Gamera
Gamera film series character
Gamera, as featured in Gamera, the Giant Monster
First appearanceGamera, the Giant Monster (1965)
Created by
Portrayed by
In-universe information
SpeciesGiant turtle

Gamera (Japanese: ガメラ, Hepburn: Gamera) is a fictional monster, or kaiju, originating from a series of Japanese films. Debuting in the 1965 film Gamera, the Giant Monster, the character and the first film were intended to compete with the success of Toho's Godzilla film series. Since then, Gamera has become a Japanese icon in his own right, appearing in a total of 12 films produced by Daiei Film and later by Tokuma Shoten and Kadokawa Daiei Studio respectively, and various media.

Gamera is depicted as a giant, flying, fire-breathing, prehistoric turtle. In the first film, Gamera is portrayed as aggressive and destructive, though he also saves a child. As the films progressed, Gamera took on a more benevolent role, becoming a protector of humanity especially children, nature, and the Earth from extraterrestrial races and other giant monsters.[3]

The Daimajin, another iconic tokusatsu character by Daiei Film, was originally designed to be an antagonist for the second film, and its concept was feedbacked into both Daimajin and Barugon appeared in the 1966 film Gamera vs. Barugon.[4] Daiei's yōkai films most notably the Yokai Monsters was also launched due to the success of the Gamera franchise and its productions were largely influenced by Gamera and Daimajin series. Collaborations of the Daiel films with Shigeru Mizuki and Kazuo Umezu started because of Daiei's yōkai films, resulted in minor crossovers between Gamera and Daimajin and Shigeru Mizuki's GeGeGe no Kitarō series and Hiroshi Aramata's Teito Monogatari.[5][6][7][8]

As below mentioned, on the contrary to its popularity and extensive social influences[9] such as references in numerous media globally and naming of two species of prehistoric turtles (Sinemys gamera and Gamerabaena), expansion of the franchise and public recognition of the character were severely hindered by financial obstacles.[10]

Overview

Conception

The Black Tortoise, one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations, is a possible source of inspiration for Gamera.[11]

The original idea for Gamera was developed by Yonejiro Saito,[12] Masaichi Nagata, Hidemasa Nagata, and Noriaki Yuasa. The character was created as a property of the production company Daiei Film, and was intended to compete with the Godzilla film series (featuring the giant monster character of the same name), owned by rival studio Toho.[13][14][15] Gamera has been described as being a rip-off of Godzilla, [3][16][17] while Godzilla films including GMK, MonsterVerse series, Shin Godzilla, and Godzilla Minus One[18] have been pointed out to be largely influenced by Shusuke Kaneko's Heisei Gamera Trilogy and GMK,[19][20][21] and Kaneko himself acknowledges similarities between his films and MonsterVerse films[19] where a scrapped Gamera project served as one of its predecessors.[22][23] Kaneko and Shinji Higuchi respectively directed GMK and Shin Godzilla. Additionally, Gamera's voice effect was used in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah,[24] and Gamera was represented within a concept art of Godzilla: King of the Monsters,[25] and several Godzilla productions have presumed references to Gamera.[26][27][28] In 2023, an official collaboration between the Netflix series Gamera Rebirth and the mobile game Godzilla Battle Line was made, and Gamera and Gyaos appeared in the game as playable characters.[29]

The name Gamera (ガメラ) derives from the Japanese kame ("turtle"), and the suffix -ra, a suffix shared by such other kaiju characters as Godzilla (Gojira) and Mothra.[30] Gamera's name was spelled Gammera in the title of Gammera the Invincible, the re-titled American release of the first film in the franchise, Gamera, the Giant Monster.[31][32]

Gamera's turtle-like design may have been inspired by the Black Tortoise, one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations in East Asian mythology.[11] The Black Tortoise is known as Genbu in Japanese, and is usually depicted as a turtle entwined together with a snake.[11] Each of the Four Symbols are said to act as guardians over each of the four cardinal directions, with the dragon Seiryu in the east; the tiger Byakko in the west; the bird Suzaku in the south; and the tortoise Genbu in the north.[11][33] In Gamera, the Giant Monster, the first film in the franchise, Gamera is depicted as awakening in the Arctic, the northernmost region on Earth.[11][34] Gamera 3: Revenge of Iris, the 11th film in the franchise, contains a scene featuring a book describing the Four Symbols, including Genbu.[11]

