Portrait of Mrs. Astor by Carolus-Duran, in Paris 1890. This painting was placed prominently in Mrs. Astor's house; she would stand in front of it when receiving guests for receptions. Today, it is held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[1]

The Four Hundred was a list of New York society during the Gilded Age, a group that was led by Caroline Schermerhorn Astor, the "Mrs. Astor", for many years. After her death, her role in society was filled by three women: Mamie Fish, Theresa Fair Oelrichs, and Alva Belmont,[2] known as the "triumvirate" of American society.[3]

On February 16, 1892, The New York Times published the "official" list of those included in the Four Hundred as dictated by social arbiter Ward McAllister, Mrs. Astor's friend and confidant, in response to lists proffered by others, and after years of clamoring by the press to know who, exactly, was on the list.[4][5]

History

In the decades following the American Civil War, the population of New York City grew almost exponentially, and immigrants and wealthy arrivistes from the Midwestern United States began challenging the dominance of the old New York Establishment.[6] Aided by McAllister, Mrs. Astor[lower-alpha 1] attempted to codify proper behavior and etiquette, as well as determine who was acceptable among the arrivistes,[8] as champions of old money and tradition.[6]

Reportedly, Ward McAllister coined the phrase "the Four Hundred" by declaring that there were "only 400 people in fashionable New York Society."[9] According to him, this was the number of people in New York who really mattered; the people who felt at ease in the ballrooms of high society.[10] In 1888, McAllister told the New-York Tribune that "If you go outside that number," he warned, "you strike people who are either not at ease in a ballroom or else make other people not at ease."[11]

While the number four hundred has popularly been linked to the capacity of Mrs. Astor's ballroom at her large brownstone home at 350 Fifth Avenue and East 34th Street (today the site of the Empire State Building),[12][13] the exact origins remain unknown.[14] There were, however, other lists in New York around the same time which necessitated a maximum capacity of four hundred, including Delmonico's restaurant and local cotillion dances, that may have contributed to the particular sum of four hundred.[15]

February 1892 list

"Snobbish Society's Schoolmaster." Caricature of Ward McAllister as an ass telling Uncle Sam he must imitate "an English snob of the 19th century" or he "will nevah be a gentleman". Published in Judge, November 8, 1890.

In response to competing lists naming the purported members of New York society published in the New York World that insisted New York society was, in fact, made up of only 150 people,[16] McAllister spoke with the Times, refuting the World article and giving the paper the "official list", which was published on February 16, 1892, and quoted McAllister stating:

The so-called Four Hundred has not been cut down or dwindled to 150 names. The nonsense, don't you know, printed to that effect in the World and some other papers, has made a very bad impression that will reflect badly against them, you understand. That list of names, you understand, printed on Sunday, did not come from me, don't you see. It is unauthorized, don't you see. But it is accurate as far as it goes, you understand.

It is incomplete and does injustice, you understand, to many eligible millionaires. Think of leaving out such names, don't you know, as Chauncey M. Depew, Gen. Alexander S. Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Cooper, Mr. and Mrs. Luther Kountze, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Goelet, Mr. and Miss Wilson, Miss Greene, and many others! Don't you understand, it is absurd, senseless.

Let me explain, don't you know. There are three dinner dances, don't you know, during the season, and the invitations, don't you see, are issued to different ladies and gentlemen each time, do you understand? So at each dinner dance, you know, are only 150 people of the highest set, don't you know. So, during the season, you see, 400 different invitations are issued.

Wait a moment and I will give you a correct list, don't you know, of the people who form what is known as the Four Hundred. Do you understand it will be authorized, reliable, and, don't you know, the only correct list.[4]

The list, purported to include the crème de la crème of New York society, consisted largely of "bankers, lawyers, brokers, real estate men, and railroaders, with one editor (Paul Dana of The New York Sun), one publisher, one artist, and two architects."[7] It also included a mix of both "Nobs" and "Swells".[17] "Nobs" came from old money (including the Astors, the Goelets, the Livingstons, and the Van Rensselaers), and "Swells" were representatives of the nouveau riche, who Mrs. Astor felt, begrudgingly, were able to partake in polite society (best personified by the Vanderbilt family).[17]

Criticism and backlash

"The European Svengali and the trilbys of the 'Four Hundred' – He hypnotizes 'em every time!" Illustration published in Puck, October 2, 1895.

