Treaty of Ripon
Plaque commemorating the signing of the treaty
ContextBishops' Wars
Drafted16 October 1640
Signed28 October 1640
LocationRipon
Negotiators
Original
signatories		Charles I
Parties

The Treaty of Ripon was an agreement signed by Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Scottish Covenanters on 28 October 1640, in the aftermath of the Second Bishops' War.

The Bishops' Wars were fought by the Covenanters to oppose attempts by Charles to bring the Church of Scotland closer to the Church of England, specifically in relation to treating the king as the source of spiritual power and the introduction of bishops into government. Victory at the Battle of Newburn in August 1640 left the Scots in control of Northumberland, County Durham, and Newcastle upon Tyne.

Seeking to bypass Parliament, Charles assembled the Great Council of Peers for the first time in a century. Although the Council agreed to negotiate, they insisted Parliament approve the terms; until then, the Scots were allowed to occupy Northumberland and Durham, and were paid expenses of £850 a day. Although humiliating, Charles was forced to accept these terms.

This forced Charles to recall the Long Parliament, which he could not dissolve, ultimately leading to the First English Civil War.

Background

National Covenant

Signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh

The Protestant Reformation created a Church of Scotland, or 'kirk', Presbyterian in structure, and Calvinist in doctrine. While 'Presbyterian' and 'Episcopalian' now implies differences in both governance and doctrine, this was not the case in the 17th century. Episcopalian structures were governed by bishops, usually appointed by the monarch, Presbyterian by presbyters, elected by ministers and elders.[1] Arguments over the role of bishops were as much about politics and the power of the monarch as religious practice.[2]

When James VI and I succeeded as king of England in 1603, he viewed a unified Church of Scotland and England as the first step in creating a centralised, Unionist state.[3] This policy was adopted by his son, Charles I, but the two were very different in doctrine, while English Puritans also objected to proposed reforms to the Church of England.[4]

In 1636, a new Book of Canons replaced John Knox's Book of Discipline and excommunicated anyone who denied the King's supremacy in church matters.[5] Charles failed to consult either the kirk or the Scottish Parliament, and these reforms caused outrage in Scotland.[6] When followed in 1637 by a new Book of Common Prayer, it resulted in riots, and in February 1638, representatives from all sections of Scottish society agreed a National Covenant, pledging resistance to liturgical 'innovations.'[7] It tapped into widespread dissatisfaction with the policies advocated by a largely absentee monarch, and the loss of Scottish political influence to England.[8] The Covenant was supported by most of the nobility, including the Marquess of Argyll and six other members of the Scottish Privy Council.[9]

Although Charles agreed to defer discussion of the new canons to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, he made it clear he had no intention of making any concessions. When the Assembly gathered in Glasgow in December it rejected the changes, expelled bishops from the kirk, and affirmed its right to meet annually, not just when the king agreed. The Marquis of Hamilton advised Charles there was now no alternative to war.[10] With the Scottish Parliament recruiting soldiers and seeking support from foreign governments and English Puritans, Charles had to treat this as an act of rebellion and responded by gathering an army to march on Scotland.[11]

Bishops' Wars

In March 1639 Covenanter forces seized Edinburgh and other Scottish towns, starting the First Bishops' War, which ended without a battle in June by the Treaty of Berwick.[12] Following this, Charles called the Short Parliament in April 1640, seeking funds for a second campaign; when Parliament refused to approve taxes until he had agreed to address other issues, it was dissolved after only three weeks, ahead of a debate likely to result in a petition against the war in Scotland.[13] Instead, Charles turned to the Parliament of Ireland for funds,[14] and planned another invasion of Scotland supported by an army from Ireland, a naval blockade of the Forth, and an uprising in the Highlands.[11]

The success of the Covenanters in asserting the rights of Parliament in Scotland emboldened Charles' English opponents, led by John Pym, who began secret talks with the Scots. Seeking to limit royal authority in England, this group represented a much broader body of dissenters who had been alienated by Charles' policies during his over a decade-long period of Personal Rule.[15] With this invitation, and warned about the king's plans by allies from within the English parliament, the Covenanters launched an invasion of England, bypassing the heavily defended city of Berwick, starting the Second Bishops’ War.[16] At the Battle of Newburn, 28 August 1640, the English army was routed by Scottish forces who then captured Newcastle two days later[14] before continuing their advance south, occupying Durham and establishing an advanced line on the River Tees on 18 September.[17]

