Part of a series on |
Terrorism |
---|
Terrorism in France refers to the terrorist attacks that have targeted the country and its population during the 20th and 21st centuries. Terrorism, in this case is much related to the country's history, international affairs and political approach. Legislation has been set up by lawmakers to fight terrorism in France.
CBC News reported in December 2018 that the number of people killed in terrorist attacks in France since 2015 was 249, with the number of wounded at 928.[19] Within the European Union, France is the most affected country with recent data showcasing a total of 82 Islamist attacks and 332 deaths from 1979 to 2021.[20]
History
Year | Number of incidents | Deaths | Injuries |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 9 | 7 | 10 |
2019 | 3 | 4 | 16 |
2018 | 3 | 10 | 30 |
2017 | 9 | 3 | 16 |
2016 | 26 | 95 | 470 |
2015 | 36 | 162 | 443 |
2014 | 14 | 1 | 15 |
2013 | 12 | 0 | 5 |
2012 | 65 | 8 | 8 |
2011 | 8 | 0 | 4 |
2010 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
2009 | 9 | 0 | 11 |
2008 | 13 | 0 | 1 |
2007 | 16 | 3 | 8 |
2006 | 34 | 1 | 3 |
2005 | 33 | 0 | 11 |
2004 | 11 | 0 | 10 |
2003 | 34 | 0 | 21 |
2002 | 32 | 0 | 4 |
2001 | 21 | 0 | 16 |
2000 | 28 | 4 | 1 |
1999 | 46 | 0 | 2 |
1998 | 12 | 1 | 0 |
1997 | 130 | 0 | 4 |
1996 | 270 | 18 | 114 |
1995 | 71 | 19 | 177 |
1994 | 97 | 7 | 22 |
1993 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
1992 | 126 | 9 | 12 |
1991 | 137 | 6 | 5 |
1990 | 30 | 3 | 3 |
1989 | 25 | 3 | 2 |
1988 | 54 | 6 | 19 |
1987 | 87 | 5 | 8 |
1986 | 95 | 25 | 306 |
1985 | 106 | 17 | 83 |
1984 | 145 | 15 | 57 |
1983 | 121 | 20 | 186 |
1982 | 62 | 17 | 144 |
1981 | 66 | 8 | 78 |
1980 | 94 | 20 | 74 |
1979 | 212 | 11 | 41 |
1978 | 59 | 21 | 17 |
1977 | 53 | 3 | 7 |
1976 | 58 | 7 | 10 |
1975 | 39 | 3 | 25 |
1974 | 29 | 3 | 41 |
1973 | 14 | 5 | 20 |
1972 | 9 | 1 | 0 |
1971 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1970 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2,654 | 547 | 2,559 |
Islamic terrorism
France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the Lebanese Civil War. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA).
In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.[23] Le Monde reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.[24]
In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people been killed in terrorist attacks and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.[25]
The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister François Hollande and prime minister Manuel Valls saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".[23]
Although jihadists in the 2015-onward timeframe legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:[26]
- France's secular domestic policies (Laïcité) which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".[26]
- France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.[27]
- France has a large Muslim minority[27]
- France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.[28]
- Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, Marianne, the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an anticlerical satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.[28]
Right-wing terrorism
France has a modern history of right-wing terrorism that dates back to the middle of the 20th century. Historically, right-wing terrorism was tied to rage over the loss of France's colonial possessions in Africa, particularly Algeria. In 1961, the Organisation armée secrète or OAS, a right-wing terrorist group that protested Algerian independence from France, launched a bomb attack on board a Strasbourg–Paris train which killed 28 people.[30]
On 14 December 1973, the far-right Charles Martel Group orchestrated a bomb attack at the Consulate of Algeria, killing 4 people and injuring 20.[31] The group targeted mostly Algerian targets several more times.