Characteristics

Gamera's illustration and suits and models on the Kadokawa Daiei Studio office in Chōfu where the city features the character as one of mascots.[35]

Gamera resembles an enormous prehistoric turtle, and is capable of both bipedal movement and flight. He occasionally walks on all four legs in the first three films of the Gamera franchise. He can fly by means of "jets" which can be ignited out of his limb holes when he retracts his legs into his shell.[16] The jets allow Gamera to rise into the air and spin, propelling him forward.[36] In later films, he is shown to be able to fly with only his rear legs drawn inside his shell, allowing his front limbs more freedom. Gamera's shell is presented as being incredibly resilient and strong, and can deflect missiles and other projectiles. His plastron (lower shell) is more vulnerable than his carapace (upper shell), however, and he has been wounded in his plastron to the point of bleeding. He possesses a pronounced crest on his head, his mouth contains rows of teeth, and two tusks protrude upward from each side of his lower jaw.[37]

During the franchise's Shōwa period, Gamera is depicted as feeding on flammable substances, such as oil and fire.[38][39] According to notes by frequent series director Noriaki Yuasa, Gamera's internal anatomy includes sacs which allow him to store oil, lava, coal, and uranium.[40][41] In Gamera, the Giant Monster and Gamera vs. Barugon, cold temperatures are shown to weaken Gamera.[42] During the franchise's Heisei period, Gamera has retractable claws protruding from his elbows,[37] and is shown to be able to shoot plasma fireballs from his mouth.[43][44] Gamera has also been portrayed as being able to absorb mana from the Earth,[45] to fire a plasma beam from his chest, and to manipulate the energy to create a pseudo arm composed of fire to destroy a foe. Within the first and the third films of the trilogy, Gamera magically healed harmed humans including reviving temporary deceased or half-dead individuals.

The original 1965 film, Gamera, the Giant Monster, depicts Gamera's origins as being a result of United States military fighters launching an attack on enemy bombers (presumably belonging to the Soviet Union),[46] which causes the detonation of an atomic bomb on board one of the aircraft. The nuclear blast releases Gamera from a state of suspended animation in the ice. Meanwhile, a Japanese research team stumbles upon an Inuit tribe in possession of an ancient stone etching that depicts a giant turtle, which the tribe refers to as "Gamera".[46]

In the franchise's Heisei era, which began with the 1995 reboot film Gamera: Guardian of the Universe, Gamera's in-universe origins were changed. In the Heisei films, Gamera is portrayed as an ancient, bio-engineered creature from Atlantis, created for the purpose of defending the people of Atlantis from Gyaos, a bat-like creature which breathes a destructive supersonic beam when on the attack.[37][47] Human researchers find Gamera floating in the Pacific Ocean, encased in rock, and mistake him for an atoll.[48] Within the rock, they discover a large monolith explaining Gamera's origins, along with dozens of magatama made from orichalcum, which allow for a psychic link between Gamera and humans. In Gamera 3: Revenge of Iris, an undersea graveyard containing numerous Gamera-like fossils is shown, suggesting that Gamera was not the only one of his kind. One character in the film refers to these fossils as "beta versions" of Gamera, possibly failures in Atlantis' attempts to create the final version.

The continuity of the franchise was rebooted a second time with the 2006 film Gamera the Brave, the 12th entry in the series. The opening scene of the film, set in 1973, depicts the original Gamera sacrificing himself by means of self-destruction to save a coastal village from three Gyaos.[49] 33 years later, a young boy named Toru Aizawa finds a glowing, heart-shaped rock near his home, with a small egg lying on top of it.[49][50] A baby turtle hatches from the egg, and begins to grow in size at an alarming rate.[50] The turtle, dubbed "Toto" by Toru, quickly forms a bond with the boy and develops the ability to breathe fire and fly.[50] After consuming the glowing rock found with his egg, Toto fully transforms into the next incarnation of Gamera, gaining the power to defeat a lizard-like monster known as Zedus.[51]

The incarnation of the character appeared in the spin-off novelization of the 2021 film The Great Yokai War: Guardians was uniquely portrayed to be an actual goddess.[7]

History

The Gamera film series is broken into three different eras, each reflecting a characteristic style and corresponding to the same eras used to classify all kaiju eiga (monster movies) in Japan. The names of the three eras refer to the Japanese emperor during production: the Shōwa era, the Heisei era, and the Reiwa era.

