the El Gouna campus, to act as a scientific and academic field office. The nonprofit public–private partnership (PPP) aimed to offer services provided by Technische Universität Berlin at the campus in El Gouna on the Red Sea.[30]
The university also has a franchise of its Global Production Engineering course – called Global Production Engineering and Management at the Vietnamese-German University in Ho Chi Minh City.[31][32]
Organization
Since 2002,[22] the TU Berlin has consisted of the following faculties and institutes:[33]
- Faculty I – Humanities and Educational Sciences[34] (Geistes- und Bildungswissenschaften)
- Institute of History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Literature
- Institute for Art History and Historical Urbanism
- Institute of Education
- Institute of Language and Communication
- Institute of Vocational Education and Work Studies
- Center for Research on Antisemitism (ZfA)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Women's and Gender Studies (ZIFG)
- Center for Cultural Studies on Science and Technology in China (CCST)
- Faculty II – Mathematics and Natural Sciences[35] (Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften)
- Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Institute of Chemistry
- Institute of Solid-State Physics
- Institute of Mathematics
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics
- Institute of Theoretical Physics
- Faculty III – Process Sciences[36] (Prozesswissenschaften)
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Institute of Energy Technology
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering
- Institute of Environmental Technology
- Institute of Material Sciences and Technology
- Faculty IV – Electrical Engineering and Computer Science[37] (Elektrotechnik und Informatik)
- Institute of Energy and Automation Technology
- Institute of High-Frequency and Semiconductor System Technologies
- Institute of Telecommunication Systems
- Institute of Computer Engineering and Microelectronics
- Institute of Software Engineering and Theoretical Computer Science
- Institute of Commercial Information Technology and Quantitative Methods
- Faculty V – Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems (Verkehrs- und Maschinensysteme)
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Technical Aacoustics
- Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics (Arbeitswissenschaft)
- Institute of Land and Sea Transport Systems
- Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Institute of Engineering Design, and Micro and Medical Technology
- Institute of Machine Tools and Factory Management
- Institute of Mechanics
- Faculty VI – Planning Building Environment[38] (Planen Bauen Umwelt)
- Institute of Architecture
- Institute of Civil Engineering
- Institute of Applied Geosciences
- Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science
- Institute of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning
- Institute of Ecology
- Institute of Sociology
- Institute of Urban and Regional Planning
- Faculty VII – Economics and Management[39] (Wirtschaft und Management)
- Institute for Technology and Management (ITM)
- Institute of Business Administration (IBWL)
- Institute of Economics and Law (IVWR)
- School of Education (SETUB)
- Central Institute El Gouna[40] (Zentralinstitut El Gouna)
Faculty and staff
As of 2015, 8,455 people work at the university: 338 professors, 2,598 postgraduate researchers, and 2,131 personnel work in administration, the workshops, the library, and the central facilities. In addition, there are 2,651 student assistants and 126 trainees.[41]
International student mobility is available through the ERASMUS programme or through the Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) network.
Library
The new common main library of Technische Universität Berlin and of the Berlin University of the Arts was opened in 2004[42] and holds about 2.9 million volumes (2007).[43] The library building was sponsored partially (estimated 10% of the building costs) by Volkswagen and is named officially "University Library of the TU Berlin and UdK (in the Volkswagen building)".[44] A source of confusion to many, the letters above the main entrance only state "Volkswagen Bibliothek" (German for "Volkswagen Library") – without any mentioning of the universities.
Some of the former 17 libraries of Technische Universität Berlin and of the nearby University of the Arts were merged into the new library, but several departments still retain libraries of their own. In particular, the school of 'Economics and Management' maintains a library with 340,000 volumes in the university's main building (Die Bibliothek – Wirtschaft & Management/"The Library" – Economics and Management) and the 'Department of Mathematics' maintains a library with 60,000 volumes in the Mathematics building (Mathematische Fachbibliothek/"Mathematics Library").
