In mathematics, a tube domain is a generalization of the notion of a vertical strip (or half-plane) in the complex plane to several complex variables. A strip can be thought of as the collection of complex numbers whose real part lie in a given subset of the real line and whose imaginary part is unconstrained; likewise, a tube is the set of complex vectors whose real part is in some given collection of real vectors, and whose imaginary part is unconstrained.

Tube domains are domains of the Laplace transform of a function of several real variables (see multidimensional Laplace transform). Hardy spaces on tubes can be defined in a manner in which a version of the Paley–Wiener theorem from one variable continues to hold, and characterizes the elements of Hardy spaces as the Laplace transforms of functions with appropriate integrability properties. Tubes over convex sets are domains of holomorphy. The Hardy spaces on tubes over convex cones have an especially rich structure, so that precise results are known concerning the boundary values of H^p functions. In mathematical physics, the future tube is the tube domain associated to the interior of the past null cone in Minkowski space, and has applications in relativity theory and quantum gravity.^[1] Certain tubes over cones support a Bergman metric in terms of which they become bounded symmetric domains. One of these is the Siegel half-space which is fundamental in arithmetic.

Definition

Let Rⁿ denote real coordinate space of dimension n and Cⁿ denote complex coordinate space. Then any element of Cⁿ can be decomposed into real and imaginary parts:

${\displaystyle a=(z_{1},\dots ,z_{n})=(x_{1}+iy_{1},\dots ,x_{n}+iy_{n})=(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})+i(y_{1},\dots ,y_{n})=x+iy.}$

Let A be an open subset of Rⁿ. The tube over A, denoted T_A, is the subset of Cⁿ consisting of all elements whose real parts lie in A:^{[2][lower-alpha 1]}

${\displaystyle T_{A}=\{z=x+iy\in \mathbb {C} ^{n}\mid x\in A\}.}$

Tubes as domains of holomorphy

Suppose that A is a connected open set. Then any complex-valued function that is holomorphic in a tube T_A can be extended uniquely to a holomorphic function on the convex hull of the tube ch T_A,^[2] which is also a tube, and in fact

${\displaystyle \operatorname {ch} \,T_{A}=T_{\operatorname {ch} \,A}.}$

Since any convex open set is a domain of holomorphy (holomorphically convex), a convex tube is also a domain of holomorphy. So the holomorphic envelope of any tube is equal to its convex hull.^[3][4]

Hardy spaces

Let A be an open set in Rⁿ. The Hardy space H ^p(T_A) is the set of all holomorphic functions F in T_A such that

${\displaystyle \int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}|F(x+iy)|^{p}\,dy<\infty }$

for all x in A.

In the special case of p = 2, functions in H²(T_A) can be characterized as follows.^[5] Let ƒ be a complex-valued function on Rⁿ satisfying

${\displaystyle \sup _{x\in A}\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}|f(t)|^{2}e^{-4\pi x\cdot t}\,dt<\infty .}$

The Fourier–Laplace transform of ƒ is defined by

${\displaystyle F(x+iy)=\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}e^{2\pi z\cdot t}f(t)\,dt.}$

Then F is well-defined and belongs to H²(T_A). Conversely, every element of H²(T_A) has this form.

A corollary of this characterization is that H²(T_A) contains a nonzero function if and only if A contains no straight line.

See also

• Reinhardt domain
• Siegel domain

Notes

Sources