After McAllister released the names of the Four Hundred in The New York Times, there was significant backlash, both against the idea of a definitive list of "acceptable society" and McAllister himself.[18][19] The papers dubbed him "Mr. Make-a-Lister" and, in combination with his memoirs published in 1890, entitled Society as I Have Found It,[20] further ostracized him from the "old guard", who valued their privacy in an era when the leaders of society were the equivalent of modern movie stars.[15] William d'Alton Mann, who owned Town Topics, a gossip magazine, considered it his duty to expose the sins of society and regularly criticized the Four Hundred.[19]

Several years later, author O. Henry released a collection of short stories, entitled The Four Million, a reaction to this phrase, expressing his opinion that every human being in New York was worthy of notice.[21]

In 2009, the Museum of the City of New York compiled its own list, entitled "The New York City 400", of the 400 "movers and shakers" who made a difference in the 400 years of New York City history since Henry Hudson arrived in 1609. McAllister was "the only person on the original Four Hundred to also make the museum's list."[22]

Named members of "the Four Hundred"

Photograph of Alva Smith Vanderbilt at her 1883 Ball as "Venetian Renaissance Lady". Alva, the first wife of William Kissam Vanderbilt and second wife of Oliver Belmont, was one of Mrs. Astor's successors. Photographed by José Maria Mora.
Photograph of Mamie Fish, the wife of Stuyvesant Fish, and one of Mrs. Astor's successors.
Photograph of Chauncey Depew, U.S. Senator and president of the Vanderbilt's New York Central Railroad, c.1908.
Frank Gray Griswold, financier and writer, 1908.
Julia Dent Grant, who married Prince Mikhail Cantacuzène in 1899, was the daughter of Frederick Dent Grant and granddaughter of U.S. President Ulysses S Grant. Photo taken in 1904.
Photograph of William Kissam Vanderbilt, first husband of Alva Smith Vanderbilt.
Photograph of Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt, wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt II, at Alva's 1883 Ball as 'Electric Light'. Gown by Charles Frederick Worth. Photographed by José Maria Mora.
Portrait of Ruth Livingston Mills, wife of Ogden Mills, by Francois Glamony.
A miniature portrait of Cornelia Sherman Martin, wife of Bradley Martin, who threw the infamous Bradley-Martin Ball in 1897.
Photograph of Frances Ellen Work, the former wife of James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy, c. 1910–1915.
Portrait of Emily Thorn Vanderbilt, wife of businessman William Douglas Sloane, by Benjamin Curtis Porter, 1888.
Portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Anson Phelps Stokes, a merchant and banker, by Cecilia Beaux c.1898.
Portrait of George Washington Vanderbilt II, builder of the Biltmore Estate in North Carolina, by John Singer Sargent, 1890.
Photograph of William Collins Whitney, former U.S. Secretary of the Navy (during the Cleveland administration), c.1892 photographed by Charles Milton Bell.

Besides containing far fewer than 400 people, McAllister's list "abounded in inaccuracies: names were misspelled or incomplete and many spouses omitted or included although they were dead."[23] The rules of the time dictated that "only the eldest unmarried daughter of a family carried the title 'Miss,' with no given name," but he regularly ignored the rule.[23]

