Tor mahseer
Original illustration of Tor tor by Haludar 1822
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Genus: Tor
Species:
T. tor
Binomial name
Tor tor
(Hamilton, 1822)
Synonyms[2]
  • Barbus megalepis
    (McClelland, 1839)
  • Barbus tor
    (Hamilton, 1822)
  • Cyprinus tor
    (Hamilton, 1822)
  • Puntius tor
    (Hamilton, 1822)
  • Tor hamiltoni
    (Gray, 1834)
  • Tor mosal mahanadicus
    (David, 1953)

Tor tor, commonly known as the tor mahseer or tor barb, is a species of cyprinid fish found in fast-flowing rivers and streams with rocky bottoms in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and Pakistan. It is a commercially important food and game fish.

In the Himalayan rivers, the population is rapidly declining through its native range, including some evidence of catastrophic collapse, due to pollution,[3] overfishing, the effects of dam building, climate change and introductions of other mahseer species. Until the 1980s, Tor tor was the most populous of the Himalayan mahseers in those rivers where robust species diversity monitoring had taken place.[4][5]

There are also declining populations in rivers of Central India, including north-flowing tributaries of the Ganges/Yamuna basin, the Narmada basin [6][7] and as far south as the Savitri River [8] in Maharashtra. Given the huge differences in climatic and riverine conditions, careful work on species identity is needed to establish if these mahseer are also Tor tor, or an undescribed species.

It is a large fish, reaching 36 cm (14 in) at maturity, but lengths of 150 cm (4.9 ft) have been recorded,[1][2] but the maximum length is 200 cm.[9] The fish is well armoured by their record large scales, each reaching up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in length.[10]

The main species found in Central India is the state fish of Madhya Pradesh[11] while the sub-species found in Mahanadi river, known as Tor mosal mahanadicus (Mahanadi mahseer) is the state fish of Odisha.[12]

Habitats

A close look at the giant red-finned mahseer of Himalayan rivers suggests it is adapted to feeding on the bottom. Having a sub-terminal or inferior [13] mouth and being equipped with barbels, small sensory organs dangling from the corners of the mouth, usually imply that this fish feeds on or in the river's substrate.[14] This could be an explanation for how multiple species of mahseer inhabit the same river habitats.[15]

Another element that requires more study is that the co-habiting species Tor putitora accesses tributaries at higher elevations than Tor tor for spawning success.[16][17] These papers show that while some research has been conducted into the breeding habits of the golden mahseer, little work has been done on Tor tor, possibly because of the alarming decline in populations.

Conservation

Among the most pressing issues relating to the conservation of this fish are that it cannot be correctly identified. Although many papers have been published on Tor tor, most are written about studies of fish from the Narmada River of central India, none cross-reference to fish from the type locality: Mahananda River of West Bengal. The uncertainty of identity is the reason for the IUCN Red Listing status of Data Deficient.

While there are reports of a few, large fish which appear to fit the description of Tor tor in some rivers of the Himalayan region, anecdotal reports from anglers suggest that there are very few juvenile fish. This may demonstrate that spawning behaviours have been changed, due to a number of possible factors, but dam building is one of the most likely culprits. The planned Pancheswar Dam on the Sarda River (also called Mahakali River when shared by Nepal) will halt the migration of all freshwater fauna, including mature Tor tor.[18] Climate change is likely to have a devastating effect on fish species of the Himalayas, due to a combination of increased flows from glacial melt and rising temperatures due to both a generally warmer local climate and the effect of impoundments.[19][20]

Releases of non-native fish are also having an impact upon fish of Himalaya, like Tor tor.[21] Given the high incidence of Buddhist belief in the region, many of these are inadvertent 'liberation' of highly invasive species, both fish and other organisms like turtles and frogs.[22]
Calls for stock reinforcement through stocking are understandable, but have often caused more problems for wild stock.[23] A correct and long-term study of relative species populations will be needed prior to any attempt to recover stocks through artificial breeding.
As has been demonstrated previously,[24] attempts to restock without an adequate understanding of species ratios, or by using incorrect species, can have catastrophic effects upon the target species for a conservation plan.

