Three Days Before the Shooting...
AuthorRalph Ellison
Edited by John F. Callahan and Adam Bradley
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
GenreAfrican American literature
PublisherRandom House
Publication date
January 26, 2010
Media typePrint (hardback)
Pages1101
ISBN978-0375759536
OCLC154799741

Three Days Before the Shooting... (2010) is the title of the long form edited manuscript of Ralph Ellison's never-finished second novel. It was co-edited by John F. Callahan, the executor of Ellison's literary estate, and Adam Bradley, a professor of English at the University of California, Los Angeles.[1] The book was published on January 26, 2010, by Modern Library.

Callahan had previously worked with Ellison's unfinished manuscripts to posthumously publish this work as Juneteenth (1999), a novel of nearly 400 pages. The title was from an excerpt published by Ellison in 1965.

Background

Ralph Ellison published his first novel, Invisible Man (1952) to great critical success. In 1953, it beat Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea to win the National Book Award. Following the success of Invisible Man, Ellison became one of the most respected writers in the country and prominent in many elite circles.[2]

Invisible Man sold so well that royalty checks provided financial security for the rest of Ellison's life. The stream of money meant that the release of a second novel would be a literary decision and not a financial one.[1]

Ellison spent the 42 years after the publication of Invisible Man, until his death in 1994, working on his second novel. The reasons for this delay have been a subject of speculation and debate.[3] He produced over 2,000 manuscript pages but never turned the content into a coherent novel.[2] He also published some essays and short works, and two excerpts from material for his second novel.

History

Ellison began work on his untitled second novel around 1954, following the publication of Invisible Man.[4]

Ellison claimed to be devastated when part of the original manuscript was destroyed by a fire in 1967. However, Arnold Rampersad advanced the opinion that the loss of the crucial, irrecoverable sections of his manuscript appears to have been something Ellison concocted after the fact to justify his lack of progress. In his 2007 biography of Ellison, Rampersad points out that, following the fire, Ellison wrote to critic Nathan Scott of his relief that he still "fortunately had a full copy" of all his writing.[5][6][7] In different interviews, the lost manuscript pages were described as "360 pages, and "500 pages", and "about a summer’s worth of revisions".[4]

Ellison published eight excerpts from the novel during his lifetime,[8] including an excerpt called "Juneteenth" in the Quarterly Review of Literature in 1965,[4] and the story "Cadillac Flambé", published in American Review in 1973 and reprinted many times since,[9] which received considerable critical attention,[8][10] leading to a lot of interest in the (then) unpublished work. However, although he had written over 2,000 pages by the time of his death (other sources say 1,500 pages, not including revised versions of scenes),[8] Ellison never finished the novel.

Literary executorship

According to John F. Callahan, a professor who had become close friends with Ellison after writing an article about Invisible Man, Ellison was so discouraged by the thought of his own death that he never discussed his literary executorship. Shortly after Ellison's death, his widow appointed Callahan as his literary executor. Callahan was overwhelmed by the amount of notes, computer disks, and manuscript pages that Ellison had left behind.[1]

Ellison's readers were eager to see what Ellison had written, but Callahan needed time to sort through the manuscript and find a way to make it publishable. In the meanwhile, he edited The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison, published in 1995, and Flying Home and Other Stories, published in 1996. In 1999, Callahan finished editing the most cohesive part of Ellison's unfinished manuscript, which was released as the standalone novel Juneteenth.[1] The title came from a 1965 excerpt of the novel in progress published by Ellison in 1965, before his death.

Callahan worked on the manuscript for several more years in an effort to publish a longer version. He was assisted by the co-editing of Adam Bradley, who started as a student assistant to Callahan in 1994 and eventually completed a doctorate in literature at Harvard University. Callahan gained a publication date (January 26, 2010) for a release of the longer manuscript, with supporting notes, under the title Three Days Before the Shooting.[1]

Plot

The plot of Three Days Before the Shooting revolves around a man named Bliss, of indeterminate race, who is raised from boyhood by a black Baptist minister named Alonzo Hickman. As an adult Bliss assumes a white identity as Adam Sunraider. He becomes a politician and eventually is elected as a United States senator, known for his race-baiting. He is assassinated in the Senate.[2]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Haygood, Wil (2007-08-19). "The Invisible Manuscript". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
  2. 1 2 3 Donahue, Deirdre (2007-05-09). "Ralph Ellison: An invisible man no more". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
  3. ↑ "Ralph Ellison's unfinished second novel is finally published". Creative Loafing. 2010-01-22.
  4. 1 2 3 Pruitt, Sarah (June 19, 2017). "Why Ralph Ellison Never Published a Second Novel During His Lifetime," History. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  5. ↑ Ellison, Ralph & Callahan, John F. (Introduction and Afterword describing the writing and editing process) (1999). Juneteenth. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780394464572.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Johnson, Loretta (Spring 2004). "History in Ellison's Juneteenth". Studies in American Fiction. Vol. 32, no. 1. pp. 81–99.
  7. ↑ Marcus, James (1999). "Editorial Reviews: Juneteenth". Random House. ISBN 0394464575.
  8. 1 2 3 Feeley, Gregory (May 23, 1999). "Invisible Hand", The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  9. ↑ Ellison, Ralph (Spring 1995). "Cadillac Flambé", Callaloo, Vol. 18, No. 2. (Reprint in Callaloo Vol. 24, No 2, Spring 2001). Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  10. ↑ Myers, Margaret, and Dean, Sharon (2007). “Cadillac Flambé”: Race and Brand Identity", Charm. Retrieved June 20, 2020.

Further reading

  • Johnson, Loretta (2014). "This Mammy-Made Nation Born in Blood: The Family as Nation in Ralph Waldo Ellison's Three Days Before the Shooting … The Unfinished Second Novel". Callaloo. Vol. 37, no. 5 (Web ed.). pp. 1214–229.
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