The following is a timeline of intersex history.

Timeline

Pre-history

  • Sumerian creation myths, 4000 years ago, include the fashioning of a body with atypical sex characteristics.[1]

Antiquity

  • Hippocrates and Galen view sex as a spectrum between men and women, with "many shades in between, including hermaphrodites, a perfect balance of male and female".[2]
  • Aristotle view hermaphrodites as having "doubled or superfluous genitals".[2]

2nd century BCE

1st century BCE

  • Diodorus Siculus describes the god Hermaphroditus, "born of Hermes and Aphrodite", as having "a physical body which is a combination of that of a man and that of a woman"; he also reports that such children born with such traits are seen as prodigies, able to foretell future events.[5]

43 BCE – 17/18 CE

23–79 CE

  • Pliny the Elder describes "those who are born of both sex, whom we call hermaphrodites, at one time androgyni" (andr-, "man", and gyn-, "woman", from the Greek).[7]

c. 80–160 CE

Medieval period

c. 400 CE

  • Augustine writes in The Literal Meaning of Genesis that humans were created in two sexes, despite "as happens in some births, in the case of what we call androgynes".[2]

c. 940 CE

12th century

  • According to the canon law Decretum Gratiani, "Whether an hermaphrodite may witness a testament, depends on which sex prevails" (Hermafroditus an ad testamentum adhiberi possit, qualitas sexus incalescentis ostendit).[12][13]
  • Peter Cantor, a French Roman Catholic theologian, when writing about sodomy in the De vitio sodomitico writes "the church allows the hermaphrodite to use the organ by which s/he is most aroused. But should s/he fail with one organ the use of the other can never be permitted and s/he must remain perpetually celibate to avoid any similarity to the role inversion of sodomy, which is detested by God."[14]

1157

  • In his Chronicle, or History of the Two Cities, Otto of Friesing described hermaphrodites as "a mistake of nature", "grouped together with other supposed defects of the body, such as short stature, dark 'Ethiopian' skin, and lameness".[2]

1188

  • Gerald of Wales in Topography of Ireland states "Also, within our time, a woman was seen attending the court in Connaught, who partook of the nature of both sexes, and was a hermaphrodite."[11]

13th century

  • Canon lawyer Henry of Segusio argues that a "perfect hermaphrodite" where no sex prevailed should choose their legal gender under oath.[15][16]
  • Henry de Bracton's De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae ("On the Laws and Customs of England", c. 1235)[17] classifies mankind as "male, female, or hermaphrodite",[18] and a "hermaphrodite is classed with male or female according to the predominance of the sexual organs".[19]
  • The Hereford Mappa Mundi (c. 1300) includes a hermaphrodite, outside the borders of the world known to its makers.[20][21]

17th century

  • English jurist and judge Edward Coke (Lord Coke) writes in his Institutes of the Lawes of England (1628–1644) on laws of succession: "Every heire is either a male, a female, or an hermaphrodite, that is both male and female. And an hermaphrodite (which is also called Androgynus) shall be heire, either as male or female, according to that kind of sexe which doth prevaile."[22][23] The Institutes are widely held to be a foundation of common law.
  • 17th-century historical accounts include Eleno de Céspedes, in Spain.
  • Thomas(ine) Hall (born c. 1603) in the United States, is ruled to have a "dual-nature" gender by colonial Virginia governor John Pott.

18th century

1755 – after 1792

  • Spanish nun Fernanda Fernández is found to have an intersex trait and subsequently reclassified male.

1763/1764 – 1832

1774

  • 17-year-old Rosa Mifsud appears before a Maltese court after petitioning for a change in sex classification from female.[24][25] Two clinicians perform an examination and found that "the male sex is the dominant one".[25] The petition is appealed and granted.[24]

1792

  • Anglo-Welsh philologist William Jones publishes an English translation of Al Sirájiyyah: The Mohammedan Law of Inheritance which details inheritance rights for hermaphrodites in Islam.[26]

1794

c. 1798

19th century

1843

  • Levi Suydam is an intersex person in Connecticut whose capacity to vote in male-only elections is questioned in 1843.[28]

1838–1868

1851

  • The Welshman newspaper publishes an account of an intersex child on 7 November.[30]
  • During the Victorian era, medical authors introduce the terms "true hermaphrodite" for an individual who has both ovarian and testicular tissue, verified under a microscope; "male pseudo-hermaphrodite" for a person with testicular tissue, but either female or ambiguous sexual anatomy; and "female pseudo-hermaphrodite" for a person with ovarian tissue, but either male or ambiguous sexual anatomy.

