Thāru
थारू
A Tharu woman in traditional dress
A Tharu woman in traditional dress
Total population
c. 1.96 million
Regions with significant populations
   Nepal1,807,124[1]
 India:
       Bihar
159,939[2]
       Uttar Pradesh105,291
       Uttarakhand91,342
Languages
Tharu languages, Nepali, Hindi
Religion
Hinduism 94%, Buddhism 3.2%, Christianity 1.7%, Prakriti 0.7%, Bahai 0.03%[3]
Related ethnic groups

The Tharu people are an ethnic group indigenous to the Terai in southern Nepal and northern India.[4][5][6] They speak Tharu languages.[7] They are recognized as an official nationality by the Government of Nepal.[8] In the Indian Terai, they live foremost in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The Government of India recognizes the Tharu people as a scheduled Indian tribe.[9][10]

Etymology

The word थारू (thāru) is thought to be derived from sthavir meaning follower of Theravada Buddhism. The Tharu people in the central Nepali Terai see themselves as the original people of the land and descendants of Gautama Buddha. Rana Tharu people of western Nepal connect the name to the Thar Desert and understand themselves as descendants of Rajputs who migrated to the forests in the 16th century.[11] Possible is also that the name is derived from the classical Tibetan words mtha'-ru'i brgyud, meaning the 'country at the border', which the Tibetan scholar Taranatha used in the 16th century in his book on the history of Buddhism.[6]

Distribution

Map showing area inhabited by Tharu people in dark green

As of 2011, the Tharu population of Nepal was censused at 1,737,470 people, or 6.6% of the total population.[12] The frequency of Tharu people by province was as follows:

The frequency of Tharu people was higher than national average (6.6%) in the following districts:[13]

In 2009, the majority of Tharu people were estimated to live in Nepal.[14] There are several endogamous subgroups of Tharu that are scattered over most of the Terai:[6][15]

Smaller numbers of Tharu people reside in the adjacent Indian districts Champaran in Bihar, Gorakhpur, Basti and Gonda districts in Uttar Pradesh, and Khatima in Uttarakhand.[5]

History

According to Al-Biruni, Tharu people have been living in the eastern Terai since at least the 10th century.[6] They claim descent from the Śākya and Koliya peoples who lived in ancient city of Kapilvastu. The Rana Tharus in western Nepal claim to be of Rajput origin and to have migrated from the Thar Desert in Rajasthan to Nepal's Far Western Terai region after the defeat of Maharana Pratap against a Mughal emperor in the 16th century.[11] Most scholars refute this claim.[26]

13th century

The Tabaqat-i Nasiri chronicle of the Islamic world which contains records of an expedition by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji into Kamrup region between Gauda and Tibet in 1205 A.D refers to the resident people as Kunch (Koch), Mej/Meg (Mech), Tiharu (Taru) as having Mongoloid appearances.[27] These people impressed the Turkic Muslims who had similar features as them, like slanting eyes, snub noses, high cheek bones, yellow complexion of the Mongols and who spoke a different language than in the rest of the subcontinent.[28]

Modern history (1700–1990)

Following the unification of Nepal in the late 18th century, members of the ruling families received land grants in the Terai and were entitled to collect revenue from those who cultivated the land. The Tharu people became bonded labourers in a system also known as Kamaiya.[29] In 1854, Jung Bahadur Rana enforced the so-called Muluki Ain, a General Code, in which both Hindu and non-Hindu castes were classified based on their habits of food and drink.[30] Tharu people were categorized as "Paani Chalne Masinya Matwali", i.e. touchable enslavable alcohol drinking group, together with several other ethnic minorities.[31][32]

In the late 1950s, the World Health Organization supported the Nepalese government in eradicating malaria in the forests of the central Terai.[33] Following the malaria eradication program using DDT in the 1960s, a large and heterogeneous non-Tharu population from the Nepali hills, Bhutan, Sikkim and India settled in the region.[34] In the western Terai, many Tharu families lost the land, which they used to cultivate, to these immigrants and were forced to work as Kamaiya.[7] In Chitwan, after the eradication of malaria, the U.S. government joined forces with the Nepali government in a project to build a new road, schools and health clinics, and distribute land to migrants from the hills. They invited Tharu people to take land but many Tharus preferred staying "voluntarily landless", as they worried that taking land would make them vulnerable to exploitation from Nepali governmental tax collectors and to attacks from wild animals. They preferred to stay as tenants for large Tharu landlords, who were often relatives.[35]