No. Name at it appears in article[4] Full name[23]
1, 2Mr. and Mrs. F. R. AppletonFrancis R. Appleton
Fanny Lanier Appleton
3Fred H. AllenFrederick Hobbes Allen
4, 5Mr. and Mrs. AstorWilliam Backhouse Astor Jr.
Caroline Schermerhorn Astor
6, 7Mr. and Mrs. J.J. AstorJohn Jacob Astor IV[lower-alpha 2]
Ava Lowle Willing
8, 9Mr. and Mrs. George H. BendGeorge H. Bend
Elizabeth Austen Townsend Bend
10Miss Amy BendAmy Bend
11Miss Beatrice BendBeatrice Bend
12, 13Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd BryceLloyd Bryce
Edith Cooper Bryce
14Mrs. Cavendish BentinckElizabeth Livingston Cavendish-Bentinck[lower-alpha 3]
15, 16Mr. and Mrs. F. BronsonFrederic Bronson
Sarah Gracie King Bronson
17Heber BishopHeber Reginald Bishop
18Miss BishopMary Cunningham Bishop
19William Harold BrownWilliam Harold Brown
20, 21Mr. and Mrs. Edmund N. BayliesEdmund L. Baylies
Louisa Van Rensselaer Baylies
22Mr. Temple BowdoinTemple Bowdoin
23, 24Mr. and Mrs. J. Townsend BurdenI. Townsend Burden
Evelyn Byrd Moale Burden
25Miss BurdenEvelyn B. Burden
26Mrs. BarbeyMary Lorillard Barbey
27Miss BarbeyEva Barbey
28Harold BrownHarold Brown
29Edward BulkleyEdward H. Bulkeley
30, 31Mr. and Mrs. James L. BarclayJames Lent Barclay
Olivia Bell Barclay
32C. C. BaldwinC.C. Baldwin
33Miss BaldwinLouise Roman Baldwin
34C. C. Baldwin Jr.C.C. Baldwin, Jr.
35, 36Gen. and Mrs. Henry L. BurnettHenry Lawrence Burnett
Agnes Suffern Tailer Burnett
37Mr. Thomas CushingThomas Forbes Cushing
38Miss Edith CushingEdith Howard Cushing
39Mr. F. Bayard CuttingRobert Bayard Cutting
40Miss CosterMartha Ellery Coster
41Mr. Harry CosterHarry Coster
Mary Lee Coles Coster
42, 43Mr. and Mrs. Charles CarrollCharles Carroll
Suzanne Bancroft Carroll
44, 45Mr. and Mrs. Clarence CaryClarence Cary
Elisabeth Miller Potter Cary
46, 47Mr. and Mrs. Winthrop ChandlerWinthrop Astor Chanler
Margaret Terry Chanler
48Mrs. Brockholst CuttingMarion Ramsay Cutting
49, 50Mr. and Mrs. Harry CannonHenry White Cannon
Jennie Curtis Cannon
51Robert L. Cutting Jr.Robert Livingston Cutting Jr.
52Col. J. Schuyler CrosbyJohn Schuyler Crosby
53Miss CrosbyAngelica Schuyler Crosby
54, 55Mr. and Mrs. W. Bayard CuttingWilliam Bayard Cutting
Olivia Peyton Murray Cutting
56, 57Mr. and Mrs. S. V. R. CrugerStephen Van Rensselaer Cruger
Julia Grinnell Storrow Cruger
58Rawlings CottenetRawlins Lowndes Cottenet
59F. Brockholst CuttingF. Brockholst Cutting
60W. Cutting Jr.William Bayard Cutting, Jr.
61Sir Roderick CameronSir Roderick Cameron
62Duncan CameronDuncan Ewen Cameron
63, 64The Misses CameronCatherine Natalie Cameron
Anne Fleming Cameron
65, 66Mr. and Mrs. James CrossRichard James Cross