In the town of Toulon, a far-right extremist group called SOS-France existed. On 18 August 1986, four members were driving a car carrying explosives, apparently in an attempt to bomb the offices of SOS Racisme. However it exploded while they were still in it, killing all four of them.[32]
In more recent history, far-right extremism in France has been fueled by the rise of anti-immigrant far-right political movements. Neo-Nazi members of the French and European Nationalist Party were responsible for a pair of anti-immigrant terror bombings in 1988. Sonacotra hostels in Cagnes-sur-Mer and Cannes were bombed, killing Romanian immigrant George Iordachescu and injuring 16 people, mostly Tunisians. In an attempt to frame Jewish extremists for the Cagnes-sur-Mer bombing, the terrorists left leaflets bearing Stars of David and the name Masada at the scene, with the message "To destroy Israel, Islam has chosen the sword. For this choice, Islam will perish."[33]
On 28 May 2008, members of the neo-Nazi Nomad 88 group fired with machine guns at people from their car in Saint-Michel-sur-Orge.[34][35]
In the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo shooting, six mosques and a restaurant were attacked in acts deemed as right-wing terrorism by authorities.[36] The acts included grenade throwing, shooting, and use of an improvised explosive device.List of significant terrorist incidents inside France
France | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Sub | Location | Deaths | Injuries | Type | Perpetrator | Description of target and attack | |
15 September 1958 | Paris | 1 | 3 | Small arms fire | FLN (Algerian nationalists) | – Government institutions
| ||
18 June 1961 | Blacy, Marne | 28 | 100+ | Improvised Explosive Device | Organisation armée secrète | – Private citizens & property
| ||
14 December 1973 | Marseille | 4 | 20 | Improvised Explosive Device | Charles Martel Group |
– Diplomatic (Algeria) | ||
15 September 1974 | Paris | 2 | 34 | Improvised Explosive Device | PFLP (Palestinian nationalists) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
24 October 1975 | Paris | 2 | - | Grenade & Small arms fire | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
20 May 1978 | Paris | 4 | 3 | Grenade & Small arms fire | PFLP (Palestinian nationalists) | – Airports & airlines | ||
5 October 1978 | Marseille | 9 | 12 | Small arms fire | – Private citizens & property
| |||
23 December 1979 | Paris | 1 | - | Grenade & Small arms fire | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
28 January 1980 | Paris | 1 | 8 | Improvised Explosive Device | – Diplomatic (Syrian)
| |||
17 July 1980 | Paris | 2 | 4 | Small arms fire | Guards of Islam (Iranian agents) |
– Government institutions (Shah of Iran)
| ||
29 July 1980 | Lyon | 2 | 11 | Small arms fire | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
3 October 1980 | Paris | 4 | 40 | Improvised Explosive Device | - | – Religious figures & institutions
| ||
25 November 1980 | Paris | 2 | 1 | Small arms fire | - | – Private citizens & property
| ||
4 March 1981 | Paris | 2 | 1 | Small arms fire | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
24 September 1981 | Paris | 1 | 2 | Small arms fire – Hostage taking
(2 days) |
ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Diplomatic (Turkish)
| ||
29 March 1982 | Ambazac | 5 | 27 | Improvised Explosive Device | Carlos the Jackal | – Transport
| ||
22 April 1982 | Paris | 1 | 47 | Car bomb | Carlos the Jackal | – Political
| ||
9 August 1982 | Paris | 6 | 22 | Grenade & Small arms fire | Abu Nidal Organization | – Private Citizens & Property | ||
21 August 1982 | Paris | 1 | 2 | Improvised Explosive Device | - | – Diplomatic (United States)
| ||
28 February 1983 | Paris | 1 | 4 | Improvised Explosive Device | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Private Citizens & Property | ||
15 July 1983 | Paris | 8 | 55 | Improvised Explosive Device | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Airports & airlines
| ||
5 August 1983 | Avignon | 7 | – | Small arms fire | – Private citizens & property
| |||
1 October 1983 | Marseille | 1 | 26 | Improvised Explosive Device | ASALA (Armenian nationalists) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
31 December 1983 | Marseille | 5 | 58+ | Improvised Explosive Device | Carlos the Jackal | – Transport
| ||
7 February 1984 | Paris | 2 | 1 | Small arms fire | Hezbollah & Islamic Jihad | – Government institutions (Shah of Iran)
| ||
8 February 1984 | Paris | 1 | – | Small arms fire | Abu Nidal Organization | – Diplomatic (Emirati)
| ||