When the first protected areas were established in Chitwan, Tharu communities were forced to relocate from their traditional lands. They were denied any right to own land and thus forced into a situation of landlessness and poverty. When the Chitwan National Park was designated, Nepalese soldiers destroyed the villages located inside the national park, burned down houses, and beat the people who tried to plough their fields. Some threatened Tharu people at gun point to leave.[15]

Recent history (1990–present)

After the overthrow of the Panchayat system in Nepal in 1990, the Tharu ethnic association Tharu Kalyankari Sabha joined the umbrella organisation of ethnic groups, a predecessor of the Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities.[11]

In July 2000, the Government of Nepal abolished the practice of bonded labour prevalent under the Kamaiya system and declared loan papers illegal. Kamaiya families were thus enfranchised from debts supposedly incurred, but were also rendered homeless and jobless.[36] Bonded labour shifted to children who work in other households for food for themselves and their families, but rarely with access to school education.[37]

During the Nepalese Civil War, Tharu people experienced an intense period of violence, were recruited by and coerced to help the Maoists, especially in western Nepal; several Tharu leaders were assassinated and infrastructure of the Tharu organisation Backward Society Education destroyed.[38] After the Comprehensive Peace Accord was signed in 2006, Tharu organisations postulated an autonomous Tharu state within a federal Nepal, emphasising equality of opportunity and equal distribution of land and resources.[39] In 2009, Tharu people across the Nepal Terai protested against the government's attempt to categorize them as Madheshi people.[38][40]

Culture

Wax statues of Tharu people in Tharu Museum, Chitwan District

The Tharu people comprise several groups who speak different dialects and differ in traditional dress, customs, rituals and social organization.[41] They consider themselves as a people of the forest. In Chitwan, they have lived in the forests for hundreds of years practising a short fallow shifting cultivation. They plant rice, wheat, mustard, maize and lentils, but also collect forest products such as wild fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants and materials to build their houses; hunt deer, rabbit and wild boar, and go fishing in the rivers and oxbow lakes.[15]

The Rana Tharus never went abroad for employment, a life that kept them isolated in their own localities.[42] They developed a unique culture free from the influence of adjacent India, or from the ethnic groups in Nepal's mountains. The most striking aspects of their environment are the decorated rice containers, colorfully painted verandahs and outer walls of their homes using only available materials like clay, mud, cow dung and grass. Much of the rich design is rooted in devotional activities and passed on from one generation to the next, occasionally introducing contemporary elements such as a bus or an airplane.[43]

Language

Tharu communities in different parts of Nepal and India do not share the same language. Several speak various endemic Tharu languages. In western Nepal and adjacent parts of India, Tharus speak variants of Hindi, Urdu and Awadhi.[41] In and near central Nepal, they speak a variant of Bhojpuri. In eastern Nepal, they speak a variant of Maithili.[24] More standard versions of these dialects are widely spoken by non-Tharu neighbors in the same areas so that there are no important linguistic barriers between Tharus and their neighbors. However, there are linguistic barriers between these dialects standing in the way of communication between Tharus from different regions.[7]

Folk dance

Sakhiya dance is a traditional dance of Tharu community performed during the Dashain and Tihar festivals by the unmaried young girls and boys.[44]

Lathi Nach, also known as Tharu stick dance is a cultural dance mainly performed during the Dashain festival. Laathi Nach has become a popular tourist attraction in Nepal, particularly Chitwan District.