Annie Redmond Cross
67, 68Mr. and Mrs. Edward CooperEdward Cooper
Cornelia Redmond Cooper
69, 70, 71The Misses ChanlerElizabeth Astor Winthrop Chanler
Margaret Livingston Chanler
Alida Beekman Chanler
72William R. CosterWilliam B. Coster
Maria Griswold Gray Coster
73, 74Mr. and Mrs. Elisha Dyer Jr.Elisha Dyer III
Sidney Turner Swan Dyer
75, 76Mr. and Mrs. Duncan ElliotDuncan Elliot
Sallie Hargous Elliot
77, 78Mr. and Mrs. George B. De ForestGeorge Beach de Forest Jr.
Anita Hargous de Forest
79, 80Mr. and Mrs. Chauncey M. DepewChauncey Depew
Elise Hegeman Depew
81, 82Mr. and Mrs. Frederic de PeysterFrederic James de Peyster
Augusta McEvers Morris de Peyster
83, 84Dr. and Mrs. Francis DelafieldFrancis Delafield
Katherine Van Rensselaer Delafield
85Miss DelafieldElizabeth Ray Delafield
86, 87Mr. and Mrs. Paul DanaPaul Dana
Mary Butler Duncan Dana
88H. De Courcy ForbesH. De Courcy Forbes
89, 90Mr. and Mrs. Stuyvesant FishStuyvesant Fish
Marion Graves Anthon Fish
91, 92Mr. and Mrs. C. G. FrancklynCharles G. Francklyn
Susan Sprague Hoyt Francklyn
93J. C. FurmanJohn C. Furman
94, 95Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Fish Jr.Hamilton Fish, Jr.
Emily Mann Fish
96Theodore FrelinghuysenTheodore Frelinghuysen
97Augustus C. GurneeAugustus C. Gurnee
98, 99Mr. and Mrs. Ogden GoeletOgden Goelet
Mary Wilson Goelet
100Mr. Frank G. GriswoldFrank Gray Griswold
101Miss GreeneAnne Dunkin Greene
102Mr. Allister GreeneAlister Greene
103Miss GrantJulia Grant
104Robert F. HawkesRobert Forbes Hawkes
105, 106Mr. and Mrs. Thomas HowardThomas Howard
Rose Post Howard
107, 108Mr. and Mrs. Carly HavemeyerCharles Frederick Havemeyer
Camilla Woodward Moss Havemeyer
109Meredith HowlandMeredith Howland
110, 111Mr. and Mrs. Valentine G. HallValentine Hall Jr.
Mary Livingston Ludlow Hall
112Miss HallElizabeth Livingston Hall
113John A. Hadden Jr.John A. Hadden Jr.
114, 115Mr. and Mrs. Columbus IselinColumbus Iselin
Edith Colford Jones Iselin
116Isaac IselinIsaac Iselin
117Mrs. William JaffrayHelen Smythe Jaffray
118Miss JaffrayHelen Frances Jaffray
119Mrs. F. R. JonesMary Cadwalader Rawle Jones
120Miss Beatrix JonesBeatrix Cadwalader Jones
121Shipley JonesShipley Jones
122, 123Mr. and Mrs. DeLancey KaneDeLancey Astor Kane
Eleanora Iselin Kane
124Nicholas KaneSamuel Nicholson Kane
125Miss KnowltonMary Knowlton
126Miss Sybel KaneSybil Kane
127, 128Mr. and Mrs. J. P. KernochanJames Powell Kernochan
Catherine Lorillard Kernochan
129, 130Col. and Mrs. KipLawrence Kip
Eva Lorillard Kip
131Miss KippEdith Kip
132, 133Mr. and Mrs. Frederick KernochanJ. Frederic Kernochan
Mary Stuart Whitney Kernochan
134Miss LuskAnna Hartwell Lusk