Productions of each films and merchandizes including budgets since the original 1965 film have been confined due to financial situations of Daiei Film and Tokuma Shoten, resulting in repeated copyright transfers of the franchise and limited productions overall, including cancellations of various projects and failed global expansions, further declining public recognitions of the character and made Kadokawa Corporation more difficult to restore the series.[10] The Heisei Trilogy originally started as an attempt to reboot Daimajin.[52]

Box office of Gamera: Guardian of the Universe, the first installation of the reboot by Tokuma Shoten in 1995, was also disturbed by the Great Hanshin earthquake, and its enthusiasm was slowed down. Despite the Heisei Trilogy is highly acclaimed, continuation of the series after Gamera 3: Revenge of Iris was cancelled due to the overall box office result of the trilogy and the difficulty to uplift sequels after depicting the titular heroic monster as an unintentional threat to humanity in the 1999 film, where the film plot largely displeased Noriaki Yuasa and others, and the draft by Shusuke Kaneko and Kazunori Itō for the sequel to portray Gamera to be a further threat to cause a catastrophe was immediately turned down.[52][9] This plot was later re-used for the 2003 independent film, GAMERA4-TRUTH by Shinpei Hayashiya.[53] Kaneko noted that he was at one point almost dismissed during the production of the 1995 film due to considerable disagreements between Kaneko and Itō against executives and Showa staffs to depict Gamera to be both an artificial "living machine" and a threat to humanity without caring humans at all, and the plot of Gamera 3: Revenge of Iris partially followed these ideas.[52][9]

Ironically, the popularity of the Heisei Trilogy indirectly triggered another backset on the franchise; the 2006 film Gamera the Brave, the first reboot attempt by Kadokawa Corporation reusing the original scripts of the 1995 film, was aimed to restore the character as the friend and guardian of children, however the film was generally not well-accepted by fans of the Heisei trilogy while it was more welcomed by children and female audiences, resulted in the commercial failure of the film and cancellations of sequels and related works such as animes by Cartoon Network and Yoshitomo Yonetani,[9][54][55] and the franchise was again in a years of slumber until the 2023 Netflix series Gamera Rebirth.

To date, Gamera, the Giant Monster is the only film to be released theatrically in the United States; however, it was heavily localized and retitled Gammera the Invincible.[56] In the United States, Gamera attained prominence during the 1970s due to the burgeoning popularity of UHF television stations featuring Saturday afternoon matinée showcases such as Creature Double Feature,[57] and later in the 1990s when five Gamera films were featured on the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000.

Shōwa era (1965–1980)

The film series began in 1965 with Gamera, the Giant Monster, directed by Noriaki Yuasa, which is the first and only entry in the entire series to be shot in black-and-white. In 1966, the film was released theatrically in the United States under the title Gammera the Invincible. A total of seven Gamera films were produced between 1965 and 1971, with one being released in Japan each year. These films, several of which were also directed by Yuasa, became popular with child audiences. During this time, five of the seven films were picked up for television distribution in the United States by American International Television. Just as Gamera, the Giant Monster becoming Gammera the Invincible, each film (except for Gamera vs. Zigra) was dubbed into English and re-titled for American viewers—Gamera vs. Barugon became War of the Monsters;[58] Gamera vs. Gyaos became Return of the Giant Monsters;[59] Gamera vs. Viras became Destroy All Planets;[60] Gamera vs. Guiron became Attack of the Monsters;[61] and Gamera vs. Jiger became Gamera vs. Monster X.[62]

Despite several sources stating that a monster called Garasharp was to appear in the eighth entry in the Gamera series slated for a 1972 release,[63][64][65] director Noriaki Yuasa stated that Garasharp was created specifically for the short film Gamera vs. Garasharp featured on the 1991 LD set, Gamera Permanent Preservation Plan,[66] and that a new two-headed monster was planned for the next film,[67] which was canceled because Daiei Film went into bankruptcy in 1971 and the Gamera films were forced to cease production as a result.[63][68]