Religion

The spiritual beliefs and moral values of the Tharu people are closely linked to the natural environment.[5] The pantheon of their gods comprises a large number of deities that live in the forest. They are asked for support before entering the forest.[15] Tharus have been influenced by Hinduism for several centuries. However, since the 1990s, some Tharu groups in the Nepal Terai converted to Buddhism in the wake of ethnic movements for social inclusion and against the religious hierarchy imposed by the Hindu State.[45] In recent years a smaller number of Tharu people have converted to Christianity particularly after the rise of democracy in 1990.[46][47]

Marriage system

Traditionally, Rana Tharus practice arranged marriages, which parents often arrange already during the couple's childhood. The wedding ceremony is held when the bride and groom reach marriable age. The ceremony lasts several days, involving all the relatives of the two families.[48] Among the Rana Tharus in Bardiya District, it is also custom to arrange marriage of a daughter in exchange for getting a bride for a son or vice versa. Parents give particular attention to the working capacity of the groom and bride, rather than the economic situation of the in-law family. Polygamous marriages are also customary among Tharu people, with rich land holders marrying between two and five women.[49]

Household structure

In the western Terai, Rana Tharu traditionally live in Badaghar called longhouses with big families of up to 31 members from four generations and between one and eight married couples. The household members pool their labour force, contribute their income, share the expenditure and use one kitchen. The eldest male person in charge of Badaghar households and associated land holdings is called Mukhiya. He assigns tasks to family members, is responsible for the family's social activities and has to report income and expenditures annually to the family. When families were forced to resettle, some of these Badaghar households broke up into smaller units of up to six households.[50]

Social structure

Tharu people in Rajapur, Nepal are either landholders, cultivate land on a sharecropping basis or are landless agricultural labourers.[49]

Festivals

Tharu people celebrate Maghe Sankranti on the first day of the Nepali month of Magh, usually around the middle of January. Depending on the location they call this day Magh, Maghi, Tila Sankranti, Kichhra and Khichdi.[51] In the western region of Nepal, they celebrate Ashtimki on the day of Krishna Janmashtami. On this day, people of Tharu communities draw a special artwork known as Ashtimki Chitra made on the wall of the living room of the house of the village elder. The art in painting is thought to be related to the creation of the universe.[52] In the eastern Terai, Tharu people celebrate Jur Sital on the first day of the year in the month of Vaisakha by sprinkling water on each other. The elders put water on the forehead and head of the young ones with blessing, while the young people put water on the feet of the elders to pay respect. Compatriots sprinkle water on each other’s body.[53][54] Tharu women of central and eastern Nepal celebrate Jitiya, which is one of the most important Tharu festivals. They fast or keep “vrata” for the welfare of their children.[55] Eastern Tharus celebrate Saama Chakeva in the month of Kartik to honour the relationship between brothers and sisters. The sisters make clay statuettes of Shama, Chakewa, Sathbhainya, Chugala and a dog among others.[56]

Genetics

Genetic studies on Y-DNA of Tharu people from two villages in Chitwan district and one in Morang district revealed a high presence of Haplogroup O-M117 (33.3%) followed by Haplogroup H (25.7%), Haplogroup J2a-M410(xM68, M47, M67, M158) (9.9%), Haplogroup R1a (8.8%), Haplogroup R2a-M124 (4.7%), Haplogroup J2b2-M12/M102/M241(xM99) (4.1%), Haplogroup D-M174 (3.5%), Haplogroup L-M20 (2.3%), Haplogroup O-M95 (2.3%), Haplogroup E-M35 (1.8%), Haplogroup O-M134(xM117) (1.2%), Haplogroup Q-M242 (1.2%), Haplogroup C1b1a1-M356 (0.6%), and Haplogroup K-M9(xM70, M20, M214, M74) (0.6%). A genetic study on mtDNA of several Tharus in Nepal showed that the total of South Asian mtDNA haplogroups ranges from 31.6% to 67.5% in the Tharu while the total of East Asian mtDNA haplogroups ranges from 32.5% to 68.4% depending on the Tharu group studied.[57] A genetic survey of Tharus from Nepal, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh showed that they have both a South Asian and an East Asian human genetic origin.[58]

Resistance to malaria

The Tharu are famous for their ability to survive in the malarial parts of the Terai that were deadly to outsiders.[7] Contemporary medical research comparing Tharu with other ethnic groups living nearby found an incidence of malaria nearly seven times lower among Tharu.[59] The researchers believed such a large difference pointed to genetic factors rather than behavioural or dietary differences. This was confirmed by follow-up investigation finding genes for thalassemia in nearly all Tharu studied.[60][61] Tharu people have limited, not complete, immunity to malaria. Many Tharus, particularly babies, died from malaria.[35]