References

  1. 1 2 Rayamajhi, A.; Jha, B.R.; Sharma, C.M.; Pinder, A.; Harrison, A.; Katwate, U.; Dahanukar, N. (2018). "Tor tor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T166534A126321898. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T166534A126321898.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 R. Froese; D. Pauly, eds. (2014). "Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822)". FishBase. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  3. ↑ "Edds, D., D. Gillette, T. Maskey, and M. Mahato. 2002. Hot-soda process paper mill effluent effects on fishes and macroinvertebrates in the Narayani River, Nepal. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 17(4): 543-554. | Request PDF". Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  4. ↑ Edds, D. (1993). Fish Assemblage Structure and Environmental Correlates in Nepal's Gandaki River. Copeia, 1993(1), 48-60. doi:10.2307/1446294
  5. ↑ — Abigail Griffin (2016-02-24). "UNC Asheville recognized as a top producer of Fulbright Scholars | Mountain Xpress". Mountainx.com. Retrieved 2020-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ "A case study of the Narmada River system in India with particular reference to the impact of dams on its ecology and fisheries". Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  7. ↑ "Dammed and mined, Narmada can no longer support people living in the river valley". Firstpost. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  8. ↑ Unmesh Katwate Deepak Apte. "Where have all the mahseers gone?". Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  9. ↑ Fishbase-Tor tor
  10. ↑ McGrouther, M. "Fish scales". Australian Museum. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  11. ↑ "State Symbols of MP". mpsbb.nic.in. Madhya Pradesh State Biodiversity Board. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  12. ↑ "State Fishes of India" (PDF). National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  13. ↑ "Mouth Types". 2 May 2017.
  14. ↑ "Mouth Types – Discover Fishes". Floridamuseum.ufl.edu. 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  15. ↑ AuthorHimalayananglers (2018-04-18). "The Mystery of the Redfin Mahseer of the north". Camp The Himalaya. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  16. ↑ "Modelling Of Golden Mahseer Habitat For E-Flows In The Alaknanda River Using Digital Elevation Data". Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  17. ↑ "Endangered Golden mahseer Tor putitora Hamilton: a review of natural history" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-02-26.
  18. ↑ Sati, S. P.; Sharma, Shubhra; Rana, Naresh; Dobhal, Harsh; Juyal, Navin (2019). "Environmental Implications of Pancheshwar Dam in Uttarakhand (Central Himalaya), India". Current Science. 116 (9): 1483. doi:10.18520/cs/v116/i9/1483-1489. S2CID 195210778.
  19. ↑ Gupta, Nishikant; Raut, Shailendra; Nautiyal, Prakash; Johnson, Jeyaraj; Kuppusamy, Sivakumar; Mathur, Vinod. (2017). "Climate change and species distribution in the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot". NeBIO. 8 (1): 1–5.
  20. ↑ "'Climate change to hit 150 Himalayan fish species'". The Times of India. 2019-08-27. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  21. ↑ Gupta, Nishikant; Everard, Mark (2019). "Non-native fishes in the Indian Himalaya: An emerging concern for freshwater scientists". International Journal of River Basin Management. 17 (2): 271–275. doi:10.1080/15715124.2017.1411929. S2CID 135435694.
  22. ↑ Everard, Mark; Pinder, Adrian C.; Raghavan, Rajeev; Kataria, Gaurav (2019). "Are well‐intended Buddhist practices an under‐appreciated threat to global aquatic biodiversity?" (PDF). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 29: 136–141. doi:10.1002/aqc.2997.
  23. ↑ Bista, Jay D.; Gurung, Tek B.; Pradhan, Neeta; Wagle, Suresh K. (2015). "Allozyme Based Genetic Variation between Hatchery and Natural Populations of Sahar (Tor putitora)". Journal of Natural History Museum. 26: 212–223. doi:10.3126/jnhm.v26i0.14146.
  24. ↑ Pinder, A. C.; Raghavan, R.; Britton, J. R. (2015). "The legendary hump-back mahseer Tor SPP. Of India's River Cauvery: An endemic fish swimming towards extinction?" (PDF). Endangered Species Research. 28 (1): 11–17. doi:10.3354/esr00673.
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