After Daiei was purchased by Tokuma Shoten in 1974, the new management wanted to produce another Gamera film, resulting in Gamera: Super Monster (also known as Space Monster Gamera), released in 1980. The filmmakers were forced to make the movie because of the contract for one more Gamera film that they owed to Daiei. Approximately one-third of Gamera: Super Monster is composed of stock footage from six of the previous seven films.[69] Yuasa had Takahashi end the film by having Gamera be presumably killed by sacrificing his life to save Earth while the later-published manga by Hurricane Ryu depicted that Gamera was artificially resurrected.[70]

In 1985, the American distribution rights to the Gamera films were bought by producer Sandy Frank, who distributed five of the eight films with new English dubbing.[71] In 1988 and 1989, Frank's versions of Gamera, the Giant Monster (simply re-titled Gamera),[32] Gamera vs. Barugon, Gamera vs. Gyaos (re-titled Gamera vs. Gaos), Gamera vs. Guiron, and Gamera vs. Zigra were each used in episodes of the television program Mystery Science Theater 3000, during the show's first season, which aired on KTMA-TV.[32][71][72]

Heisei era (1995–2015)

In the 1995 series reboot, Gamera: Guardian of the Universe, three Gyaos are discovered on a remote island. The Japanese government discovers that they are all female and decides that since they are the last of their kind, they should be captured and studied. Meanwhile, scientists search for a moving atoll in the Pacific. When the atoll is located, small gems made of an unknown metal are discovered on it, as well as a stone that protrudes from the center of the island. The scientists take pictures and collect some of the strange gems, but the stone crumbles and the atoll takes off towards Japan at high speeds. The atoll is found to be an ancient monster of Atlantean origin called Gamera. He attacks the Gyaos; two are killed, but one escapes. The remaining Gyaos grows to Gamera-like proportions and returns to resume the battle. Gamera defeats this foe and heads out to sea.

In Gamera 2: Attack of Legion, released in 1996, Gamera defends Earth from attack by an alien force known as Legion. In Gamera 3: Revenge of Iris, released in 1999, Gamera has to face hordes of Gyaos and a new foe known as Iris. In Gamera the Brave, released in 2006, Gamera battles Gyaos and Zedus. This was the 12th and most recent film in the franchise.

In March 2014, Anime News Network reported that a new Gamera production was planned, with no release date specified.[73] At the New York Comic Con held in October 2015, Kadokawa Daiei Studio's senior managing director Tsuyoshi Kikuchi and producer Shinichiro Inoue screened a full proof-of-concept film in honor of the franchise's 50th anniversary; the short was directed by Katsuhito Ishii.[74] The proof-of-concept film featured a newly designed Gamera, a swarm of newly designed Gyaos and a new, as yet unnamed monster, all of which were created and rendered through the use of computer-generated imagery.[75][76][77] It has been rumored since the film's release at New York Comic Con that it was never completed. However, the film's official website[78] and an interview with the director both state that it was only a short proof of concept film.[79]

Reiwa era (2023)

An anime series, titled Gamera Rebirth, was released globally on Netflix in 2023.[80][81]

Filmography

Films

No. Title Year Director(s) Monster co-star(s) Licenses
Shōwa era (1965–1980)
1

Gamera, the Giant Monster

 1965 Noriaki Yuasa None Arrow Video[82]
2

Gamera vs. Barugon

 1966 Shigeo Tanaka Barugon
3

Gamera vs. Gyaos

 1967 Noriaki Yuasa Gyaos
4

Gamera vs. Viras

 1968 Viras
5

Gamera vs. Guiron

 1969 Guiron, Space Gyaos
6

Gamera vs. Jiger

 1970 Jiger, Jiger's baby
7

Gamera vs. Zigra

 1971 Zigra
8

Gamera: Super Monster

 1980 Gyaos, Zigra, Viras, Jiger, Guiron, and Barugon
Heisei era (1995–2006)
9

Gamera: Guardian of the Universe

 1995 Shusuke Kaneko Gyaos Arrow Video[82]
10

Gamera 2: Attack of Legion

 1996 Legion
11

Gamera 3: Revenge of Iris

 1999 Iris, Gyaos Hyper[83]
12

Gamera the Brave

 2006 Ryuta Tasaki Original Gyaos,[84] Zedus

Original net animation

Title Director(s) Year Eps Ref(s)
Gamera Rebirth Hiroyuki Seshita 2023 6 [85]

