The Toda lattice, introduced by Morikazu Toda (1967), is a simple model for a one-dimensional crystal in solid state physics. It is famous because it is one of the earliest examples of a non-linear completely integrable system.

It is given by a chain of particles with nearest neighbor interaction, described by the Hamiltonian

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H(p,q)&=\sum _{n\in \mathbb {Z} }\left({\frac {p(n,t)^{2}}{2}}+V(q(n+1,t)-q(n,t))\right)\end{aligned}}}$

and the equations of motion

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dt}}p(n,t)&=-{\frac {\partial H(p,q)}{\partial q(n,t)}}=e^{-(q(n,t)-q(n-1,t))}-e^{-(q(n+1,t)-q(n,t))},\\{\frac {d}{dt}}q(n,t)&={\frac {\partial H(p,q)}{\partial p(n,t)}}=p(n,t),\end{aligned}}}$

where ${\displaystyle q(n,t)}$ is the displacement of the ${\displaystyle n}$-th particle from its equilibrium position,

and ${\displaystyle p(n,t)}$ is its momentum (mass ${\displaystyle m=1}$),

and the Toda potential ${\displaystyle V(r)=e^{-r}+r-1}$.

Soliton solutions

Soliton solutions are solitary waves spreading in time with no change to their shape and size and interacting with each other in a particle-like way. The general N-soliton solution of the equation is

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}q_{N}(n,t)=q_{+}+\log {\frac {\det(\mathbb {I} +C_{N}(n,t))}{\det(\mathbb {I} +C_{N}(n+1,t))}},\end{aligned}}}$

where

${\displaystyle C_{N}(n,t)={\Bigg (}{\frac {\sqrt {\gamma _{i}(n,t)\gamma _{j}(n,t)}}{1-e^{\kappa _{i}+\kappa _{j}}}}{\Bigg )}_{1<i,j<N},}$

with

${\displaystyle \gamma _{j}(n,t)=\gamma _{j}\,e^{-2\kappa _{j}n-2\sigma _{j}\sinh(\kappa _{j})t}}$

where ${\displaystyle \kappa _{j},\gamma _{j}>0}$ and ${\displaystyle \sigma _{j}\in \{\pm 1\}}$.

Integrability

The Toda lattice is a prototypical example of a completely integrable system. To see this one uses Flaschka's variables

${\displaystyle a(n,t)={\frac {1}{2}}{\rm {e}}^{-(q(n+1,t)-q(n,t))/2},\qquad b(n,t)=-{\frac {1}{2}}p(n,t)}$

such that the Toda lattice reads

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {a}}(n,t)&=a(n,t){\Big (}b(n+1,t)-b(n,t){\Big )},\\{\dot {b}}(n,t)&=2{\Big (}a(n,t)^{2}-a(n-1,t)^{2}{\Big )}.\end{aligned}}}$

To show that the system is completely integrable, it suffices to find a Lax pair, that is, two operators L(t) and P(t) in the Hilbert space of square summable sequences ${\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(\mathbb {Z} )}$ such that the Lax equation

${\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}L(t)=[P(t),L(t)]}$

(where [L, P] = LP - PL is the Lie commutator of the two operators) is equivalent to the time derivative of Flaschka's variables. The choice

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L(t)f(n)&=a(n,t)f(n+1)+a(n-1,t)f(n-1)+b(n,t)f(n),\\P(t)f(n)&=a(n,t)f(n+1)-a(n-1,t)f(n-1).\end{aligned}}}$

where f(n+1) and f(n-1) are the shift operators, implies that the operators L(t) for different t are unitarily equivalent.

The matrix ${\displaystyle L(t)}$ has the property that its eigenvalues are invariant in time. These eigenvalues constitute independent integrals of motion, therefore the Toda lattice is completely integrable. In particular, the Toda lattice can be solved by virtue of the inverse scattering transform for the Jacobi operator L. The main result implies that arbitrary (sufficiently fast) decaying initial conditions asymptotically for large t split into a sum of solitons and a decaying dispersive part.

See also

• Lax pair
• Lie bialgebra
• Poisson–Lie group

References

• Krüger, Helge; Teschl, Gerald (2009), "Long-time asymptotics of the Toda lattice for decaying initial data revisited", Rev. Math. Phys., 21 (1): 61–109, arXiv:0804.4693, Bibcode:2009RvMaP..21...61K, doi:10.1142/S0129055X0900358X, MR 2493113, S2CID 14214460
• Teschl, Gerald (2000), Jacobi Operators and Completely Integrable Nonlinear Lattices, Providence: Amer. Math. Soc., ISBN 978-0-8218-1940-1, MR 1711536
• Teschl, Gerald (2001), "Almost everything you always wanted to know about the Toda equation", Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, 103 (4): 149–162, MR 1879178
• Eugene Gutkin, Integrable Hamiltonians with Exponential Potential, Physica 16D (1985) 398-404. doi:10.1016/0167-2789(85)90017-X
• Toda, Morikazu (1967), "Vibration of a chain with a non-linear interaction", J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 22 (2): 431–436, Bibcode:1967JPSJ...22..431T, doi:10.1143/JPSJ.22.431
• Toda, Morikazu (1989), Theory of Nonlinear Lattices, Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, vol. 20 (2 ed.), Berlin: Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83219-2, ISBN 978-0-387-10224-5, MR 0971987

External links

• E. W. Weisstein, Toda Lattice at ScienceWorld
• G. Teschl, The Toda Lattice
• J Phys A Special issue on fifty years of the Toda lattice