Negotiations

With Newcastle, along with most of Northumberland and Durham, under the control of the Covenanters, Charles called a meeting of the Great Council of Peers in York, the first time this body had met for a century.[11][16] The Council declined to assume the functions of Parliament, but did negotiate the treaty with the Covenanters.[18]

Meanwhile, the Scottish army was facing shortages of supply and started collecting moneys from the nearby shires and church properties, as well as from Newcastle itself in order to pay for the continued upkeep of the army. This shortage of supplies did confer a negotiating advantage to the Covenanters though. With incidents of pillaging by soldiers already being reported, the English lords did not want to see the army become a mob living in the area of Newcastle, but Charles could not afford to pay the invaders' demands without the tax-raising powers of Parliament, making a settlement involving both king and Parliament inevitable.[17] In collaboration with the king's opponents the Covenanters also refused to withdraw until Charles summoned the English Parliament.[19]

Terms

Map showing territorial implications of the treaty. In light blue is territory occupied by Scotland following the treaty.

Under the terms of the treaty the Scottish continued to occupy Northumberland and Durham, and were to receive expenses of £850 a day starting from 16 October paid from England, but agreed to a temporary cessation of hostilities.[20][21] This situation was to continue until a full settlement was agreed.[20] The Scottish Government was also to be reimbursed for its expenses in the war.[22]

Though humiliating for Charles, he was desperate to stop the Covenanters from taking York and, with little support from his peers, his options were limited, and he was compelled to agree terms.[16][23]

Terms were finalised on 16 October, and accepted by Charles on the 28th.[17] Negotiations on the permanent settlement would continue for another 10 months until August 1641, when the Treaty of London was signed.[22]

Aftermath

Charles issued writs for what became known as the Long Parliament, which assembled on 3 November 1640. Since the Scots made it clear they would only return home once paid, and would only agree terms with Parliament, Charles was now faced with a body that he could not dissolve at will.[11][14] During this time the Covenanters used their army's continued presence in England to strengthen the position of the king's English opponents.[20]

Over the next few months, Parliament voted to ensure it could not be dissolved without its own consent, imprisoned Archbishop Laud, and executed the Earl of Strafford.[24] Only then did it agree the Treaty of London on 10 August 1641, which agreed to pay the Scots £300,000 to cover the costs of the war.[22] The Covenanters' army then returned to Scotland, where most of it was disbanded.[20]

Disputes between Charles and Parliament continued to escalate, culminating in the attempted arrest of the Five Members in January 1642. Charles left London and began rallying support for his cause; the First English Civil War began on 22 August 1642.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bannerman 1868b, pp. 260– 295.
  2. ↑ Harris 2014, pp. 39–41.
  3. ↑ Stephen 2010, pp. 55–58.
  4. ↑ McDonald 1998, pp. 75–76.
  5. ↑ Stevenson 1973, pp. 45–46.
  6. ↑ Plant 2006.
  7. ↑ Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1986, p. 204.
  8. ↑ Mason 2007.
  9. ↑ Mackie, Lenman & Parker 1986, pp. 205–206.
  10. ↑ Harris 2014, p. 372.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Kishlansky & Morrill 2008.
  12. ↑ Helicon 2018b.
  13. ↑ Britannica.
  14. 1 2 3 Matthews 2003.
  15. ↑ HistoryExtra 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 OpenLearn 2001.
  17. 1 2 3 Gericke 2001.
  18. ↑ Arnold-Baker 2001.
  19. ↑ Lockyer 2009.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Goodare 2015.
  21. ↑ Cust 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 Plant 2010.
  23. ↑ Healey 2018.
  24. ↑ Helicon 2018a.

Sources

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  • Bannerman, James (1868b). The church of Christ: a treatise on the nature, powers, ordinances, discipline, and government of the Christian church. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.
  • BBC (19 September 2014). "The National Covenant & Civil War". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  • Britannica. "Short Parliament". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  • Cust, Richard (2015). "The Collapse of Royal Power in England, 1637-1642". In Braddick, Michael J. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-166727-5.
  • Gericke, Bradley T (2001). Civil Wars in Britain; 1640-1646 (PDF) (PhD). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2014.
  • Goodare, Julian (2015). "The Rise of the Covenanters, 1637-1644". In Braddick, Michael J. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-166727-5.
  • Harris, Tim (2014). Rebellion: Britain's First Stuart Kings, 1567–1642. OUP. ISBN 978-0199209002.
  • Healey, Jonathan (12 July 2018). "What sparked the Civil War?". HistoryExtra. Immediate Media Company Ltd. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
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  • Matthews, Rupert (2003). England Versus Scotland: Great British Battles. Newburn Ford 1640: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0850529494.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
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