Notable Tharu people

References

  1. ↑ National Statistics Office (2021). National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report. Government of Nepal (Report).
  2. ↑ General & Census Commissioner (2011). A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  3. ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics (2014). Population monograph of Nepal (PDF) (Report). Vol. II. Government of Nepal.
  4. ↑ Bista, D. B. (1971). "Tharu". People of Nepal (Second ed.). Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. pp. 108–118.
  5. 1 2 3 Rajaure, D. P. (1981). "Tharus of Dang: the people and the social context" (PDF). Kailash. 8 (3/4): 155–185.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Krauskopff, G. (1995). "The anthropology of the Tharus: an annoted bibliography" (PDF). Kailash. 17 (3/4): 185–213.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Guneratne, A. (2002). Many tongues, one people: The making of Tharu identity in Nepal. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801487285.
  8. 1 2 Lewis, M. P.; Simons, G. F.; Fennig, C. D., eds. (2014). "Tharu, Chitwania: a language of Nepal". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  9. ↑ Verma, S. C. (2010). "The eco-friendly Tharu tribe: A study in socio-cultural dynamics". Journal of Asia Pacific Studies. 1 (2): 177–187.
  10. ↑ Raghavan, V. R., ed. (2012). "Strategic Overview". Internal Conflicts: Military Perspectives. New Delhi: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. pp. 15–176. ISBN 9789382573401.
  11. 1 2 3 Skar, H. O. (1995). "Myths of origin: the Janajati Movement, local traditions, nationalism and identities in Nepal" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 22 (1): 31–42.
  12. ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics (2012). National Population and Housing Census 2011 (PDF). Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
  13. ↑ 2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report
  14. ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics (2009). "Chapter 1: Area and Population; Table 1.7: Population Distribution by Caste/Ethnic Groups and Sex for Nepal, 2001". Statistical Year Book of Nepal 2009. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
  15. 1 2 3 4 McLean, J. (1999). "Conservation and the impact of relocation on the Tharus of Chitwan, Nepal". Himalayan Research Bulletin. XIX (2): 38–44.
  16. ↑ Lewis, M. P.; Simons, G. F.; Fennig, C. D., eds. (2014). "Tharu, Rana: a language of Nepal". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  17. ↑ Rana, B. (2022). "Five misconceptions about Rana Tharus". The Record. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  18. ↑ Lewis, M. P.; Simons, G. F.; Fennig, C. D., eds. (2014). "Tharu, Kathoriya: a language of Nepal". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  19. ↑ "Copula Construction in Kathariya Tharu".
  20. ↑ Lewis, M. P.; Simons, G. F.; Fennig, C. D., eds. (2014). "Sonha, a language of Nepal". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  21. ↑ Chaudhary, Anil Dutt. "Phonological study of the Sonaha language".
  22. ↑ Lewis, M. P.; Simons, G. F.; Fennig, C. D., eds. (2014). "Tharu, Dangaura: a language of Nepal". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  23. ↑ Lewis, M. P.; Simons, G. F.; Fennig, C. D., eds. (2014). "Tharu, Kochila: a language of Nepal". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  24. 1 2 Eichentopf, S.R.; Mitchell, J.R. (2013). A Sociolinguistic Study of Kochila Tharu in Southeast Nepal (PDF) (Report). Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN) Central Department of Linguistics Tribhuvan University, Nepal and SIL International.
  25. ↑ Lewis, M. P.; Simons, G. F.; Fennig, C. D., eds. (2014). "Dhanwar: a language of Nepal". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  26. ↑ Shukla, P.K. (1994). "The Tharus of Bihar : A historical and anthropological study". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 55: 646–654. All these scholars reject the claim of the Tharus as originally coming from the region of Thar desert in Rajasthan