25 January 1985 | Paris | 1 | – | Small arms fire | Action Directe | – Government institutions
| ||
23 February 1985 | Paris | 1 | 15 | Improvised Explosive Device | – | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
3 March 1985 | Paris | 4 | – | Small arms fire | – | – Government institutions (Foreign: Khmer Rouge)
| ||
20 March 1986 | Paris | 2 | 28 | Improvised Explosive Device | CSPPA (Lebanese faction) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
25 April 1986 | Lyon | 1 | – | Small arms fire | – | – Business
| ||
9 September 1986 | Paris | 1 | 18 | Improvised Explosive Device | CSPPA (Lebanese faction) | – Government institutions
| ||
15 September 1986 | Paris | 1 | 51 | Improvised Explosive Device | CSPPA (Lebanese faction) | – Government institutions
| ||
17 September 1986 | Paris | 5 | 50+ | Improvised Explosive Device | CSPPA (Lebanese faction) | – Private Citizens & Property | ||
18 October 1986 | Toulon | 4 | – | Car bomb | – | – | ||
17 November 1986 | Paris | 1 | – | Small arms fire | Action Directe | – Business
| ||
19 December 1988 | Cagnes sur Mer | 1 | 12 | Improvised Explosive Device | French and European Nationalist Party | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
5 October 1994 | Paris | 4 | 6 | Small arms fire – Hostage taking | – | – Government institutions
| ||
25 July 1995 | Paris | 8 | 150 | Improvised explosive device | GIA (Islamists) |
– Transport
| ||
3 December 1996 | Paris | 3 | 85 | Improvised explosive device | GIA (Islamists) |
– Transport
| ||
19 April 2000 | Plévin | 1 | – | Improvised explosive device | – | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
6 December 2007 | Paris | 1 | 4 | Improvised explosive device | – | – Private Citizens & Property | ||
16 December 2008 | Paris | 0 | 0 | Failed explosive device | Afghan Revolutionary Front | – Government institutions
| ||
15 March 2012 | Montauban | 2 | 1 | Small arms fire | Mohammed Merah (Islamist) | – Government institutions
| ||
19 March 2012 | Toulouse | 5 (one perp.) |
1 | Small arms fire | Mohammed Merah (Islamist) | – Religious figures & institutions
| ||
7 January 2015 | Paris | 14 (2 perps.) |
11 | Small arms fire | Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
9 January 2015 | Paris | 5 (one perp.) |
9 | Small arms fire – hostage taking (1 day) |
Amedy Coulibaly (Islamist) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
26 June 2015 | Saint-Quentin-Fallavier | 1 | 2 | Bladed weapon & Improvised Explosive Device | Yassine Salhi (Islamist) | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
21 August 2015 | Oignies | 0 | 5 | Small arms, bladed weapons | Ayoub El Khazzani (Islamist) | – Transport
| ||
13 November 2015 | Paris, Saint-Denis | 130 (+7) | 368 | AK-47 assault rifles, hand grenades, various explosives, suicide vests | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
14 July 2016 | Nice | 86 (+1) | 434 | Vehicular attack | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
13 June 2016 | Magnanville | 2 | 0 | Knife | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens & Property
| ||
3 February 2017 | Paris | 0 | 1 | Knife | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens & Property
|
||
20 April 2017 | Paris | 1 (+1) | 3 | AK-47 assault rifle | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Police officers & Private Citizen
| ||
23 March 2018 | Aude | 4 (+1) | 15 | Handgun, hunting knife and homemade explosives | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Police officers & Private Citizens
| ||
12 May 2018 | Paris | 1 (+1) | 4 | Knife | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizen
| ||
11 December 2018 | Strasbourg | 5 (+1) | 11 | Modele 1892 revolver and knife | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens
| ||
24 May 2019 | Lyon | 0 | 13 | Improvised Explosive Device | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | – Private Citizens
| ||
3 October 2019 | Paris | 4 (+1) | 2 | Ceramic Knife | Islamist | – Police Employees
| ||
3 January 2020 | Villejuif | 1 (+1) | 2 | Knife | Islamist | – Civilians
| ||
4 April 2020 | Romans-sur-Isère | 2 | 5 | Knife | Islamist | -Civilians
| ||
27 April 2020 | Colombes | 0 | 3 | Vehicle | Islamist | -Civilians
| ||
25 September 2020 | Paris | 0 | 2 | Knife | Islamist | -Civilians
| ||
16 October 2020 | Éragny-sur-Oise | 1 (+1) | 0 | Knife | Islamist | -Teacher
| ||
29 October 2020 | Nice | 3 | 0 (+1) | Knife | Islamist | -Churchgoers
|
List of international terrorist incidents with significant French casualties
- 6 French nationals died as a result of the Kouré shooting in Niger on 9 August 2020.[105]