Documentary

Title Director(s) Year Eps Ref(s)
GAMERA 1999 Hideaki Anno 1999 6 [86]

Independent film

Title Director(s) Year Eps Ref(s)
GAMERA4-TRUTH Shinpei Hayashiya 2003 6 [53]

Other media

Home media

In 2003, Alpha Video released the American versions of four Shōwa films on pan and scan DVDs: Gammera the Invincible,[87][88] Gamera vs. Barugon (as War of the Monsters),[89] Gamera vs. Viras (as Destroy All Planets)[90] and Gamera vs. Guiron (as Attack of the Monsters).[91]

In 2010, Shout! Factory acquired the rights from Kadokawa Pictures for all eight of the Showa Gamera films in order to release the uncut Japanese versions on DVD for the first time ever in North America. These "Special Edition" DVDs were released in sequential order, starting with Gamera, the Giant Monster on May 18, 2010, followed by Gamera vs. Barugon and two double features: Gamera vs. Gyaos with Gamera vs. Viras, and Gamera vs. Guiron with Gamera vs. Jiger. On March 15, 2011, Shout! Factory released the last two films of the Showa series in a double feature of Gamera vs. Zigra with Gamera: Super Monster. Shout! Factory later released MST3K vs. Gamera, a special 21st volume of Mystery Science Theater 3000 containing the episodes featuring all five Gamera movies from the show's third season.

On April 29, 2014, Mill Creek Entertainment released the eight Showa Gamera films (1965–1980) on Blu-ray in two volumes, Gamera: The Ultimate Collection Volume 1 and Gamera: The Ultimate Collection Volume 2, featuring the original widescreen video and original Japanese audio only with English subtitles, and also the first 11 films (1965–1999) on DVD again as The Gamera Legacy Collection: 1965 - 1999, also featuring the original widescreen video and original Japanese audio only with English subtitles.[92] The Heisei trilogy was re-released on Blu-ray earlier from Mill Creek Entertainment on September 27, 2011, once again featuring the original widescreen video and original Japanese audio only with English subtitles.

On August 17, 2020, Arrow Video released a Blu-ray box set titled Gamera: The Complete Collection. The set features the original Japanese cuts for all 12 films, with English audio options; the Blu-ray debut of Gammera the Invincible and War of the Monsters; digital HD transfers and 4K restorations of the Heisei trilogy; case artwork by Matt Frank; audio commentaries by August Ragone, David Kalat, Steve Ryfle, and Ed Godziszewski; a full color hardcover reprint of Dark Horse Comics' four-issue comic book miniseries Gamera the Guardian of the Universe; the English-language printing debut of the comic book story Gamera: The Last Hope by Matt Frank and Joshua Bugosh; and an 80-page book featuring a retrospective on the series by Patrick Macias with illustrations by Jolyon Yates.[82]

Comics

The first issue of the comic book miniseries Gamera the Guardian of the Universe by Dark Horse Comics

Dark Horse Comics published a four-issue miniseries based on Gamera called Gamera the Guardian of the Universe in 1996.[93] The miniseries features Gamera, Gyaos, Zigra, and Viras.[94][95][96][97] The manga series Dr. Slump, written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama, depicts Gamera as appearing in the land of Penguin Village.[98] In the manga series Dragon Ball, also by Toriyama, a flying turtle which resembles a smaller version of Gamera is summoned by Master Roshi to carry him to Fire Mountain.[99] There are references to Gamera in chapters of the manga series Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo, written and illustrated by Osamu Akimoto, and Kinnikuman, created by Yudetamago. These chapters appear in Gamera: Super Monster, the eighth film in the franchise.[100]

