A brief chronology of the history of Tibet:

Chronology

YearNotes
173 ADBirth of Thothori Nyantsen, 28th King of Tibet.
233Nyantsen receives a Buddhist scripture, marking the initial introduction of Buddhism into Tibet (Currency from this event was dated).
608–650Reign of Songtsen Gampo, 32nd king. He sends scholars to India to study Sanskrit and a Tibetan script is devised.
640Tibet invades and occupies Nepal.
641Marriage of Gampo to Tang Chinese Princess Wencheng. They spread Buddhism in Tibet and found Jokhang.
645Gampo sends a minister to the Court of Tang China requesting permission to build a temple on Mount Wutai in Shanxi Province which is granted.
654–676Tibetan Empire conquest of Tu-yu-lun state and annexation of Chinese territories in Central Asia.
704Tride Tsugtsen (died 755) becomes king.
710Tsugtsen marries Tang Chinese princess Chin-Cheng.
717The Tibetans (according to an 11th-century Chinese history) join with the Turkic Türgish to attack Kashgar.
720Tibetan troops take Uighur principality of 'Bug-cor in the Dunhuang oasis.
755–797Reign of Trisong Detsen, Tsugtsen's son. Reconquest of Central Asia
763Tibetans invade the Tang Chinese capital of Chang'an and withdraw 15 days later.
779Establishment of Samye Monastery. Buddhism officially recognised as state religion.
783Peace treaty signed with Tang China.
785–805Tibetan army advances westward to the Pamirs and Oxus River.
797Muni Tsangpo, Trisong Detsen's son, becomes king.
799–815Reign of Sadneleg
815–836Reign of Ralpachen, son of Sadneleg. Great translation of Buddhist texts conducted during this period.
821Changqing Treaty of Alliance with Tang China, Tibet retains most of Central Asian territories.
823The contents of the Changqing Treaty were engraved on a monument placed in front of Jokhang. The monument says "[Dang Dynasty and Tibet] have two emperors but consult issues as one country" (舅甥二主，商议社稷如一，结立大和盟约，永无渝替)
836–842Reign of Lang Darma, brother of Ralpachen. Supporter of the traditional Tibetan religion of Bon, he dismantles the burgeoning political power of the Buddhist establishments, but there is no evidence that he persecutes Buddhists as some Buddhist historians have alleged.[1]
842Lang Darma ritually murdered by a Buddhist monk. Struggle for power and fragmentation ensues with constant warring and allying.[1]
978Rinchen Zangpo, the great translator invites Indian teachers into western Tibet and a Buddhism renaissance begins, with monasteries established in the west.
1040Birth of Milarepa (died 1123), great Tibetan poet and mystic. Chetsun Sherab Jungnay founds Shalu Monastery which becomes renowned as a centre of scholarly learning and psychic training.
1042Atiśa (died 1054), a great Mahayana teacher from India, arrives in Tibet and conducts missionary activities.
1057Establishment of Reting Monastery.
1071Founding of Sakya Monastery.
1182Birth of Sakya Pandita (died 1251), learned scholar of the Sakya sect.
1207Tibetans send delegation to Genghis Khan and establish friendly relations.
1227Death of Genghis Khan.
1240s–50sMongol invasions of Tibet.
1244Sakya Pandita invited to meet Mongol Khan and invested with temporal power over Tibet.
1260Kublai Khan grants Pandit's nephew Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280) the title of State Preceptor and supreme authority over Tibet, re-establishing religious and political relations with the Mongols.
1270Phagpa received the title of Imperial Preceptor from Kublai Khan. Beginning of Yuan rule of Tibet.
1354Fighting breaks out between the Sakyapa sect and the powerful Lang family which founds the Phagmodrupa dynasty.
1357Birth of Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Gelugpa sect.
1391Birth of Gedun Truppa, disciple of Tsongkhapa and head of the Gelugpa sect, posthumously named as the First Dalai Lama.
1409Establishment of Ganden Monastery.
1416Establishment of Drepung Monastery.
1419Establishment of Sera Monastery. Death of Tsongkhapa.
1434–1534Power struggles between the provinces of Ü and Tsang because of the religious divide between the Gelugpa and Karmapa sects. Rise of the Rinpungpa Dynasty.
1447Establishment of Tashilhunpo Monastery in Gyantse.
1474Death of the 1st Dalai Lama.
1475Birth of the 2nd Dalai Lama, Gedun Gyatso.
1542Death of the 2nd Dalai Lama.
1543Birth of the 3rd Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. He visits Mongolia and Altan Khan bestows the title of Dalai Lama upon him
1565Overthrown of the Rinpungpa Dynasty by the Tsangpa Dynasty.
1582Establishment of Kumbum Monastery.
1588Death of the 3rd Dalai Lama. Rebirth as the 4th Dalai Lama, Yonten Gyatso, great grandson of Altan Khan and only non-Tibetan in the Dalai Lama lineage.
1616Death of the 4th Dalai Lama.
1617Birth of the great 5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lozang Gyatso. Under him, many construction projects begin across Tibet, including the Potala Palace. However, Ü Province falls to Tsang provincial forces and the power of the Karmapa sect grows.
1624–1636Jesuit missionaries arrive in western Tibet.
1641–42Güshi Khan of the Khoshut Mongols overthrows the King of Tsang and returns the territory to the Dalai Lama. Establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help. Beginning of Khosut Khanate rule over Tibet until 1717
1642–1659Consolidation of the Tibetan theocracy. Power of the Karmapa sect is reduced once more, and many monasteries handed over to the Gelugpa sect. The Abbot of Tashilhunpo is bestowed the title Panchen Lama by the Dalai Lama.
16525th Dalai Lama visits Ming China.
1682Death of the 5th Dalai Lama, kept a secret by the regent.
1683Birth of the 6th Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso.
16976th Dalai Lama enthroned and only now is the death of the 5th Dalai Lama made public.
1705The last khan of the Khoshut Khanate, Lha-bzang Khan, invades Tibet and conquers Lhasa.
1706The Khan deposes the 6th Dalai Lama and sends him to Ming China but he dies on the way. The Khan declares that the rebellious 6th Dalai Lama was not a true reincarnation and enthrones an eminent monk of his selection until the real one can be found.
1707Italian Capuchin monks arrive in Tibet.
1708Another reincarnation of the 6th Dalai Lama is found and he takes refuge in Kumbum Monastery.
1716Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri arrives in Lhasa.
1717–1720Dzungar Mongols occupy Lhasa, killing Lha-bzang Khan. The Manchu Emperor of China deposes the 6th Dalai Lama and recognizes a claimant from Kumbum named Kelzang Gyatso, who is officially recognised as the 7th Dalai Lama in 1720. Beginning of Qing rule of Tibet.
1733–1747Pholhanas (d. 1747) ends internal conflicts, and with Chinese support becomes ruler of Tibet.
1750riots break out in Lhasa after the ambans assassination of the regent.
1751The 7th Dalai Lama is recognised as ruler of Tibet, without effective political power.
1757Death of the 7th Dalai Lama.
1758Birth of the 8th Dalai Lama, Jompal Gyatso.
1774–75First British Mission to Tibet let by George Bogle
1783–84British Mission led by Samuel Turner. Chinese troops impose the Peace of Kathmandu following Gurkha incursions into Tibet.
1804Death of the 8th Dalai Lama.
1806–1815The 9th Dalai Lama.
1811-12British explorer Thomas Manning reaches Lhasa.
1816–37The 10th Dalai Lama, Tsultrim Gyatso.
1838–56The 11th Dalai Lama, Khedrup Gyatso.
1841–42Dogra–Tibetan War.
1842Treaty of Chushul between Qing dynasty and Dogra dynasty
1846Lazarist monks, Huc and Gabet, arrive in Lhasa.
1855–56Nepalese–Tibetan War
1856–7512th Dalai Lama, Trinley Gyatso.
1876Birth of the 13th Dalai Lama, Thupten Gyatso. Diplomatic conflict between Britain and Russia over privileges in Tibet.
1890British Protectorate over Sikkim.
1904British military expedition under Francis Younghusband forces its way into Lhasa, forcing the Dalai Lama to flee to Mongolia. Agreement is made with the abbot of Ganden Monastery. Treaty of Lhasa signed.
1909Dalai Lama returns safely to Lhasa.
1910Restoration of Chinese control over eastern Tibet and dispatch of troops to Lhasa.
1911Xinhai Lhasa turmoil following the Wuchang Uprising of October 1911 which led to the fall of the Qing dynasty.
1912Dalai Lama returns to Lhasa from India, ruling without Chinese interference.
1913–14Simla Convention between the British, Chinese and Tibetan delegates but the Chinese fail to ratify agreement.
1920-21Mission of Sir Charles Alfred Bell to Tibet.
1923Panchen Lama flees to China.
1933Death of the 13th Dalai Lama.
1934Appointment of Regent (abbot of Reting Monastery).
1935Birth of the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso.
1940Ratification of the 14th Dalai Lama by the Nationalist Government.

