Passengers disembarking from Druk Air's Airbus A319 at Paro Airport

Tourism in Bhutan began in 1974, when the Government of Bhutan, in an effort to raise revenue and to promote Bhutanese unique culture and traditions to the outside world, opened its isolated country to foreigners. In 1974 a total of 287 tourists visited the Kingdom of Bhutan. The number of tourists visiting Bhutan increased to 2,850 in 1992, and rose dramatically to 7,158 in 1999.[1] By the late 1980s tourism contributed over US$2 million in annual revenue.

Though open to foreigners, the Bhutanese government is acutely aware of the environmental impact tourists can have on Bhutan's unique and virtually unspoiled landscape and culture. Accordingly, they have restricted the level of tourist activity from the start, preferring higher-quality tourism. Initially, this policy was known as "high value, low volume"[2] tourism. It was renamed in 2008 as "high value, low impact", "a subtle but significant shift". While the low impact is guaranteed through the low number of visitors, it is a requirement to be wealthy to travel Bhutan,[3] which leaves room for criticism and the question whether one has to be wealthy to be a "high value tourist".[4] For tourists a US$ 200 per person per day fee is imposed.[5] In 2005 a document called "Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy" "placed greater emphasis on increasing tourist numbers by using the country's culture and environment to promote Bhutan as an exotic niche destination attractive to wealthy tourists".[6] The most important centres for tourism are in Bhutan's capital, Thimphu, and in the western city of Paro, Taktshang, a cliff-side monastery (called the "Tiger's Nest" in English) overlooking the Paro Valley, is one of the country's attractions. This temple is sacred to Buddhists. Housed inside the temple is a cave in which the Buddhist Deity who brought Buddhism to Bhutan meditated for 90 days in order to spread Buddhism. The temple has been standing for well over a thousand years.

Travel operators in Bhutan

Hindu Dharma Samudaya Temple in Thimphu

The Bhutanese government privatised the Bhutan Tourism Corporation (BTC) in October 1991, facilitating private-sector investment and activity. As a result, as of 2018 over 75 licensed tourist companies operate in the country.[1] Previously, all tourists (group or individual) had to travel on a planned, prepaid, guided package-tour or according to a custom-designed travel-program. Potential tourists had to make arrangements through an officially approved tour operator, either directly or through an overseas agent.

Visa to Bhutan

Bhutan's tourism policy was further revised in June 2022 to maintain its 'High Value, Low Volume' policy and all nationalities had to pay US $200 as a Sustainable Development Fee[7] per night to obtain a visa to Bhutan, while Indian nationals have to pay 1,200 INR to obtain a permit. Starting from August 2023, the SDF decreased to $100, while the amount for Indians, stayed the same.[8] However, travelers can now arrange their own accommodations and itinerary when traveling in the country.

Almost all nationalities need to pre-arrange their visa or permit[9] prior to visiting Bhutan based on the updated visa policy of Bhutan

Airlines

Paro International Airport

Druk Air, founded in 1981, used to be the only airline operating flights in Bhutan,[10] until the liberazation of the aviation industry with the introduction of Bhutan Airlines in December 2011.[11]

Arrivals by country

In 2019, the country saw its highest number of tourists yet, at more than 315,000 people. The growth was boosted by the Asia-Pacific market, notably from India, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Australia, Japan, China, Singapore, Bangladesh, Malaysia and South Korea. Western markets also increased, notably from the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France.[12]

Most visitors arriving to Bhutan on a short-term basis were from the following countries:[13][14][15]

RankCountry or territory20192018201720162015201420132012
1 India230,381191,836172,751114,301————
2 Bangladesh13,01610,45010,5367,753————
3 United States11,70710,5619,2207,2927,1377,2916,9976,102
4 China7,5646,8786,4219,2089,3998,1114,8273,816
5 Singapore4,7443,8864,1293,0152,5871,7202,051
6 United Kingdom4,2413,5853,2463,1242,9582,6802,3092,491
7 Thailand4,0863,8864,0474,1773,77812,1053,5273,617
8 Germany3,3753,4222,9702,2972,4982,9712,7702,895
9 Australia3,1532,7392,2491,8181,8332,0372,0621,950
10 Japan3,0102,6742,7444,8332,4372,7074,0357,029
11 Malaysia2,7613,1402,9561,9671,5462,0672,0541,312
12 Vietnam2,0721,9611,423—————
13 France1,9531,7731,5451,5011,5631,6361,5721,863
14 Philippines1,9121,0891,101—
15 Canada1,8701,8071,5241,110————
16 Spain1,6591,3971,142—————
17 Taiwan—1,4961,4911,812————
18  Switzerland—1,3791,352—————
19 Italy—1,229978—————
20 Indonesia—1,033——————
21 Netherlands—757——————
Others20,007——————
Total315,599274,097237,529209,570155,121133,480116,209105,407

UNESCO Tentative List of Bhutan

In 2012, Bhutan formally listed its tentative sites to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre. It was the first time Bhutan listed its sites to the organization for future inclusion. Eight sites were listed throughout the country.[16]