Television

The third season of Mystery Science Theater 3000 contains five episodes which each feature a film from the Gamera franchise's Shōwa period: Gamera, the Giant Monster, Gamera vs. Barugon, Gamera vs. Gyaos, Gamera vs. Guiron, and Gamera vs. Zigra.[101][102] The thirteenth season of the show also contains an episode that features Gamera vs. Jiger. In a similar manner to events depicted in the manga series upon which it was based, the anime television series Dragon Ball features a creature known as Baby Gamera, a flying turtle resembling a miniature version of Gamera which transports Master Roshi to Fire Mountain.[103][104] Gamera was parodied in the South Park episode "Mecha-Streisand",[105] and was featured in the Simpsons episode "Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo".[106]

An anime series, titled Gamera Rebirth, was released on Netflix in 2023.[80][81]

Video games

Gamera appeared in several video games released in 1995, including Gamera: Daikaiju Kuchu Kessen for the Game Boy,[107] Gamera: Gyaosu Gekimetsu Sakusen for the Super Famicom,[108] and Gamera: The Time Adventure for the Bandai Playdia.[109] In 1997, Gamera 2000 was released exclusively in Japan for the PlayStation.[110] In 2017, Gamera appeared in the video game City Shrouded in Shadow, released for the PlayStation 4, alongside such characters as Legion, Godzilla, Ultraman, and Evangelion Unit-01.[111][112]

Reception

Box office performance and critical response

Many of the Gamera films were commercially successful in Japan, rivaling the Godzilla franchise at the box office during the 1960s.[16] However, they were commonly regarded as being inferior to the Godzilla films, with criticism being aimed at the derivative and absurd nature of the series.[113] Despite this, the 1995 reboot Gamera: Guardian of the Universe was both a critical and financial success, remaining in the top 10 films in Japan for its first six weeks of release and grossing more than Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla, which was also playing in Japanese theaters at that time.[113]

Legacy

Todd McCarthy, in his review of Gamera: Guardian of the Universe for Variety, wrote that "Despite its horrific countenance and plated shell, Gamera remains one of the most likable of all movie monsters".[114] Brian Solomon of the website Bloody Disgusting ranked Gamera eighth on his list of "Most Kick-Ass Giant Monsters in Movie History".[115] Gamera was also ranked eighth on Rick Mele of Sharp's list of "Greatest Giant Monsters in Movie History".[116] Chris Coffel of Film School Rejects wrote that "I would argue that the Gamera franchise is better than the Godzilla franchise", complimenting Gamera's turtle-like design and his affinity for children.[117] Jeremy Robinson noted that Gamera is his favoruite kaiju and had influences on his Nemesis Saga.[118] Atsuji Yamamoto noted that Gamera was one of inspiration sources for his images of protagonists of his works.[119]

The Heisei Gamera Trilogy is widely applauded both by film makers and audiences in Japan, and Keiichi Hasegawa remarked that it had a great impact on tokusatsu works afterwards especially the Ultraman and the Kamen Rider franchises, and several important tokusatsu techniques were created by the trilogy while expertise and connections from previous Ultraman works including a scrapped Ultra Q project by Kaneko and Kazunori Itō, Ultraman 80, and Ultraman Powered in return influenced the Heisei Gamera Trilogy. Digimon Tamers and Ultraman Tiga were re-developed from the original scripts of Gamera: Guardian of the Universe by Chiaki J. Konaka and Kazuya Konaka and Yoshikazu Okada[52] which also became the basis for Gamera the Brave.[9] As above mentioned, several Godzilla films have been pointed out to be influenced by Heisei Gamera Trilogy, and GMK and Shin Godzilla were directed by Shusuke Kaneko and Shinji Higuchi.[19][20][18] Kaneko acknowledges the similarities between Heisei Gamera Trilogy and MonsterVerse series,[19] and the scrapped Gamera project "Gamera 3D" which was the successor of "Godzilla 3D" by Yoshimitsu Banno served as one of predecessors of MonsterVerse.[22][120][23] Higuchi also adapted his experiences and miniature models from the Heisei Gamera Trilogy for his 2012 short film Giant God Warrior Appears in Tokyo where Daiei franchises and Studio Ghibli were owned by Tokuma Shoten at that time.[9] A popular television series How Do You Like Wednesday? is also strongly influenced by the trilogy.[121][122]