Enthronement of the 14th Dalai Lama.

1944Arrival of Austrians Heinrich Harrer and Peter Aufschnaiter in Tibet. They reach Lhasa in January 1946.
1947Indian independence and end of the British Tibet Policy.
19506 to 19 October Battle of Chamdo.
1951Arrival of the People's Liberation Army in Lhasa following an agreement for liberation with the Central People's Government.
1954Dalai Lama attended the National People's Congress in Beijing as a deputy and met Mao Zedong.[2][3]

Establishment of the North-East Frontier Agency in South Tibet, occupied by India.

1959After a revolt against acceded reform, the 14th Dalai Lama fled Tibet with the help of CIA,[4] later set up an exile government in India.[5]
1962Sino-Indian War.
1964Establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region.
2011The 14th Dalai Lama bequeathed his political power as the head of state and temporal leader of Tibet to the democratic elected Prime Minister Dr. Lobsang Sangay, marking the end of the Ganden Phodrang theocratic rule to Tibet which lasted for 370 years (1642–2011).

See also

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Karmay 2009, p. 532
  2. ↑ Goldstein, M.C., A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2 - The Calm before the Storm: 1951-1955, p. 493
  3. ↑ Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR, Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, China View, 30 August 2005.
  4. ↑ The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, University Press of Kansas, 2002.
  5. ↑ "Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India." Peter Jackson. Reuters. 27 February 2009.Witness: Reporting on the Dalai Lama's escape to India| Reuters

Sources

  • Tibet:A Fascinating Look at the Roof of the World, Its People and Culture, Chicago, USA: Passport Books, Shangri-la Press, 1986, pp. 186–194
  • Karmay, Samten G. (1998). The Arrow and the Spindle, Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Revised edition 2009. Kathmandu, Nepal, Mandala Book Point. ISBN 9789994655106.

Further reading

  • Tuttle, Gray; Schaeffer, Kurtis R., eds. (2013). "Dates in Tibetan History and Key Events in Neighboring Lands". The Tibetan History Reader. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. xv–xxiii. ISBN 978-0-231-14468-1.
  • Schaeffer, Kurtis R.; Kapstein, Matthew T.; Tuttle, Gray, eds. (2013). "Dates in Tibetan History and Key Events in Neighboring Lands". Sources of Tibetan Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. xxix–xxxvii. ISBN 978-0-231-13598-6.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.