20th century

1906

  • The Cambrian newspaper in Wales publishes an article on the death in Cardiff of an intersex child who, at post-mortem examination, was determined to be a girl.[31]

1908

1915

1923

  • The term 'intersex' is introduced as the (contested) medical diagnosis Weib intersexuellen Typus ("intersex type woman") by Austrian gynecologist and obstetrician Paul Mathes[36] His book is published after his death, in 1924.[37]

1930

  • By 1930, the term 'intersex' had already been widely used in medicine in Germany as a new term for Scheinzwitter (pseudohermaphrodite), and doctors reported numerous different procedures of intersex surgery.[38]

1932

  • The German gynecologist and obstetrician Hans Naujoks performs what is described as the first complete and comprehensive intersex surgery and hormone treatment on a patient with both ovarian and testicular tissue, at the University of Marburg. The female patient is described as fully functional after surgery and, starting in 1934, spontaneously menstruates.[39]

1936

1943

1944

1950

1952

1966

1968

1979

  • The Family Court of Australia annulls the marriage of an intersex man who was "born a male and had been reared as a male" and subjected to "normalizing" medical interventions, on the basis that he is an hermaphrodite.[48]

1980

  • Former Polish Olympic track athlete Stanisława Walasiewicz (Stella Walsh) is killed during an armed robbery in a parking lot in Cleveland, Ohio, on 4 December 1980.[49][50] She is found to have intersex traits.[51]

1985

1986

1992

  • The IAAF ceases sex screening for all athletes,[55] but retains the option of assessing the sex of participants.

1993

1996

1997

  • Milton Diamond and Keith Sigmundson publish a paper discrediting John Money and his optimal gender model, after tracking down David Reimer.[60][61]

1999

  • In Sentencia SU-337/99 and then Sentencia T-551/99, the Constitutional Court of Colombia restricts medical interventions on intersex children aged over five years.[62]
  • The term endosex is coined as an opposite or antonym to the term intersex, by Heike Bödeker in Germany.[63]

21st century

2001

  • Indian athlete and swimmer Pratima Gaonkar commits suicide after disclosure and public commentary on a failed sex verification test.[64][65][66]

2003

  • Australian Alex MacFarlane is believed to be the first person in Australia to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an 'X' sex marker.[67][68]

2004

2005

2006

  • Publication of the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity includes Principle 18 on Protection from Medical Abuses, including "all necessary legislative, administrative and other measures to ensure that no child's body is irreversibly altered by medical procedures in an attempt to impose a gender identity without the full, free and informed consent of the child". Intersex and transgender activist Mauro Cabral is the only intersex signatory to the Principles.
  • The medical Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders is published, changing clinical language from "intersex" to "disorders of sex development".[71]
  • Indian middle-distance runner Santhi Soundarajan wins the silver medal in 800 m at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, then fails a sex verification test and is stripped of her medal.

2009

  • South African middle-distance runner Caster Semenya wins the 800 meters at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin. After her victory at the 2009 World Championships, it is announced that she has been subjected to sex verification testing, bringing intersex issues to the public eye. On 6 July 2010, the IAAF confirmed that Semenya is cleared to continue competing. The results of the testing are never officially released for privacy reasons and her personal status is unknown.[72]

2010

  • In the Kenyan High Court case of Richard Muasya v. the Hon. Attorney General, Muasya is convicted of robbery with violence. The case examines whether or not he has suffered discrimination as a result of being born intersex. He is found to have been subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment while in prison. The Court also determines that he has not suffered from lack of identification documents, but is responsible for registering his own birth, following a failure to do so at the time of his birth.[73]

2011

  • Christiane Völling becomes the first intersex person known to have successfully sued for damages in a case brought for non-consensual surgical intervention.[74]
  • Tony Briffa, believed to be the world's first intersex mayor, is elected in the City of Hobsons Bay in the suburbs of Melbourne, Australia, at the end of November.[75]
  • The first International Intersex Forum is held, in Brussels.