The extinct Cretaceous sinemyidid turtle with long spines on its carapace, Sinemys gamera, classified in 1993, was named after Gamera.[123]

The extinct Cretaceous baenid turtle Gamerabaena sonsalla, classified in 2010, was named after Gamera.[124]

A specimen of Nodosauridae was also nicknamed after the kaiju.[125]

As above mentioned, numerous media globally have references to the franchise. Such examples are; Godzilla franchise,[26][27][28] Pokemon,[126] Bowser from Mario series,[127][128] Castlevania[129] Mega Man,[130] World of Warcraft,[131] and many others video games,[132] Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump franchizes,[99] The Simpsons,[133] South Park,[134] Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles,[135] Justice League Unlimited,[136] Green Lantern,[137][138] Frankenweenie,[139] Franklin,[140] The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy,[141] Megas XLR,[142] Megatokyo,[143] Voltes V: Legacy,[144] Pacific Rim Uprising,[145] Mountain Dew Code Red,[146] and so on. Gamera's roars were used in other media including Godzilla and Pokemon franchizes.[24][147] Other cases include companies[148][149] and songs such as Gamera by Tortoise and Paragraph President by Blackalicious[150] feature Gamera in their names or lyrics.

November 27 is publicly refereed as "Gamera Day" (Japanese: ガメラの日, Hepburn: Gamera no Hi) in Japan as the first film was released on the day in 1965.[151] Chōfu features Gamera and Daimajin along with characters from Shigeru Mizuki's GeGeGe no Kitarō and Akuma-kun as symbols where there have been several minor-crossovers between these franchises,[7][8][152][153] and an official mascot character named Gachora (Japanese: ガチョラ, Hepburn: Gachora) was designed after Gamera.[35]

The University of Maryland Gamera I human-powered helicopter, along with its successor, was named after Gamera.[154] Developed by University of Maryland engineering students in 2011 and 2012, respectively, the name was also chosen in reference to the university's mascot, the diamondback terrapin, as well as to flights undertaken by Japanese human-powered helicopters years prior.[154]

In July 2011, Washington State University veterinarians successfully fixed a prosthetic caster onto an African spurred tortoise named Gamera (after the giant turtle), who was a single amputee.[155][156][157]

J/FPS-5, an early-warning radar of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force is often referred as "Gamera Radar" (Japanese: ガメラレーダー, Hepburn: Gamera Rēdā) due to its shape somewhat resembling a turtle shell.[158]

Naoyuki "Gyaos" Naitō, a TV personality who was formerly a baseball player and a manager, took his stage name from Gyaos, the most recurring foe of Gamera of the series.[159] Similarly, Kazuhiro "Daimajin" Sasaki was nicknamed after the Daimajin, the character redeveloped from the Gamera franchise,[4][160] where Chikara Hashimoto who portrayed the Daimajin was also a baseball player.[161]