135Arthur LearyArthur Leary
136Mrs. Maturin LivingstonRuth Baylies Livingston
137, 138Mr. and Mrs. James LanierJames F. D. Lanier
Harriet Bishop Lanier
139, 140Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. LivingstonHenry B. Livingston
Frances Redmond Livingston
141Edward LivingstonEdward Livingston
142Miss Clarissa LivingstonClarisse Livingston
143Edward De Peyster LivingstonEdward De Peyster Livingston
144, 145Mr. and Mrs. Clement C. MooreClement Clarke Moore
Laura Williams Moore
146Ward McAllisterWard McAllister
147, 148Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. MarshallCharles Henry Marshall
Josephine Banks Marshall
149Clement MarchClement March
150, 151Mr. and Mrs. O. MillsOgden Mills
Ruth Livingston Mills
152, 153Mr. and Mrs. B. MartinBradley Martin
Cornelia Sherman Martin
154F. T. MartinFrederick Townsend Martin
155Peter MariéPeter Marié
156, 157Mr. and Mrs. H. W. McVickarHarry Whitney McVickar
Maud Robbins McVickar
158, 159Mr. and Mrs. A. N. MorrisAugustus Newbold Morris
Eleanor Colford Jones Morris
160Miss MorrisEva Van Cortlandt Morris
161, 162Mr. and Mrs. R. MortimerRichard Mortimer
Eleanor Jay Chapman Mortimer
163Miss MorganAnne Morgan
164, 165Mr. and Mrs. T. NewboldThomas Newbold
Sarah Lawrence Coolidge Newbold
166Mrs. Frederick NelsonIsabelle Gebhard Neilson
167S. H. OlinStephen H. Olin
168, 169Mr. and Mrs. C. OelrichsCharles May Oelrichs
Blanche de Loosey Oelrichs
170James OtisJames Otis
171Miss OtisSarah Birdsall Otis
172Edward PostEdward C. Post
173Richard PetersRichard Peters
174, 175Mr. and Mrs. B. C. PorterBenjamin Curtis Porter
Mary Clark Porter
176, 177Mr. and Mrs. Frank PendeltonFrancis Key Pendleton
Elizabeth La Montagne Pendleton
178Julian PotterJulian Potter
179I. V. PackerJames Vanderburgh Parker
180, 181Mr. and Mrs. H. N. PotterHoward Nott Potter
Ethel Potter
182, 183Gen. and Mrs. PiersonJohn Frederick Pierson
Susan Augusta Rhodes Pierson
184Miss PiersonMarguerite Pierson Hull
185, 186Mr. and Mrs. George B. PostGeorge Browne Post
Alice Stone Post
187Mrs. William H. PerryConstance Frink Perry
188Miss PerryBertha Perry Ronalds
189Goold H. RedmondGoold H. Redmond
190Mrs. RogersSusan LeRoy Fish Rogers
191Miss RogersJulia Fish Rogers
192J. RitchieJ. Wadsworth Ritchie
193T. J. Oakley RhinelanderThomas Jackson Oakley Rhinelander
194Miss Cora RandolphCora Randolph Trimble
195Mrs. Burke RocheFrances Burke Roche
196, 197Mr. and Mrs. S. O. RipleySidney Dillon Ripley
Mary Hyde Ripley
198D. T. L. RobinsonDouglas Robinson Sr.
199R. K. RichardsRobert Kerr Richards
200, 201Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Robinson Jr.Douglas Robinson Jr.
Corinne Roosevelt Robinson