  27. ↑ Nath, D. (1989). "The Koches: their racial affinities and original homeland". History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515–1615. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 1–14. ISBN 8170991099. (A)n account of the two expeditions of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji to the kingdom of Kamarupa (ancient Assam) in the first part of the 13th century, noted that during that time this region.. Kamarupa was inhabited by Kunch (Koch), Mej/Meg (Mech), Tiharu (Taru) tribes of Turks countenance. S.K Chatterji in this connection rightly observes that their Mongoloid features and speech made a distinct impression upon the Turks, who were also members of the same race.
  28. ↑ Chatterji, S.K. (1951). "The Turki invasion of Kāma-Rūpa". Kirata-Jana-Krti. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. pp. 100–101. (W)e read in Persian history that these races [Koch, Mech, Taru] had Turki countenances (i.e slanting eyes, snub nose, high cheek-bones and yellow complexion of the Mongols), and they spoke a 'different idiom' from the language of India proper
  29. ↑ Regmi, R. R. (1994). "Deforestation and Rural Society in the Nepalese Terai" (PDF). Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology. 4: 72–89. doi:10.3126/opsa.v4i0.1086.
  30. ↑ Stiller, L. F. (1993). Nepal: Growth of a Nation. Kathmandu: Human Resources Development Research Center.
  31. ↑ Gurung, H. (2005). Social exclusion and Maoist insurgency. National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. Kathmandu, 19–20 January 2005.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  32. ↑ Krauskopff, G. (2007). "An 'indigenous minority' in a border area: Tharu ethnic associations, NGOs, and the Nepalese state". In Gellner, D. (ed.). Resistance and the State: Nepalese Experiences (Revised ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 199–243. ISBN 9781845452162.
  33. ↑ Brydon, H. W.; Joshi, G. & Pradhan, S. P. (1961). "Anopheles distribution and its relation to the malaria eradication programme in central Nepal" (PDF). Mosquito News 21 (2): 102–105.
  34. ↑ Terrenato, L.; Shrestha, S.; Dixit, K.A.; Luzzatto, L.; Modiano, G.; Morpurgo, G. & Arese, P. (1988). "Decreased malaria morbidity in the Tharu and Maithil people compared to sympatric populations in Nepal". Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 82 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1080/00034983.1988.11812202. PMID 3041928.
  35. 1 2 Robertson, T. B. (2018). "DDT and the Cold War: American Social and Environmental Engineering in the Rapti Valley (Chitwan) of Nepal". Journal of American History. 104 (4): 904–930. doi:10.1093/jahist/jax429.
  36. ↑ Chhetri, R.B. (2005). "The plight of the Tharu Kamaiyas in Nepal: A review of the social, economic and political facets". Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology (9): 22–46.
  37. ↑ Giri, B.R. (2012). "The bonded labour system in Nepal: Musahar and Tharu communities' assessments of Haliya and Kamaiya labour contracts". Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences. 4 (2): 518–551.
  38. 1 2 Guneratne, A. (2010). "Tharu – State relations in Nepal and India". Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies. 29 (1): 19–28.
  39. ↑ Maycock, M. (2011). "The Influence of the Tharuhat Autonomous State Council (TASC) in Kailali District in the Far-Western Region". Nepal Journal of Social Science and Public Policy. 1 (1): 78–89. doi:10.53037/na.v1i1.43. S2CID 245428543.
  40. ↑ Pandey, K. (2017). "Politicising ethnicity: Tharu contestation of Madheshi identity in Nepal's Tarai". The South Asianist. 5 (1): 304–322.
  41. 1 2 Guneratne, A. (1998). "Modernization, the State, and the Construction of a Tharu identity in Nepal". The Journal of Asian Studies. 57 (3): 749–773. doi:10.2307/2658740. JSTOR 2658740. S2CID 59415768.
  42. ↑ Gurung, G. M. (1992). "Socioeconomic Network of a Terai Village: An account of the Rana Tharus of Urma-Urmi" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 19 (1): 19–25.
  43. ↑ Meyer, K. W. & Deuel, P. (1997). "The Tharu of the Tarai". Kathmandu: Indigo Gallery. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
  44. ↑ Dangaura, M. (2022). "The Memory of Performance: From Contents to Contexts of Selected Tharu Folk Dances". Scholars: Journal of Arts & Humanities. 4 (1): 11–28. doi:10.3126/sjah.v4i1.43050.
  45. ↑ Letizia, C. (2014). "Buddhist Activism, New Sanghas, and the Politics of Belonging among some Tharu and Magar Communities of southern Nepal". In Toffin, G.; Pfaff-Czarnecka, J. (eds.). Facing Globalization in the Himalayas: Belonging and the Politics of the Self. Governance, Conflict and Civic Action. Vol. 5. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. pp. 289–325. ISBN 978-9351500483.