Notable alumni and professors
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(Including those of the Academies mentioned in the History section)
- Bruno Ahrends (1878–1948), architect
- Steffen Ahrends (1907–1992), architect
- Stancho Belkovski (1891–1962), Bulgarian architect, head of Higher Technical School in Sofia and the department of public buildings.
- August Borsig (1804–1854), businessman
- Carl Bosch (1874–1940), chemist, Nobel prize winner 1931
- Franz Breisig (1868–1934), mathematician, inventor of the calibration wire and father of the term quadripole network in electrical engineering.
- Wilhelm Cauer (1900–1945), mathematician, essential contributions to the design of filters.
- Henri Marie Coandă (1886–1972), aircraft designer; discovered the Coandă Effect.
- Carl Dahlhaus (1928–1989), musicologist.
- George de Hevesy (1885–1966), chemist, Nobel prize winner 1943
- Walter Dornberger (1895–1980), developer of the Air Force-NASA X-20 Dyna-Soar project.
- Ottmar Edenhofer (born 1961), economist
- Krafft Arnold Ehricke (1917–1984), rocket-propulsion engineer, worked for the NASA, chief designer of the Centaur
- Gerhard Ertl (born 10 October 1936 in Stuttgart) Physicist and Surface Chemist, Hon. Prof. and Nobel prize winner 2007
- Gottfried Feder (1883–1941), economist and key member of the National Socialist Party
- Wigbert Fehse (born 1937) German engineer and researcher in the area of automatic space navigation, guidance, control and docking/berthing.
- Dennis Gabor (1900–1971), physicist (holography), Nobel prize winner 1971
- Fritz Gosslau (1898–1965), German engineer, known for his work at the V-1 flying bomb.
- Fritz Haber (1868–1934), chemist, Nobel prize winner 1918.
- Gustav Ludwig Hertz (1887–1975), physicist, Nobel prize winner 1925
- Fritz Houtermans (1903–1966) atomic and nuclear physicist
- Hugo Junkers (1859–1935), former of Junkers & Co, a major German aircraft manufacturer.
- Anatol Kagan (1913–2009), Russian-born Australian architect.
- Helmut Kallmeyer (1910–2006), German chemist and Action T4 perpetrator
- Walter Kaufmann (1871–1947), physicist, well known for his first experimental proof of the velocity dependence of mass.
- Diébédo Francis Kéré (born 1965), architect
- Nicolas Kitsikis (1887–1978), Greek civil engineer, rector of the Athens Polytechnic School, senator and member of the Greek Parliament, doctor honoris causa of the Technische Universität Berlin.
- Heinz-Hermann Koelle (born 1925) former director of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, member of the launch crew on Explorer I and later directed the NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center's involvement in Project Apollo.
- Abdul Qadeer Khan (born 1936), Pakistani nuclear physicist and metallurgical engineer, who founded the uranium enrichment program for Pakistan's atomic bomb project.[45]
- Franz Kruckenberg (1882–1965), designer of the first aerodynamic high-speed train 1931
- Karl Küpfmüller (1897–1977), electrical engineer, essential contributions to system theory
- Wassili Luckhardt (1889–1972), architect
- Georg Hans Madelung (1889–1972), a German academic and aeronautical engineer.
- Herbert Franz Mataré (1912–2011), German physicist and Transistor-pioneer
- Alexander Meissner (1883–1958), electrical engineer
- Joachim Milberg (born 1943), Former CEO of BMW AG.
- Erwin Wilhelm Müller (1911–1977), physicist (field emission microscope, field ion microscope, atom probe)
- Klaus-Robert Müller (born 1964), computer scientist and physicist, a leading researcher in machine learning
- Hans-Georg Münzberg (1916–2000), engineer, airplane turbines
- Gustav Niemann (1899–1982), mechanical engineer
- Ida Noddack (1896–1978), nominated three times for Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- Egon Orowan (1902–1989), physicist, metallurgist, and academic
- Jakob Karol Parnas (1884–1949), biochemist, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway
- Wolfgang Paul (1913–1993), physicist, Nobel prize winner 1989
- Franz Reuleaux (1829–1905), mechanical engineer, often called the father of kinematics
- Klaus Riedel (1907–1944), German rocket pioneer, worked on the V-2 missile programme at Peenemünde.
