Long fork fern
T. obliqua growing on a Dicksonia antarctica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Psilotales
Family: Psilotaceae
Genus: Tmesipteris
Species:
T. obliqua
Binomial name
Tmesipteris obliqua

Tmesipteris obliqua, more commonly known as the long fork-fern or common fork-fern, is a weeping, epiphytic fern ally with narrow unbranched leafy stems.[1] T. obliqua is a member of the genus Tmesipteris, commonly known as hanging fork-ferns. Tmesipteris is one of two genera in the order Psilotales, the other genus being Psilotum.[2] T. obliqua is endemic to eastern Australia.[3]

Anatomy and biology

T. obliqua is a weeping, epiphytic fern ally that grows on trunks of tree ferns, such as Dicksonia antarctica and some rocky surfaces.[1] Fronds of T. obliqua are unbranched and grow to 20-65cm in length.[4] T. obliqua has a thick fleshy rhizome[5] but no true roots.[1] This rhizome is brittle and resents disturbance.[5] The stems are usually without branches and smooth at the base, except for a single groove on the upper surface of the lower section of stem.[4]

Leaves are oblong in shape, sometimes broad as well, and are roughly 20-30mm in length, 4-8mm wide.[3] Leaves are not crowded (c. 3 per cm), are asymmetrical at the base and apex truncate with a fine excurrent point.[4] Leaves reduce in size towards apex of stem (younger parts of the plant are smaller).[3]

T. obliqua are non-flowering and spore forming. Sporangia are borne in pointed 2-chambered capsules at the base of specialise forked bracts, which are narrower and shorter than sterile leaves.[1][5]

It has been discovered that Tmesipteris obliqua has the largest known fern genome (1C = 150.61 pg). Its genome size was estimated by flow cytometry in comparison with the genome of Paris japonica (Melanthiaceae; 1C = 152.23 pg), the largest genome so far reported for any eukaryote. This discovery has shown a double in genome size compared to genome size values previously encountered in ferns.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Tmesipteris obliqua is an epiphyte commonly found growing on the trunks of tree-ferns, especially the soft tree-fern, Dicksonia antarctica[1] and occasionally shady, moist rock-faces.[4]

This species is widespread and common from sea level up to 600m in communities of fern gullies, rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests.[5] T. obliqua thrives in moist, shady, humid and rocky environments and soil tolerances include mossy logs, rock or soil amongst exposed roots.[5]

T. obliqua is most commonly found distributed along eastern Australia.[2][3][5]

Cultivation

Due to its epiphytic nature, T. obliqua grows best in areas of high rainfall, large amounts of shade and some humidity in communities with rocky surfaces. These very specific growth requirements, plus the delicacy of the species, makes it extremely difficult for cultivation.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ".: Tmesipteris obliqua :". fe.yarraranges.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  2. 1 2 Robinson, Les. (2003). Field guide to the native plants of Sydney (Rev. 3rd ed.). East Roseville, NSW: Kangaroo Press. ISBN 0-7318-1211-5. OCLC 56844322.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "PlantNET - FloraOnline". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Flora of Victoria". vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Communities". www.understorey-network.org.au. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  6. ↑ Hidalgo, Oriane; Pellicer, Jaume; Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Schneider, Harald; Leitch, Ilia J. (2017-04-01). "Genomic gigantism in the whisk-fern family (Psilotaceae): Tmesipteris obliqua challenges record holder Paris japonica". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (4): 509–514. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/box003. ISSN 0024-4074.
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