2012

  • The Swiss National Advisory Commission Biomedical Ethics publishes a report on the management of differences of sex development.[76]
  • On 14 November 2012, the Supreme Court of Chile orders Maule Health Service to pay compensation of 100 million pesos for moral and psychological damages caused to a child, Benjamín, and another 5 million for each of his parents. Born with ambiguous genitalia, doctors surgically removed his testicles without his parents' informed consent, following which he was raised initially as a girl until the age of 10 when tests revealed that he was male.[77][78] (See also Intersex rights in Chile.)

2013

  • On 1 February, Juan E. Méndez, the UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, issues a statement condemning non-consensual surgical intervention on intersex people.[79][80]
  • Patrick Fénichel, Stéphane Bermon and other clinicians disclose that four elite female athletes from developing countries were subjected to partial clitoridectomies and gonadectomies (sterilization) after testosterone testing revealed that they had the intersex condition 5-alpha-reductase deficiency.[81][82]
  • In June, Australia passes legislation protecting intersex people from discrimination on grounds of "intersex status".[83]
  • In October, the Council of Europe adopts resolution 1952, Children's right to physical integrity.[84]
  • Also in October, the Australian Senate becomes the first parliamentary body to publish an inquiry into the involuntary or coerced sterilization of intersex people, entitled Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia.[83]
  • Intersex activists testify for the first time before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.[53]
  • Germany passes a law requiring intersex infants who may not be classed as male or female to be assigned as "indeterminate". The move is criticized by civil society organizations and human rights institutions as not based around principles of self-determination.[85]
  • In December, participants at the Third International Intersex Forum publish the Malta declaration.[86][87][88][89][90][91][92]

2014

  • The High Court of Kenya orders the Kenyan government to issue a birth certificate to a five-year-old child born in 2009 with ambiguous genitalia.[93]
  • The World Health Organization and other UN agencies publish a joint statement against coercive sterilization.[94]

2015

  • Malta becomes the first country to outlaw non-consensual medical interventions to modify sex anatomy, including that of intersex people. In the same law, it also becomes the first jurisdiction to protect intersex and other people from discrimination on grounds of "sex characteristics".[95][96]
  • The Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe calls for recognition of a right to not undergo sex affirmation interventions.[97]
  • In July, policies on sex verification in sport excluding women with hyperandrogenism are suspended following the case of Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations, in the Court of Arbitration for Sport.[98]
  • Michaela Raab successfully sues doctors in Nuremberg, Germany who failed to properly advise her. Doctors stated that they "were only acting according to the norms of the time".[99] On 17 December 2015, the Nuremberg State Court rules that the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Clinic must pay damages and compensation.[100]
  • The Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice establishes the first Intersex Human Rights Fund, in an attempt to address resourcing issues.[101][102]
  • The Ugandan Registration of Persons Act 2015 allows for the birth registration of a child born a "hermaphrodite", and for children's change of name and change of sex classification.[103][104] Many adult intersex persons are understood to be stateless due to historical difficulties in obtaining identification documents.[104]

2016

2017

2018

  • In February, Asian intersex activists publish the Statement of Intersex Asia and the Asian Intersex Forum, setting out local demands.[126]
  • In April, Latin American and Caribbean intersex activists publish the San José de Costa Rica statement, defining local demands.[127]
  • On 15 August, the German cabinet announce a law to create a new sex designation "diverse" in vital records for intersex people who cannot be clearly assigned either male or female at birth.[128] This complies with an Order of the Federal Constitutional Court.[129] LGBT activists say that the law would be failing to make this category available to non-intersex people, and failing to address concerns about medical interventions.[130]
  • On 28 August, California becomes the first U.S. state to condemn nonconsensual surgeries on intersex children, in Resolution SCR-110.[131][132]

