A Tumor Bank, A Tumor Bank is sometimes also referred to as a Tissue Bank, since normal tissues for research are also often collected. However, this function is distinct from a Tissue Bank which collects and harvests human cadaver tissue for medical research and education, and banks which store Biomedical tissue for organ transplantation.

Cancer Samples

Most tumor banks collect their tumor samples from discarded tissues not needed for pathologic diagnosis, after patients undergo surgery to remove the tumor. The method of sample preservation is critical, and must be compatible with the downstream analysis techniques. Tissue is often snap frozen in liquid nitrogen but may also be preserved in special fixative such as RNAlater (which preserves RNA and proteins), or formalin which preserves tissue architecture.[1] Proteins and RNA can readily be extracted and characterized from tissue preserved with either method.[2][3]

Many Cancer Centers in the U.S. have a Tumor Bank to supply biomedical scientists with actual patient samples of cancer and associated adjacent normal tissue. This process is currently a high priority to support more Translational Research.

All institutional banks preserve tissue that may be used in research not necessarily related to the patient. Depending on the nationality and regulatory environment of the clinic, re-purposing of excised tissues and samples collected during the course of standard care for use in research may or may not require the consent of the patient. In some countries the patient loses control over their tissue immediately after the surgery or after some specified period of time, after which the material is classed as medical waste. In the US, samples may be collected and used with the patient's consent, or after some period of time defined by the clinic's Institutional Review Board samples may be considered exempt from consent under US 45CFR46, which governs the use of human subjects in research.[4] Many academic and institutional biobanks will not release samples to commercial or big pharma research labs, and some will not even release samples to other academic institutions, so there is a chronic shortage of oncology samples available for research. Additionally, sample availability is governed primarily by clinical standard care, and the trend towards starting chemical treatments immediately upon diagnosis is making it especially difficult to obtain pre-treatment surgically excised tumor samples and pre-treatment blood draws for some cancer indications.

Personalized medicine may influence clinical policies related to biobanking as treatments may increasingly use the genetic characteristics of each individual's own cancer to select or develop uniquely targeted therapies. If personal biobanking options are not available to patients in some locations, they may conceivably start looking for private tumor banks to preserve their own excised tumors for use in their own future therapies. The implications of this trend for ethical and regulatory issues related to existing institutional biobanking policies are not yet clear.

Anti-cancer vaccines of the first type (from the patient's own tumour cells) are much easier to make, which is why many patients start treatment with them. In order for specialists to be able to create such a vaccine, whether when a tumour is first diagnosed or 3-5-10 years later when relapse occurs, it is advisable to freeze some of the tumour cells. At any time, the cell culture is thawed and specially processed, after which it is used to create a personalised product. In metastatic cancer patients are often recommended a combination therapy with oncolytic viruses and drugs based[5] on the patient's own tissue, which also requires material from the cell bank. With this treatment it is possible to simultaneously activate the immune response (by acting on T-suppressors, checkpoint inhibitors) and enhance the anti-tumour effect of the immune system, by changing the function of the T-killer.

This provides an opportunity to develop digital design to create diagnostics,[6] create miniature organ-on-a-chip devices and, most importantly, create human 'digital twins' technology for personalised cancer therapy.

See also

References

  • Hidalgo DO, Entrena NR (2004). "Tumor Banks for genomic and proteomic research". Clinical and Translational Oncology. 6 (6): 381–390. doi:10.1007/BF02710072. S2CID 73127746.
  • Isabelle M, Teodorovic I, Morente MM, et al. (December 2006). "TuBaFrost 5: multifunctional central database application for a European tumor bank". Eur. J. Cancer. 42 (18): 3103–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2006.04.032. PMID 17029787.
  1. ↑ Bennike, Tue Bjerg; Kastaniegaard, Kenneth; Padurariu, Simona; Gaihede, Michael; Birkelund, Svend; Andersen, Vibeke; Stensballe, Allan (2016). "Proteome stability analysis of snap frozen, RNAlater preserved, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human colon mucosal biopsies". Data in Brief. 6: 942–947. Bibcode:2016DIB.....6..942B. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2016.01.061. PMC 4753390. PMID 26937473.
  2. ↑ Ribeiro-Silva, Alfredo; Zhang, Haiyu; Jeffrey, Stefanie S. (2007-12-21). "RNA extraction from ten year old formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer samples: a comparison of column purification and magnetic bead-based technologies". BMC Molecular Biology. 8: 118. doi:10.1186/1471-2199-8-118. ISSN 1471-2199. PMC 2233637. PMID 18154675.
  3. ↑ Bennike, Tue Bjerg; Kastaniegaard, Kenneth; Padurariu, Simona; Gaihede, Michael; Birkelund, Svend; Andersen, Vibeke; Stensballe, Allan (2016). "⿿Comparing the proteome of snap frozen, RNAlater preserved, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissue samples". EuPA Open Proteomics. 10: 9–18. doi:10.1016/j.euprot.2015.10.001. PMC 5988570. PMID 29900094.
  4. ↑ Code of Federal Regulations, Title 45, Public Welfare Department Of Health And Human Services, Part 46, Protection Of Human Subjects
  5. ↑ Chianese, A.; Santella, B.; Ambrosino, A.; Stelitano, D.; Rinaldi, L.; Galdiero, M.; Zannella, C.; Franci, G. (2021). "Oncolytic Viruses in Combination Therapeutic Approaches with Epigenetic Modulators: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives". Cancers. 13 (11): 2761. doi:10.3390/cancers13112761. PMC 8199618. PMID 34199429.
  6. ↑ Qualman, S. J.; France, M.; Grizzle, W. E.; Livolsi, V. A.; Moskaluk, C. A.; Ramirez, N. C.; Washington, M. K. (2004). "Establishing a tumour bank: banking, informatics and ethics". British Journal of Cancer. 90 (6): 1115–1119. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601678. PMC 2409638. PMID 15026787.
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