- 4 French nationals died as a result of the Étoile du Sud hotel attack in Grand-Bassam in Ivory Coast on 13 March 2016.[106]
- 3 French nationals died as a result of the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel attack in Ouagadougou, in Burkina Faso on 15 January 2016.[107]
- 4 French nationals died and seven were injured as a result of the Bardo National Museum attack in Tunisia on 18 March 2015.[108]
- 2 French nationals died as a result of the assault on the Nairobi Westgate shopping complex in Kenya 21–24 September 2013.[109]
- 8 French nationals died as a result of the bombing of the Argana Cafe in Jemaa el-Fnaa square of Marrakesh in Morocco on 28 April 2011.[110][111]
- 2 French nationals died as a result of attacks on several hotels and other tourist locations in Mumbai in India 26–29 November 2008.[112]
- 4 French nationals died and one was injured as a result of an armed attack on a group of tourists on holiday near Aleg in Mauritania on 24 December 2007.[113]
- 4 French nationals died as a result of the bombing of several Balinese tourist clubs in Indonesia on 12 October 2002.[114]
- 4 French nationals died as a result of the September 11 attacks.
Foiled attacks
In 2015, a 26-year-old Moroccan man known as a member of the radical Islamist movement attempted to open fire with an AK47 assault rifle while on a high speed train one hour from Paris. He was quickly subdued by three United States servicemen who were on holiday.[115] See: 2015 Thalys train attack
Towards the end of March 2016, police arrested a Paris citizen named Reda Kriket, and upon searching his apartment, they discovered five assault rifles, a number of handguns, and an amount of chemical substances that could be used to make explosives.[116]
Kriket was convicted in absentia by a Belgian court in a 2015 case involving Abdelhamid Abaaoud.[117]
Murder of Sarah Halimi
Under French law, any grave act of violence committed with intent "to seriously disturb public order through intimidation or terror", is an act of terrorism; the public prosecutor decides which cases will be investigated as acts of terrorism.[118] Writing in Le Figaro attorney Gilles-William Goldnadel characterized the public prosecutor's decision not to investigate a crime, Murder of Sarah Halimi as terrorism, as "purely and simply ideological", asserting that the killer, who recited verses form the Quran before breaking into an apartment and murdering a Jewish woman, "had the profile of a radical Islamist, and yet somehow there is a resistance to call a spade a spade".[118] Sarah Halimi's murder was heard by neighbors in her building and in neighboring building over an extended period of time. Neighbors also saw the killer throw his victim from the balcony of her home, and heard the killer praying aloud after the murder.[119][118] In September, 2017, the prosecutor officially characterized the murder as an "antisemitic" hate crime.[120]
According to Jean-Charles Brisard, director of the French think tank Center for the Analysis of Terrorism, "It needs to have a certain degree of willingness to disrupt the French public order."[118][121]
See also
- Law on the fight against terrorism, 2006 French legislation
- Terrorism in the European Union
- List of Islamist terrorist attacks
- ISIL-related terror attacks in France
- 2014 Dijon attack
- Murder of Sarah Halimi
- List of massacres in France
- Jean-François Ricard (born 1956), prosecutor of the National Terrorism Prosecution Office for the prosecution of terrorism in France
References
- ↑ "ISIS militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader". ElBalad. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ↑ "Operation Inherent Resolve and other overseas contigency operations" (PDF). media.defense.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ↑ "Briefing With Special Representative for Syria Engagement and Special Envoy for the Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS Ambassador James Jeffrey". state.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ↑ "U.S. Bombing in Libya Reveals Limits of Strategy Against ISIS". The New York Times. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
- ↑ "ISIS Shifts to Libya After Strikes in Syria". The Washington Free Beacon. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- ↑ "How Big Is Boko Haram?". 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ↑ "Islamic State group loyalists eye a presence in Afghanistan". Associated Press. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ↑ "US 'tracking closely' ISIL threat in Afghanistan". Al Jazeera. 18 December 2015.