2019

2020

  • In July 2020, Lurie Children's Hospital becomes the first hospital in the United States to stop performing medically unnecessary cosmetic surgeries in intersex infants and publicly apologizes to those harmed by past surgeries.[147]
  • In October 2020, Boston Children's Hospital announces that they will stop performing clitorplasties and vaginoplasties in intersex infants and will wait until the patient can meaningfully participate in conversations about risks and benefits of the procedure and give consent.[148]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature". Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 4 DeVun, Leah (June 2018). "Heavenly hermaphrodites: sexual difference at the beginning and end of time". Postmedieval. 9 (2): 132–146. doi:10.1057/s41280-018-0080-8. ISSN 2040-5960. S2CID 165449144.
  3. ↑ Markantes, Georgios; Deligeoroglou, Efthimios; Armeni, Anastasia; Vasileiou, Vasiliki; Damoulari, Christina; Mandrapilia, Angelina; Kosmopoulou, Fotini; Keramisanou, Varvara; Georgakopoulou, Danai; Creatsas, George; Georgopoulos, Neoklis (2015-07-10). "Callo: The first known case of ambiguous genitalia to be surgically repaired in the history of Medicine, described by Diodorus Siculus". Hormones. 14 (3): 459–461. doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1608. PMID 26188239.
  4. ↑ Petersen, Jay Kyle (2020-12-21). A Comprehensive Guide to Intersex. Jessica Kingsley. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-1-78592-632-7.
  5. ↑ Diodorus Siculus (1935). Library of History (Book IV). Loeb Classical Library Volumes 303 and 340. Translated by Oldfather, C. H. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27.
  6. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.287–88.
  7. ↑ Pliny, Natural History 7.34: gignuntur et utriusque sexus quos hermaphroditos vocamus, olim androgynos vocatos; Veronique Dasen, "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity", Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16.1 (1997), p. 61.
  8. ↑ Philostratus, VS 489
  9. ↑ Swain, Simon (1989). "Favorinus and Hadrian". ZPE. 79: 150–158.
  10. ↑ Mason, H. J., "Favorinus' Disorder: Reifenstein's Syndrome in Antiquity?", in Janus 66 (1978) 1–13.
  11. 1 2 Shopland, Norena (2017), Forbidden Lives: LGBT Stories from Wales, Seren Books
  12. ↑ Decretum Gratiani, C. 4, q. 2 et 3, c. 3
  13. ↑ "Decretum Gratiani (Kirchenrechtssammlung)". Bayerische StaatsBibliothek (Bavarian State Library). February 5, 2009. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016.
  14. ↑ Preves, Sharon E. (2003). Intersex and Identity: The Contested Self. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
  15. ↑ Henrici de Segusio, Cardinalis Hostiensis, Summa aurea, Venice 1574, col. 612.
  16. ↑ Rolker, Christof (2014-01-01). "The two laws and the three sexes: ambiguous bodies in canon law and Roman law (12th to 16th centuries)". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung. 100 (1): 178–222. doi:10.7767/zrgka-2014-0108. ISSN 2304-4896. S2CID 159668229.
  17. ↑ "Henry de Bracton". Encyclopædia Britannica (2009). Retrieved 17 March 2009. Archived 2009-03-24 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ de Bracton, Henry. On the Laws and Customs of England. Vol. 2 (Thorne ed.). p. 31. Archived from the original on 2016-10-29.
  19. ↑ de Bracton, Henry. On the Laws and Customs of England. Vol. 2 (Thorne ed.). p. 32. Archived from the original on 2016-10-29.
  20. ↑ Bychowski, M. W. (June 2018). "The Isle of Hermaphrodites: Disorienting the place of intersex in the Middle Ages". Postmedieval. 9 (2): 161–178. doi:10.1057/s41280-018-0079-1. ISSN 2040-5960. S2CID 166086082.
  21. ↑ Morland, Iain (June 2018). "Afterword: Genitals are history". Postmedieval. 9 (2): 209–215. doi:10.1057/s41280-018-0083-5. ISSN 2040-5960. S2CID 187569252.
  22. ↑ Coke, Edward (1812). The Institutes of the Laws of England (1st American ed.). Part 1, 8.a.
  23. ↑ Greenberg, Julie (1999). "Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology". Arizona Law Review. 41: 277–278. SSRN 896307.
  24. 1 2 Savona-Ventura, Charles (2015). Knight Hospitaller Medicine in Malta [1530–1798]. Lulu. p. 115. ISBN 978-1326482220. Archived from the original on 2017-02-06.
  25. 1 2 Cassar, Paul (11 December 1954). "Change of Sex Sanctioned by a Maltese Law Court in the Eighteenth Century". British Medical Journal. 2 (4901): 1413. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4901.1413. PMC 2080334. PMID 13209141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2017.