202, 203Mr. and Mrs. H. RobinsHenry Asher Robbins
Lizzie Pelham Bend Robbins
204Miss SandsEdith Cruger Sands
205, 206Mr. and Mrs. William D. SloaneWilliam Douglas Sloane
Emily Thorn Vanderbilt Sloane
207, 208Mr. and Mrs. Philip SchuylerPhilip Schuyler
Harriet Lowndes Langdon Schuyler
209, 210Mr. and Mrs. Byam K. StevensByam K. Stevens
Eliza Langdon Wilks Stevens
211Lispenard StewartLispenard Stewart, Jr.
212, 213Mr. and Mrs. W. W. ShermanWilliam Watts Sherman
Sophia Augusta Brown Sherman
214Miss Adele SloaneFlorence Adele Sloane
215, 216Mr. and Mrs. Anson Phelps StokesAnson Phelps Stokes
Helen Phelps Stokes
217Miss StokesOlivia Egleston Phelps Stokes
218, 219Mr. and Mrs. Walter L. SuydamWalter Lispenard Suydam
Jane Mesier Suydam
220, 221Mr. and Mrs. F. K. SturgisFrank K. Sturgis
Florence Lydig Sturgis
222Miss Elizabeth StevensElizabeth Callendar Stevens
223G. Mead TookerGabriel Mead Tooker
224Miss TookerCharlotte Tooker Warren
225E. N. TailerEdward Neufville Tailer
226, 227Mr. and Mrs. H. McKay TwomblyHamilton McKown Twombly
Florence Vanderbilt Twombly
228Miss TailerFannie Bogert Tailer
229Marquise de TalleyrandElizabeth de Talleyrand-Périgord
230Miss Mabel Van RensselaerMabel Van Rensselaer
231Miss Alice Van RensselaerAlice Van Rensselaer
232, 233Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius Vanderbilt II
Alice Claypoole Gwynne Vanderbilt
234George W. VanderbiltGeorge W. Vanderbilt
235Mrs. A. Van RensselaerLouisa Barnewall Van Rensselaer
236James VarnumJames Varnum
237Mr. Worthington WhitehouseWorthington Whitehouse
238, 239Mr. and Mrs. W. Seward WebbWilliam Seward Webb
Eliza Osgood Vanderbilt Webb
240Barton WillingJohn Rhea Barton Willing
241Miss WillingSusan Ridgway Willing
242, 243Gov. and Mrs. WetmoreGeorge Peabody Wetmore
Edith Keteltas Wetmore
244Miss WetmoreEdith M. Keteltas Wetmore
245Egerton WinthropEgerton Leigh Winthrop
246Thomas C. WinthropThomas C. Winthrop
247F. B. WinthropBronson Winthrop
248, 249Mr. and Mrs. Buchanan WinthropBuchanan Winthrop
Sarah Townsend Winthrop
250Miss WinthropMarie Austen Winthrop
251, 252Mr. and Mrs. Ben. WellsBenjamin Welles
Frances Wyeth Swan Welles
253, 254Mr. and Mrs. W. C. WhitneyWilliam Collins Whitney
Flora Payne Whitney
255Miss Georgiana L. WilmerdingGeorgiana L. Wilmerding
256Mrs. C. A. WhittierElizabeth Chadwick Whittier
257, 258Mr. and Mrs. WysongJohn J. Wysong
Martha Marshall Wysong
259M. A. WilkesMatthew Astor Wilks
260, 261Mr. and Mrs. W. Storrs WellsWilliam Storrs Wells
Anna Cole Raynor Wells
262, 263Gen. and Mrs. Alexander S. WebbAlexander S. Webb
Anna Remsen Webb
264Miss Carrie WebbCaroline LeRoy Webb
265Alexander S. WebbAlexander Stewart Webb