Site Image Location Proposed criteria Year Listed as Tentative Site Description Refs
Ancient Ruin of Drukgyel Dzong Paro District Cultural 2012 The site includes the ruins of a fortress-Buddhist monastery built by Tenzin Drukdra in 1649. In 2016, the Bhutanese government announced that the monastery will be rebuilt to its former glory.[17] [18]
Dzongs: the centre of temporal and religious authorities (Punakha Dzong, Wangdue Phodrang Dzong, Paro Dzong, Trongsa Dzong and Dagana Dzong) Multiple Cultural 2012 The site includes five dzongs significant to Bhutanese history, namely, Punakha Dzong, Wangdue Phodrang Dzong, Paro Dzong, Trongsa Dzong and Dagana Dzong. [19]
Sacred Sites associated with Phajo Drugom Zhigpo and his descendants Multiple Cultural 2012 The site includes Tsedong Phug, Gawa Phug, Langthang Phug, Sengye Phug, Gom Drak, Thukje Drak, Tsechu Drak, Dechen Drak, Taktsang Sengye Samdrub Dzong, Tago Choying Dzong, Lingzhi Jagoe Dzong and Yangtse Thubo Dzong. [20]
Tamzhing Monastery Bumthang District Cultural 2012 The site is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan. [21]
Royal Manas National Park (RMNP) Multiple districts Natural 2012 The site is the oldest national park in Bhutan. [22]
Jigme Dorji National Park (JDNP) Multiple districts Natural 2012 The site is the second largest national park in Bhutan. [23]
Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary Trashiyangtse District Cultural 2012 The site is an important bird area in the Himalayas. [24]
Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) Multiple districts Cultural 2012 The site was established to protect a mythical race known as migoi, as well as the wildlife within the site. [25]

Criticism of the "high quality, low volume" principle

While Bhutan is successful in limiting the numbers of tourists who enter the country,[26] with its principle of "High Quality, Low Volume"[27] it can be argued, that a "high quality tourist" needs to be a wealthy tourist, because the hurdle of visiting Bhutan is mainly posed by the high pricing and not by actual interest or mindfulness.[28]

See also

Taktshang Monastery in Paro District

References

  1. 1 2 Dorji, Tandi. "Sustainability of Tourism in Bhutan" (PDF). Digital Himalaya. Retrieved August 10, 2008.
  2. ↑ High Value Low Volume. KuenselOnline (2015-08-21). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  3. ↑ Kent Schroeder, Politics of Gross National Happiness: Governance and Development in Bhutan, Cham (Switzerland): Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, 54–55.
  4. ↑ Schroeder, Kent (2017). "The Last Shangri-La?". Politics of Gross National Happiness: Governance and Development in Bhutan. Cham (Zug): Springer. p. 55. ISBN 9783319653884. Retrieved 25 January 2020. To drive increased tourism revenues, the earlier approach of 'high value, low volume' was replaced by 'high value, low impact'. This represented a subtle but significant shift.
  5. ↑ Yeginsu, Ceylan (2022-07-05). "Famous for Happiness, and Limits on Tourism, Bhutan Will Triple Fees to Visit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  6. ↑ Kent Schroeder, Politics of Gross National Happiness: Governance and Development in Bhutan, Cham (Switzerland): Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, 54–55.
  7. ↑ "Bhutan set to raise SDF to 200 USD". Daily Bhutan. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  8. ↑ Ahuja, Bhawna (27 August 2023). "Enhancing Bhutan's Tourism Sector: Strategies for Success". IndraStra Global. ISSN 2381-3652. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  9. ↑ "Planning YOUR TRIP to Bhutan". Tourism Council of Bhutan.
  10. ↑ "About Drukair". Drukair Singapore office. Drukair. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  11. ↑ "Our Story | Bhutan Airlines".
  12. ↑ "Bhutan Tourism Monitor". Tourism Council of Bhutan. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  13. ↑ Tourism Council of Bhutan (2014) BHUTAN TOURISM MONITOR. Annual Report 2013.
  14. ↑ Tourism Council of Bhutan (2016) "BHUTAN TOURISM MONITOR. Annual Report 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  15. ↑ Tourism Council of Bhutan (2017) "BHUTAN TOURISM MONITOR. Annual Report 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  16. ↑ Bhutan. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  17. ↑ Drukyul’s victory rises to The Gyalsey – KuenselOnline. Kuenselonline.com (2016-02-07). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  18. ↑ Ancient Ruin of Drukgyel Dzong. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2020-07-09). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  19. ↑ Dzongs: the centre of temporal and religious authorities (Punakha Dzong, Wangdue Phodrang Dzong, Paro Dzong, Trongsa Dzong and Dagana Dzong). UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2020-07-09). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  20. ↑ Sacred Sites associated with Phajo Drugom Zhigpo and his descendants. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2020-07-09). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  21. ↑ Tamzhing Monastery. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2020-07-09). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  22. ↑ Royal Manas National Park (RMNP). UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2020-07-09). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  23. ↑ Jigme Dorji National Park (JDNP). UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2020-07-09). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  24. ↑ Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2020-07-09). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  25. ↑ Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS). UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2020-07-09). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  26. ↑ Bhutan saw highest number of tourists last year – BBS | BBS. Bbs.bt (2018-04-13). Retrieved on 2020-07-28.
  27. ↑ Nyaupane, Gyan P. and Timothy, Dallen (2016) "Bhutan’s Low-volume, High-yield Tourism: The Influence of Power and Regionalism". Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally.
  28. ↑ Schroeder, Kent (2017). "The Last Shangri-La?". Politics of Gross National Happiness: Governance and Development in Bhutan. Cham (Zug): Springer. p. 55. ISBN 9783319653884. Retrieved 25 January 2020. To drive increased tourism revenues, the earlier approach of 'high value, low volume' was replaced by 'high value, low impact'. This represented a subtle but significant shift.
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