- ↑ "U.S.-led forces drop nearly 5,000 bombs on ISIS". Al Arabiya. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ↑ "Fears of massacre as Isis tanks lead assault on Kurdish bastion". The Times. 4 October 2014.
- ↑ "Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves". The Straits Times. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ↑ "The Global Coalition – Working To Defeat ISIS". US Department of State. 6 February 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ↑ "SpecOps Commander: 60,000 ISIS Fighters Killed by US Troops". military.com. 14 February 2017.
- ↑ "Al-Ghasri: 2500 IS radicals were killed in Sirte battle". Libya Observer. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ↑ "U.S. says 300 Islamic State fighters killed in Afghan operation". Reuters. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ "Egyptian air strikes in Libya kill dozens of Isis militants". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ↑ "SIRTE, Libya: Islamic State fighting in Libya's Sirte claims at least 19 lives – Middle East – McClatchy DC". McClatchy DC. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ↑ "US jets target senior IS leader in attack on Libya camp". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
- ↑ Jonathon Gatehouse (12 December 2018). "By the numbers: France's battle against terror". CBC News. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
- ↑ "Islamist Terrorist Attacks in the World 1979-2021". Fondapol. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- ↑ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2017). Global Terrorism Database (globalterrorismdb_0617dist.xlsx). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland
- ↑ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. (2017). Global Terrorism Database (gtd1993_0617dist.xlsx). Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd University of Maryland
- 1 2 Vidino; et al. (2018). De-Radicalization in the Mediterranean – Comparing Challenges and Approaches (PDF). Milano: ISPI. pp. 13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70. ISBN 9788867058198.
- ↑ "Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois". Le Monde (in French). 26 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes
- ↑ Dec 12, Jonathon Gatehouse · CBC News · Posted; December 12, 2018 2:23 PM ET | Last Updated. "By the numbers: France's battle against terror | CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - 1 2 Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (14 December 2017). "Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf". AIVD. p. 5. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
- 1 2 "Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- 1 2 Bindner, Laurence (2018). "Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France". Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies: 4–8. doi:10.19165/2018.2.01.
- ↑ "Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017". RTL.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ↑ Pech, Marie-Estelle (7 January 2015). "L'attentat le plus meurtrier depuis Vitry-Le-François en 1961" [The deadliest attack since Vitry-Le-François in 1961]. Le Figaro (in French). Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
- ↑ "Bomb at Algerian Consulate". The Glasgow Herald. Associated Press. 15 December 1973. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ "Explosion in Car Kills Four". Associated Press.
- ↑ Greenhouse, Steven (20 December 1988). "Immigrant Hostel Bombed in France". New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ↑ "Un groupuscule néonazi à l'origine d'une fusillade". Le Monde.fr. 3 June 2008.
- ↑ "Le groupuscule néonazi décide de s'autodissoudre". 3 June 2008.
- ↑ "European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2016". Europol. 2016. p. 41.
- ↑ David C. Rapoport, ed. (2006). Terrorism: The second or anti-colonial wave. Taylor & Francis. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9780415316521.
- ↑ Pech, Marie-Estelle (7 January 2015). "L'attentat le plus meurtrier depuis Vitry-Le-François en 1961" [The deadliest attack since Vitry-Le-François in 1961]. Le Figaro (in French). Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. ()
- ↑ "Bomb at Algerian Consulate". The Glasgow Herald. Associated Press. 15 December 1973. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ Guinness, Molly (4 November 2010). "Carlos the Jackal's Parisian trail of destruction". Radio France International. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ↑ Rubin, Barry M.; Rubin, Judith Colp (2008). Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. M.E. Sharpe. p. 69. ISBN 9780765622068.
- ↑ "Assassinated Turkish Diplomats/Officials and Their Families Serving in Missions Abroad". Republic of Turkey: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ↑ Lewis, Flora (21 May 1978). "3 Terrorists Killed in Attack in Paris on El Al Passengers; 3 French Tourists Bound for Israel Are Injured and One Policeman Is Killed in 25-Minute Fight". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
- ↑ "Gangsters In France Gun Down Nine Rivals". Bangor Daily News. 5 October 1978. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ "Turkish official murdered in Paris". The Montreal Gazette. Reuters. 23 December 1979. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ↑ Staff writers (29 January 1980). "Syrian Embassy In Paris Ripped By Bomb Blast". The Sumter Daily Item. Associated Press. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ↑ Treuthardt, Paul (18 July 1980). "Bakhtiar Escapes Assassination Attempt In Paris". The Lewiston Journal. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ Staff writers (17 July 1980). "Two Killed In Attempt, Bakhtiar Escapes Assassination Try". Daily News. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ Rubin & Rubin 2008, p. 77
- ↑ "Bomb Kills 3 in Antwerp". The Reading Eagle. UPI. 20 October 1981.