  26. ↑ Sirāj al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Sajāwandī (1792). Al Sirájiyyah: Or, the Mohammedan Law of Inheritance. Translated by Jones, William.
  27. ↑ Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten. 1 June 1794. Part 1, section 20. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  28. ↑ Reis, Elizabeth (September 2005). "Impossible Hermaphrodites: Intersex in America, 1620–1960". The Journal of American History. 92 (2): 411–441. doi:10.2307/3659273. JSTOR 3659273.
  29. ↑ Barbin, Herculine (1980). Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite. Translated by McDougall, Richard. introd. Michel Foucault. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-394-50821-4.
  30. ↑ "'Extraordinary Circumstance' hermaphrodite child". The Welshman. 7 November 1981.
  31. ↑ "Hermaphrodite Child - Curious Phenomenon at Cardiff". The Cambrian. 25 May 1906. p. 2. at the National Library of Wales
  32. ↑ von Neugebauer, Franz Ludwig (1908). Hermaphroditismus beim Menschen. Leipzig: Dr. Werner Klinkhardt. pp. 1–764.
  33. ↑ Goldschmidt, Richard (1915). "Vorläufige Mitteilung über weitere Versuche zur Vererbung und Bestimmung des Geschlechts". Biologisches Centralblatt (in German). Leipzig: Georg Thieme. 35: 566.
  34. ↑ Satzinger, Helga (2004). Rasse, Gene und Geschlecht – Zur Konstituierung zentraler biologischer Begriffe bei Richard Goldschmidt und Fritz Lenz, 1916–1936 (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften. p. 15.
  35. ↑ Goldschmidt, Richard (1916). "Die biologischen Grundlagen der konträren Sexualität und des Hermaphroditismus beim Menschen". Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschaftsbiologie einschließlich Rassen- und Gesellschaftshygiene. Berlin: Archiv-Gesellschaft. 12 (1): 1–14.
  36. ↑ Mathes, Paul (1924). Halban, Josef; Seitz, Ludwig (eds.). "Die Konstitutionstypen des Weibes, insbesondere der intersexuelle Typus". Biologie und Pathologie des Weibes. Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg: 1–112.
  37. ↑ Satzinger, Helga (2004). Rasse, Gene und Gesellschaft. Zur Konstituierung zentraler biologischer Begriffe bei Richard Goldschmidt und Fritz Lenz (PDF). Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften. pp. 17–20.
  38. ↑ Naujoks, Hans (1934). "Über echte Zwitterbildung beim Menschen und ihre therapeutische Beeinflussung" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Geburtshlfe und Gynäkologie. Berlin: W. Stoeckel. 109: 139–140, 149.
  39. ↑ Naujoks, Hans (1934). "Über echte Zwitterbildung beim Menschen und ihre therapeutische Beeinflussung" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie. Berlin: W. Stoeckel. 109: 135–161.
  40. ↑ Lenz, Fritz (1936). "Anomalien der Körperform". Menschliche Erblehre und Rassenhygiene (Eugenik). München: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag. Volume I, section 3: Die krankhaften Erbanlagen, p.403.
  41. ↑ Obermaier, Frederick (2007-10-22). "Auge in Auge mit Todesengel Mengele". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  42. ↑ Cawadias, A. P. (1943) Hermaphoditus the Human Intersex, London: Heinemann Medical Books.
  43. ↑ Armstrong, C. N. (1964). "Intersexuality in Man". In Armstrong, C. N.; Marshall, A. J. (eds.). Intersexuality in Vertebrates Including Man. London, New York: Academic Press.
  44. ↑ Dewhurst, S. J.; Gordon, R. R. (1969). The Intersexual Disorders. London: Baillière Tindall & Cassell.
  45. ↑ Eder, Sandra (2014). Historische Evaluation der Behandlung von Patienten und Patientinnen mit Besonderheiten der Geschlechtsentwicklung am Kinderspital Zürich (PDF) (in German). Zürich: University of Zürich. pp. 17, 18.
  46. ↑ Dohle, Max; Ettema, Dick (2012). "Foekje Dillema". Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  47. ↑ "A Lab is Set to Test the Gender of Some Female Athletes". New York Times. 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017.
  48. ↑ In the marriage of C and D (falsely called C), FLC 90-636 (1979).
  49. ↑ "Olympic track star Stella Walsh dies". Wilmington Morning Star. December 6, 1980. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Stella Walsh Slain; Olympic Track Star". The New York Times. December 6, 1980. p. 20. ProQuest 121246455.
  51. ↑ Tullis, Matt (27 June 2013). "Who was Stella Walsh? The story of the intersex Olympian". SB Nation. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28.