Notes

    References

    1. ↑ Ragone 2020, 05:11.
    2. ↑ Galbraith IV 2008, p. 395.
    3. 1 2 Kalat 2010, p. 178.
    4. 1 2 Junzo Takaki, ed. (19 July 1996). "chapterIII 大魔神の章（1966）『大魔神』". ガメラ画報 大映秘蔵映画五十五年の歩み. B media books special. Takeshobo. p. 85. ISBN 4-8124-0166-6.
    5. ↑ Matsunomoto, Kazuhiro, 1996, The Gamera Chronicles, p.104-105, Takeshobo
    6. ↑ 甦れ!妖怪映画大集合!! 2005, p.97, p.116-119, Takeshobo
    7. 1 2 3 Hirokazu Minemori, 2021, The Great Yokai War: Guardians: Side Story: Heian Hyakkitan, pp.265-271, Media Works Bunko, Kadokawa
    8. 1 2 Natsuhiko Kyogoku, 2018, USO MAKOTO Yōkai Hyaku Monogatari, "Kyu", 373-375, p.392, Kadokawa
    9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ASCII MEDIA WORKS, 2014, Heisei Gamera Perfection, p.75, p.80, p.87, p.159, pp.196-205, p.213, p.237, Kadokawa Shoten
    10. 1 2 Fuminobi Hata, December 12, 2022, 俺はお前を待っていた！Netflixで復活の大怪獣ガメラ、その歩みと新作への期待, IGN Japan
    11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kotz, Sean (19 March 2006). "Why the Heck is Gamera a Turtle?". SciFi Japan. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
    12. ↑ Galbraith IV 1996, p. 177.
    13. ↑ Clarke, Frederick S. (1996). "Cinefantastique". Cinefantastique. Vol. 28. p. 3. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
    14. ↑ "Here's Why We Probably Won't See Gamera in GODZILLA: KING OF THE MONSTERS". Dread Central. 22 December 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
    15. ↑ Raymond, Nicholas (21 June 2019). "Godzilla: King Of The Monsters' Atlantis Sets Up Multiple New Titans". ScreenRant. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
    16. 1 2 3 Deusner, Stephen M. (17 May 2010). "Turtle Soup: 'Gamera, the Giant Monster'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
    17. ↑ Orr, Christopher (22 May 2014). "Why You Should Watch the (Actual) Original Godzilla". The Atlantic. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
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    21. ↑ BANGER, 2019, ネタバレ全開！ 徹底解説『ゴジラ キング・オブ・モンスターズ』は「平成ガメラ」から「ストレンジャー・シングス」までオマージュだらけだ!!
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    128. ↑ Yukio Sawada, 1994, Super Mario-kun, Vol.11, Shogakukan
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    130. ↑ Video Game / Mega Man 7
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    132. ↑ ●映画　か
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    134. ↑ Mecha-Streisand
    135. ↑ The Ever-Burning Fire
    136. ↑ Chaos at the Earth's Core
    137. ↑ While Rome Burned, Part 5
    138. ↑ Screenshot
    139. ↑ DNA of the king of Kaiju (Godzilla) is alive and well across the world No. 4: All Kaiju attack
    140. ↑ Technical University of Munich, Franklin In The Dark
    141. ↑ Connections
    142. ↑ Breakout
    143. ↑ The Shame of the Gamera Family
    144. ↑ Gamera
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    146. ↑ Mtn Dew Code Red Zero Sugar - 12 CT
    147. ↑ As Eternatus' roars in Pokémon Journeys: The Series, November 6th, 2020, Sword and Shield: "From Here to Eternatus!"
    148. ↑ Gamera Games
    149. ↑ Gamera Interactive
    150. ↑ Paragraph President (club version)
    151. ↑ 「11月27日ガメラの日」に予約開始！『ガメラ3 邪神〈イリス〉覚醒』ガメラがPVC製塗装済完成品フィギュアとなって登場！
    152. ↑ 角川大映スタジオ（※施設見学不可）
    153. ↑ 11/17～11/30ゲゲゲ忌2023開催！
    154. 1 2 Berry, Ben; Bowen-Davies, Graham; Gluesenkamp, Kyle; Kaler, Zak; Schmaus, Joseph; Staruk, William; Weiner, Elizabeth; Woods (May 2012). "Design optimization of Gamera II: a human powered helicopter". Proc. 68th Am. Helicopter Soc. Annu. Forum. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
    155. ↑ Skarda, Erin (25 July 2011). "Meet Gamera, the All-Terrain Tortoise With a Wheel for a Leg". Time. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
    156. ↑ "Gamera". WSU University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Washington State University. 30 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
    157. ↑ "Friends bid goodbye to well-traveled amputee tortoise". WSU Insider. Washington State University. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
    158. ↑ Toshiharu Suzusaki (2012). "沖縄の「ガメラ」与座岳分屯基地開庁39周年". 軍事研究. Japan Military Review. 47 (5): 11–13.
    159. ↑ 第55回 ＜怪獣ブーム50周年企画　PART-6＞ 『大怪獣空中戦　ガメラ対ギャオス』
    160. ↑ 「ホントに大きい!」『大魔神カノン』主演女優・里久鳴祐果、リアル大魔神・佐々木主浩のデカさに口あんぐり
    161. ↑ 『大魔神』4Kで観てもすごい！見事な“職人技”を堪能できる名作特撮

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