- ↑ Cobb, Chris (9 November 2010). "Paris blast, Part 1: The Explosion". Ottawa Citizen.
- ↑ Cobb, Chris (9 November 2010). "Paris blast, Part 2: The Aftermath". Ottawa Citizen.
- ↑ Cobb, Chris (9 November 2010). "Paris blast, Part 3: The Investigation". Ottawa Citizen.
- ↑ "Terrorists kill 2 in Paris". Lakeland Ledger. 1 December 1980. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing. 1989. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9781568068640.
- ↑ Frank J. Prial (25 September 1981), "60 held 15 hours in a siege in Paris". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Blast on French Train Is Attributed to a Bomb". The New York Times. UPI. 31 October 1982. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- 1 2 3 Clark, Nicola (7 November 2011). "Carlos the Jackal Goes on Trial for Bombings in France". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ Tanner, Henry (23 April 1982). "Bomb in Paris Kills 1; 2 Syrians Ousted". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ Rothman, Andrea (19 March 2012). "4 Dead in Shooting at Jewish School in France". Businessweek. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ↑ "Paris symbol of Jewish life to disappear". European Jewish Press. 16 January 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ↑ Aline Mosby (22 August 1982). "Car Bomb In Paris Kills Man". The Bulletin. Bend, Ore. UPI. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ↑ "Armenians Claim Deadly Bomb Blast". Times Daily. Florence, Alabama. UPI. 1 March 1983. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ↑ Rubin & Rubin 2008, p. 80
- ↑ "Orly Blast Claims Seventh Victim, New Threats". Ocala Star-Banner. The Associated Press. 21 July 1983.
- ↑ The New York Times. Death Toll Rises to 7 After Terror at Orly. 22 July 1983
- ↑ "Around the World; French Hold Armenians In Orly Airport Bombing". The New York Times. Associated Press. 9 October 1983.
- ↑ Staff writers (5 August 1983). "Thieves Kill 7 In Botched Hotel Holdup". The Telegraph. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ "One Killed and 26 Hurt In Marseilles Explosion". The New York Times. Reuters. 1 October 1983. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ "4 Reported Killed by Bombs in France". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1 January 1984. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ "Carlos condamné à la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité et 18 ans de sûreté". Le Monde (in French). Associated Press. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ "Gunmen Kill Former Iran General, Brother In Paris; driver wounded". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Associated Press. 8 February 1984. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ↑ "Two Iranian exiles are assassinated in Paris". Lodi News Sentinel. UPI. 8 February 1984. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ↑ Staff writers (7 February 1984). "United Arab Emirates' Envoy To France Killed". The Lewiston Journal. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ "How Paris Became A Killing Field". The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 February 1987. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ Vinocur, John (24 February 1985). "Man Killed in Blast in British Store in Paris; 15 Hurt". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ Becker, Elizabeth (1998). When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution. Public Affairs. p. 518. ISBN 9780786725861.