See also

References

Notes
  1. McAllister called Mrs. Astor "the Mystic Rose," referring to the "figure in Dante's Paradise around whom all in Paradise revolve,"[7]
  2. John Jacob Astor IV was Mrs. Astor's only son. Astor and his second wife, Madeleine Astor, were on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic. Astor, the richest passenger onboard, died during the sinking of RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912.[24]
  3. Elizabeth Cavendish-Bentinck, a member of the Livingston family, was included, but her husband, MP William George Cavendish-Bentinck was not. William was a grand-nephew of the 4th Duke of Portland and great-grandson of the 3rd Duke of Portland, the Prime Minister of United Kingdom under George III.[25]
Sources
  1. "Mrs. William Astor (Caroline Webster Schermerhorn, 1831-1908)". www.metmuseum.org. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  2. MacColl, Gail; Wallace, Carol McD (2012). To Marry an English Lord: Tales of Wealth and Marriage, Sex and Snobbery in the Gilded Age. Workman Publishing. ISBN 9780761171980. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  3. Columbia, David Patrick (30 August 2007). "The Adventures of Tessie". New York Social Diary. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 McAllister, Ward (16 February 1892). "THE ONLY FOUR HUNDRED | WARD M'ALLISTER GIVES OUT THE OFFICIAL LIST. HERE ARE THE NAMES, DON'T YOU KNOW, ON THE AUTHORITY OF THEIR GREAT LEADER, YOU UNDER- STAND, AND THEREFORE GENUINE, YOU SEE" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  5. Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (1998). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. Oxford University Press. p. 1072. ISBN 9780199729104. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  6. 1 2 "Vanderbilt Ball – how a costume ball changed New York elite society". MCNY Blog: New York Stories. 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  7. 1 2 Bryk, William (August 9, 2005). "The Father of the Four Hundred". The New York Sun. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  8. Gavan, Terrence (1988). The Barons of Newport: A Guide to the Gilded Age. Newport, Rhode Island: Pineapple Publications. p. 27. ISBN 9780929249018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  9. Salvini, Emil R. (2005). Hobey Baker: American Legend. Hobey Baker Memorial Foundation. p. 3. ISBN 9780976345305. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  10. Crain, Esther (2016). The Gilded Age in New York, 1870-1910. Running Press. p. 135. ISBN 9780316353687. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  11. Somers, Reneé (2013). Edith Wharton as Spatial Activist and Analyst. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781135922979. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  12. Keister, Lisa A. (2005). Getting Rich: America's New Rich and How They Got That Way. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780521536677. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  13. Parker, Maggie. "The Four Hundred: Then and Now Tony Abrams has reinvented Gilded Age society. Will you get in?". Dujour. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  14. Grimes, William (2009). Appetite City: A Culinary History of New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 102. ISBN 9781429990271. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  15. 1 2 Columbia, David Patrick (18 August 2011). "The First Four Hundred". New York Social Diary. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  16. "THE GILT-EDGED 150, Society Leaders Make Fun of McAllister's Roster. | Sarcastic Comments by Mrs. Fish and Mrs. Whitney. | He is Not Society's Arbiter, and Society Accepts No Responsibility for His Acts". The Evening World. February 17, 1892. p. 1. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  17. 1 2 Haden-Guest, Anthony (25 July 2015). "The 400 Hottest New Yorkers…of 1892". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  18. Torgerson, Rachel (May 15, 2015). "What Was it Like to Attend One of Mrs. Astor's Gilded Age Parties in NYC?". Gotham. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  19. 1 2 Holland, Evangeline (April 6, 2009). "The Four Hundred". Edwardian Promenade. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  20. Ward McAllister (1890) Society as I Have Found It, Cassell, New York
  21. "WARD M'ALLISTER DEAD; He Had Been Ill for a Week with an Attack of the Grip. THE END WAS UNEXPECTED His Condition Not Considered Serious by His Physicians Until Wednesday Morning – His Long Career as a Society Leader" (PDF). The New York Times. 1 February 1895. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  22. Roberts, Sam (8 September 2009). "400 Years and 400 Names: Museum Tweaks City A-List". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  23. 1 2 3 Patterson, Jerry E. (2000). The First Four Hundred: Mrs. Astor's New York in the Gilded Age. Random House Incorporated. pp. 207–234. ISBN 9780847822089. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  24. "Noted Men On The Lost Titanic. Col. Jacob Astor, with His Wife. Isidor Straus and Wife, and Benj. Guggenheim Aboard" (PDF). The New York Times. April 16, 1912. Retrieved 2013-12-10. Following are sketches of a few of the well-known persons among the 1,300 passengers on the lost Titanic. The fate of most of them at this time is, of course, not known. Col. John Jacob Astor and Mrs. Astor, Isidor Straus and Mrs. Straus, J. Bruce Ismay, Managing Director of the White Star Line: Benjamin Guggenheim, and Frank D. Millet, the artist, are perhaps the most widely known of the passengers. ... .
  25. Times, Special Cable To The New York (23 August 1909). "G. CAVENDISH-BENTINCK DEAD | Wife Was Elizabeth Livingston, Sister of Mrs. Ogden Mills" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
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