- Alois Riedler (1850–1936), inventor of the Leavitt-Riedler Pumping Engine; proponent of practically oriented engineering education.
- Hermann Rietschel (1847–1914), inventor of modern HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning).
- Arthur Rudolph (1906–1996) worked for the U.S. Army and NASA, developer of Pershing missile and the Saturn V Moon rocket.
- Ernst Ruska (1906–1988), physicist (electron microscope), Nobel prize winner 1986
- Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781–1841), architect (at the predecessor Berlin Building Academy)
- Bernhard Schölkopf (born 1968), computer scientist
- Fritz Sennheiser (1912–2010), founder of Sennheiser
- Adolf Slaby (1849–1913), German wireless pioneer
- Albert Speer (1905–1981), architect, politician, Minister for Armaments during the Third Reich, was sentenced to 20 years prison in the Nuremberg trials
- Ivan Stranski (1897–1979), chemist, considered the father of crystal growth research
- Zdenko Strižić (1902–1990), architect
- Ernst Stuhlinger (1913–2008), member of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, director of the space science lab at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.
- Kurt Tank (1893–1983), head of design department of Focke-Wulf, designed the Fw 190
- Willibald Trinks (1874–1966), head of the Department of Mechanical of Engineering of the Carnegie Institute of Technology
- Hermann W. Vogel, (1834–1898) photo-chemist
- Wernher von Braun (1912–1977), head of Nazi Germany's V-2 rocket program, saved from prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials by Operation Paperclip, first director of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center, called the father of the U.S. space program.
- Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff (1877–1959), engineer and architect
- Chaim Weizmann, first President of Israel
- Wilhelm Heinrich Westphal (1882–1978), physicist
- Eugene Wigner (1902–1995), physicist, discovered the Wigner-Ville-distribution, Nobel prize winner 1963
- Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951), philosopher
- Martin C. Wittig (born 1964), Former CEO of the management consultant firm Roland Berger Strategy Consultants.
- Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu (1887–1973) chemist, graduated 1912, female engineering pioneer.
- Günter M. Ziegler (born 1963), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize (2001)
- Konrad Zuse (1910–1995), computer pioneer
Rankings
| University rankings | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall – Global & National | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
According to the QS World University Rankings 2024, TU Berlin is ranked 154th globally, making it the 8th best university in the country.[46] In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2023, the institution is ranked 136th globally and within the 12–13th range nationally.[47] The Academic Ranking of World Universities for 2023 positions TU Berlin within the 201–300 range globally and the 10–19 range within Germany.[48]
Measured by the number of top managers in the German economy, TU Berlin ranked 11th in 2019.[49]
According to the research report of the German Research Foundation (DFG) from 2018, TU Berlin ranks 24th absolute among German universities across all scientific disciplines. Thereby TU Berlin ranks 9th absolute in natural sciences and engineering. The TU Berlin took 14th place absolute in computer science and 5th place absolute in electrical engineering.[50] In a competitive selection process, the DFG selects the best research projects from researchers at universities and research institutes and finances them. The ranking is thus regarded as an indicator of the quality of research.[51]
In the 2017 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the TU Berlin ranks 40th in the field of Engineering & Technology (3rd in Germany) and 36th in Computer science discipline (4th in Germany), making it one of the top 100 universities worldwide in all three measures.[52]
As of 2016, TU Berlin is ranked 35th in the field of Engineering & Technology according to the British QS World University Rankings. It is one of Germany's highest ranked universities in statistics and operations research and in Mathematics according to QS.[53]
See also
References
- ↑ "Technische Universität Berlin". Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ↑ "Wir haben die Ideen für die Zukunft. Zum Nutzen der Gesellschaft. – Youtube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ↑ Federal state of Berlin. "Leistungsbericht über das Jahr 2020 zur Umsetzung des Hochschulvertrags" (PDF) (in German). p. 1. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- 1 2 3 "Facts & Figures". Technische Universität Berlin. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ↑ "TU Berlin: Site Credits". tu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ↑ "Die erste 'Technische Universität'". Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ↑ "National Academy of Sciences". Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "Eugene Wigner – Biographical". Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ Wernher von Braun