  52. ↑ Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia; Briffa, Anthony (22 January 2003). "Discrimination against People affected by Intersex Conditions: Submission to NSW Government" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
  53. 1 2 Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice (June 2016). "We Are Real: The Growing Movement Advancing the Human Rights of Intersex People" (PDF).
  54. ↑ Martínez-Patiño, Maria José (December 2005). "Personal Account: A woman Tried and Tested". The Lancet. 366: 366–538. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67841-5. PMID 16360746. S2CID 8742433.
  55. ↑ Simpson JL, Ljungqvist A, de la Chapelle A, et al. (November 1993). "Gender verification in competitive sports". Sports Medicine. 16 (5): 305–15. doi:10.2165/00007256-199316050-00002. PMID 8272686. S2CID 43814501.
  56. ↑ Chase, Cheryl (July–August 1993). "Letters from readers" (PDF). The Sciences: 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-28.
  57. ↑ Holmes, Morgan (17 October 2015). "When Max Beck and Morgan Holmes went to Boston". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
  58. ↑ Beck, Max. "Hermaphrodites with Attitude Take to the Streets". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
  59. 1 2 Driver, Betsy (14 October 2015). "The origins of Intersex Awareness Day". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24.
  60. ↑ Diamond, Milton (1982). "Sexual Identity, Monozygotic Twins Reared in Discordant Sex Roles and a BBC Follow-Up". Archives of Sexual Behavior. University of Hawaii. 11 (2): 181–186. doi:10.1007/BF01541983. PMID 6889847. S2CID 45440589. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  61. ↑ Diamond, Milton; Sigmundson, H. Keith (October 1997). "Management of intersexuality. Guidelines for dealing with persons with ambiguous genitalia". Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 151 (10): 1046–50. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170470080015. PMID 9343018. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  62. ↑ Curtis, Skyler (2010–2011). "Reproductive Organs and Differences of Sex Development: The Constitutional Issues Created by the Surgical Treatment of Intersex Children". McGeorge Law Review. 42: 863. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  63. ↑ Bödeker, Heike (2016). "Intersexualität, Individualität, Selbstbestimmtheit und Psychoanalyse Ein Besinnungsaufsatz". In Michaela Katzer; Heinz-Jürgen Voß (eds.). Geschlechtliche, sexuelle und reproduktive Selbstbestimmung (in German). Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag. pp. 117–136. doi:10.30820/9783837967999-117. ISBN 978-3-8379-2546-3.
  64. ↑ Koshie, Nihal (September 9, 2018). "The rising star who ended her life much before Dutee Chand challenged the rules". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  65. ↑ Prabhudesai, Sandesh (October 11, 2001). "Mystery of Pratima's suicide". Goa News. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  66. ↑ Nagvenkar, Mayabhushan (July 21, 2012). "Goa's Pinki Pramanik". Newslaundry. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  67. ↑ "X marks the spot for intersex Alex" (PDF). West Australian. 11 January 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-10 – via Bodies Like Ours.
  68. ↑ Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories". Science as Culture. 17 (3): 341–344. doi:10.1080/09505430802280784. S2CID 143528047.
  69. ↑ "Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005, Republic of South Africa, Vol. 487, Cape Town" (PDF). 11 January 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2015.
  70. ↑ Human Rights Commission of the City and County of San Francisco; de María Arana, Marcus (2005). A Human Rights Investigation into the Medical 'Normalization' of Intersex People. San Francisco. Archived from the original on 2013-12-28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  71. ↑ Hughes, I. A.; Houk, C.; Ahmed, S. F.; Lee, P. A.; LWPES1/ESPE2 Consensus Group (June 2005). "Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 91 (7): 554–563. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.098319. ISSN 0003-9888. PMC 2082839. PMID 16624884.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  72. ↑ Motshegwa, Lesogo; Gerald Imray (2010-07-06). "World champ Semenya cleared to return to track". Yahoo!. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
  73. ↑ International Commission of Jurists (2010). "Richard Muasya v. the Hon. Attorney General, High Court of Kenya (2 December 2010)". International Commission of Jurists.
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