  46. ↑ Central Bureau of Statistics (2014). Population monograph of Nepal (PDF) (Report). Vol. II. Government of Nepal.
  47. ↑ Dalzell, V. (2018). ‘Our God is not a foreign God’: Ritual Music Practice and Tharu Ethnicity within Western Nepal’s Christian Community. The Annual Kathmandu Conference on Nepal and the Himalaya. Kathmandu, Nepal.
  48. ↑ Kittelsen, T. C. & Gurung, G. M. (1999). "Symbols of tradition, signs of change: marriage customs among the Rana Tharu of Nepal". In Skar, H. O. (ed.). Nepal: Tharu and Tarai Neighbours. Bibliotheca Himalayica. Vol. 16. Kathmandu: Educational Enterprises. pp. 205–222.
  49. 1 2 Pun, S. (2000). "Gender, land and irrigation management in Rajapur". In Pradhan, R.; Benda-Beckmann, F. v.; Benda-Beckmann, K. v. (eds.). Water, land, and law. Changing rights to land and water in Nepal. Proceedings of a workshop held in Kathmandu, March 1998. Kathmandu, Wageningen, Rotterdam: Legal Research and Development Forum, Wageningen Agricultural University, Erasmus University Rotterdam. pp. 195–216. ISBN 9993316008.
  50. ↑ Lam, L. M. (2009). "Land and associated changes in Rana Tharu households" (PDF). Park, hill migration and changes in household livelihood systems of Rana Tharus in Far-western Nepal (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Adelaide: University of Adelaide. pp. 160–186.
  51. ↑ "Maghi the Tharu way". The Kathmandu Post. 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  52. ↑ "थारू समुदायमा अष्टिम्की अनुष्ठान". Annapurna Post. 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  53. ↑ "'Jur Sital/Shiruva', the festival of cold and blessings". Himal Sanchar. 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  54. ↑ "Joorshital/Siruwa: A unique tradition of celebrating the New Year among Tharus in southern Nepal". Online Khabar. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  55. ↑ "Tharu festival 'Jitiya' begins". The Himalayan Times. 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  56. ↑ "Tharu people celebrate Sama-Chakeva festival". My Republica. 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  57. ↑ Fornarino, S.; Pala, M.; Battaglia, V.; Maranta, R.; Achilli, A.; Modiano, G.; Torroni, A.; Semino, O.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S. A. (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
  58. ↑ Chaubey, G.; Singh, M.; Crivellaro, F.; Tamang, R.; Nandan, A.; Singh, K.; Sharma, V.K.; Pathak, A.K.; Shah, A.M.; Sharma, V.; Singh, V.K. & Rani, D.S. (2014). "Unravelling the distinct strains of Tharu ancestry". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (12): 1404–1412. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.36. PMC 4231405. PMID 24667789.
  59. ↑ Terrenato, L.; Shrestha, S.; Dixit, K. A.; Luzzatto, L.; Modiano, G.; Morpurgo, G.; Arese, P. (1988). "Decreased Malaria Morbidity in the Tharu People Compared to Sympatric Populations in Nepal". Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 82 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1080/00034983.1988.11812202. PMID 3041928.
  60. ↑ Modiano, G.; Morpurgo, G.; Terrenato, L.; Novelletto, A.; Di Rienzo, A.; Colombo, B.; Purpura, M.; Marianit, M.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Brega, A.; Dixit, K. A.; Shrestha, S. L.; Lania, A.; Wanachiwanawin, W. and Luzzatto, L. (1991). "Protection against Malaria Morbidity – Near Fixation of the Alpha Thalassemia Gene in a Nepalese Population". American Journal of Human Genetics. 48 (2): 390–397. PMC 1683029. PMID 1990845.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ↑ Luzzatto, L. (2012). "Genetic Factors in Malaria Resistance". In Boulyjenkov, V.; Berg, K.; Christen, Y. (eds.). Genes and Resistance to Disease. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 105–111. ISBN 9783642569470.

Further reading

  • Krauskopff, G. (1989). Maîtres et possédés: Les rites et l'ordre social chez les Tharu (Népal) (in French). Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
  • Meyer, K.; Deuel, P., eds. (1998). The Tharu Barka Naach: a rural folk art version of the Mahabharata. Lalitpur: Himal Books. ISBN 0-9666742-0-0.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tharu people.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.