- ↑ "Arab Terrorists Claim Paris Arcade Bombing". The New York Times. 22 March 1986. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ Staff writers (21 March 1986). "Bomb Kills 1, Injures 29 in Paris". Times Daily. Florence, Alabama. Associated Press. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ↑ "Bomb Blast At Amex Office In Lyons". New Straits Times. 27 April 1986. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- 1 2 Bernstein, Richard (16 September 1986). "Bomb Rips Office at Headquarters of Police in Paris". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ "Group Takes Blame For Bombing In Paris". Kentucky New Era. 9 September 1986. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ Bernstein, Richard (18 September 1986). "5 Dead, 50 Hurt as Bomb Is Hurled on a Paris Street". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ↑ "Car Explosion Kills Four in French Port". The New York Times. Reuters. 18 October 1986. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ↑ Staff writers (18 November 1986). "Renault Chief Is Slain In Paris Street". The Montreal Gazette. Reuters. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ "Bombs In France Target Foreigners". The Bryan Times. 19 December 1988. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ↑ "Bomb Explosions Kill 1, Injure Dozen". Rome News-Tribune. 19 December 1988. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ↑ Staff writers (6 October 1994). "Four Dead, Six Hurt In Paris Pre-dawn Shoot-out". New Straits Times. Reuters. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- ↑ Riding, Alan (1 November 2002). "French Court Sentences 2 for Role in 1995 Bombings That Killed 8". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
- ↑ "Algerians get life for Paris bombings". BBC News. 30 October 2002. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
- ↑ Whitney, Craig (4 December 1996). "2 Die as Terrorist Bomb Rips Train at a Paris Station". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
- ↑ Staff writers (3 December 1996). "Subway Bomb In Paris Kills Two". Lodi News-Sentinel. Associated Press. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ↑ "French McDonald's Bombed; Breton Terrorists Suspected". The New York Times. 20 April 2000. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ↑ "Deadly parcel bomb explodes in Paris legal office". Agence France-Presse. 6 December 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ↑ "Afghan Revolutionary Front plants dynamite at Paris department store". Gainesville.com. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ↑ "Dynamite found at Paris department store". Edition CNN. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ↑ "Deux parachutistes abattus en pleine rue à Montauban (in French)". Le Figaro (in French). 16 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ↑ Abéla, Frédéric; François, Jean-Pierre (17 March 2012). "Montauban-Toulouse. Trois exécutions, une même arme". La Depeche (in French). Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ↑ "Toulouse school dead flown to Jerusalem for burial". BBC News. 20 March 2012.
- ↑ Isabel Kershner (21 March 2012). "Toulouse Victims Buried in Israel". The New York Times.
- ↑ "'Looking to Kill:' 4 Slain at French Jewish School". ABC News. Associated Press. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ↑ "France train shooting: Three hurt and man arrested". BBC News. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- 1 2 "Soudain, l'une des bombes explose en plein match". 20 minutes (Switzerland) (in French). 13 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
On entend clairement, sur cette vidéo, la détonation de 21h16
- ↑ Nossiter, Adam; Gladstone, Rick (13 November 2015). "Paris Attacks Kill More Than 100, Police Say; Border Controls Tightened". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
- ↑ "6 French Citizens, 2 Guides Killed by Gunmen at Giraffe Park". Associated Press. 9 August 2020 – via NYTimes.com.
- ↑ "Four French nationals killed in Ivory Coast resort attack". France 24. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ↑ "Burkina Faso hotel siege ends after 23 killed, including 2 French nationals". CBC News. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
- ↑ "Frenchwoman dies of injuries from Tunisia museum attack". Yahoo News. AFP. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ↑ "Nairobi Westgate attack: The victims". BBC News. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "Morocco bombing will not go unpunished: France". StarAfrica. AFP. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ Govan, Fiona (6 May 2011). "Marrakesh café bombers linked to al-Qaeda". The Telegraph. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ "As it happened: Mumbai attacks - 28 Nov". BBC News. 29 November 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ↑ "4 French tourists killed in Mauritania". ABC Australia. 25 December 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ↑ Park, Andrew (10 October 2012). "Bali bombings: Full list of victims' names". SBS Australia. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ↑ Nossiter, Adam (22 August 2015). "A Shot, a Glimpse of an AK-47, and U.S. Servicemen Pounced on Gunman on Train to France". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
- ↑ Henry Samuel (31 March 2016). "Has Salah Abdeslam turned Isil supergarss?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
- ↑ Inti Landauro; Nick Kostov (25 March 2016). "Man Detained in France Raid Was Convicted With Paris Attacks Ringleader Abdelhamid Abaaoud". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 McAuley, James (23 July 2017). "In France, murder of a Jewish woman ignites debate over the word 'terrorism'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ↑ Weitzmann, Marc (25 May 2017). "Sarah Halimi Was Beaten to Death in Paris By a Muslim Attacker Reciting Verses From the Quran. The Press Covered it Up". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ↑ "Killing of Paris Jewish woman was anti-Semitic crime, prosecutors finally say". The Times of Israel. JTA. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ↑ Mazzetti, Mark (17 July 2016). "In the Age of ISIS, Who's a Terrorist, and Who's Simply Deranged?". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2017.