- ↑ "Gustav Hertz – Biographical". Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "Fritz Haber – Biographical". Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "Carl Bosch – Biographical". Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "About us". Master of Space Engineering. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
- ↑ Schmidhuber, Jürgen. "Konrad Zuse (1910–1995)". Jürgen Schmidhuber's personal web page at the IDSIA. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ↑ "T.I.M.E. Top Industrial Managers for Europe". Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ↑ Brainlane – SiteLab CMS v2. "Germany". Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "EXIST competition guide" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ↑ "Fuer-Gruender 21 Entrepreneurial University". Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ↑ Jens, Weibezahn (2016). Studienführer für den Studiengang Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen (in German). Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin. doi:10.14279/depositonce-5501. ISBN 9783798328655. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
- ↑ "Die Technische Universität Berlin in Daten und Zahlen". Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ↑ "Excellence Strategy". Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- 1 2 3 Katzer, Anton; Raguse, Roberto (16 July 2015). "Die Technische Universität Berlin". Die Technische Universität Berlin (in German). doi:10.14279/depositonce-4879. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ↑ "History of the University". tu.berlin. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ↑ Entstehung und Bedeutung Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine UNIVERSITÄTSBIBLIOTHEK Technische Universität Berlin. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- ↑ "EIT ICT Labs – Turn Europe into a global leader in ICT Innovation". TU Berlin. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
- ↑ "EOS founder invests in 3YOURMIND 3D printing platform". TCT magazine. 16 December 2015.
- ↑ "TU Berlin: Impressum". TU Berlin (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ↑ "Corporate Design Manual". TU Berlin (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ↑ "TU Berlin: Facts & Figures". Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "TUB Campus El Gouna: Home". Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "GPE Global Production Engineering: Home". gpe.tu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ "Global Production Engineering and Management". vgu.edu.vn. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ "Faculties & Central Institutes". tu.berlin. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ↑ I, FSC. "Fakultät I Geisteswissenschaften: Institute und Zentren / Professuren / Fachgebiete". tu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ↑ "Fakultät II – Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften: Institute". naturwissenschaften.tu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ↑ "Fakultät III Prozesswissenschaften: Institute". tu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ↑ Webmaster. "Fakultät IV Elektrotechnik und Informatik: Institute". eecs.tu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ↑ Lehre, Referat Studium und. "Fakultät VI Planen Bauen Umwelt: Institute". planen-bauen-umwelt.tu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ↑ webmaster. "Fakultät VII Wirtschaft & Management: Einrichtungen". wm.tu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ↑ "TU Berlin: Fakultätsübersicht". tu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
- ↑ "TU Berlin: Facts & Figures". Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ↑ "Universitätsbibliothek TU Berlin: About Us". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ↑ "Universitätsbibliothek TU Berlin: About Us". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ↑ Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin. "Universitätsbibliothek TU Berlin: Startseite". Universitätsbibliothek TU Berlin. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ (IISS), International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006). "Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Program". International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- 1 2 "QS World University Rankings 2024". QS World University Rankings. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- 1 2 "World University Rankings 2024". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- 1 2 "2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Academic Ranking of World Universities. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ↑ "An diesen Unis haben die DAX-Vorstände studiert | charly.education". charly.education (in German). Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
- ↑ Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, ed. (18 July 2018), "Förderatlas 2018", Forschungsberichte (in German) (1 ed.), Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, ISBN 978-3-527-34520-5
- ↑ "Aufgaben der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)". dfg.de (in German). Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ↑ "The Times Higher Education World University Rankings". TU Berlin. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
- ↑ "QS World University Ranking". Top Universities. 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
