Two-point tensors, or double vectors, are tensor-like quantities which transform as Euclidean vectors with respect to each of their indices. They are used in continuum mechanics to transform between reference ("material") and present ("configuration") coordinates.^[1] Examples include the deformation gradient and the first Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor.

As with many applications of tensors, Einstein summation notation is frequently used. To clarify this notation, capital indices are often used to indicate reference coordinates and lowercase for present coordinates. Thus, a two-point tensor will have one capital and one lower-case index; for example, A_jM.

Continuum mechanics

A conventional tensor can be viewed as a transformation of vectors in one coordinate system to other vectors in the same coordinate system. In contrast, a two-point tensor transforms vectors from one coordinate system to another. That is, a conventional tensor,

${\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} =Q_{pq}(\mathbf {e} _{p}\otimes \mathbf {e} _{q})}$,

actively transforms a vector u to a vector v such that

${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =\mathbf {Q} \mathbf {u} }$

where v and u are measured in the same space and their coordinates representation is with respect to the same basis (denoted by the "e").

In contrast, a two-point tensor, G will be written as

${\displaystyle \mathbf {G} =G_{pq}(\mathbf {e} _{p}\otimes \mathbf {E} _{q})}$

and will transform a vector, U, in E system to a vector, v, in the e system as

${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =\mathbf {GU} }$.

The transformation law for two-point tensor

Suppose we have two coordinate systems one primed and another unprimed and a vectors' components transform between them as

${\displaystyle v'_{p}=Q_{pq}v_{q}}$.

For tensors suppose we then have

${\displaystyle T_{pq}(e_{p}\otimes e_{q})}$.

A tensor in the system ${\displaystyle e_{i}}$. In another system, let the same tensor be given by

${\displaystyle T'_{pq}(e'_{p}\otimes e'_{q})}$.

We can say

${\displaystyle T'_{ij}=Q_{ip}Q_{jr}T_{pr}}$.

Then

${\displaystyle T'=QTQ^{\mathsf {T}}}$

is the routine tensor transformation. But a two-point tensor between these systems is just

${\displaystyle F_{pq}(e'_{p}\otimes e_{q})}$

which transforms as

${\displaystyle F'=QF}$.

Simple example

The most mundane example of a two-point tensor is the transformation tensor, the Q in the above discussion. Note that

${\displaystyle v'_{p}=Q_{pq}u_{q}}$.

Now, writing out in full,

${\displaystyle u=u_{q}e_{q}}$

and also

${\displaystyle v=v'_{p}e'_{p}}$.

This then requires Q to be of the form

${\displaystyle Q_{pq}(e'_{p}\otimes e_{q})}$.

By definition of tensor product,

${\displaystyle (e'_{p}\otimes e_{q})e_{q}=(e_{q}.e_{q})e'_{p}=3e'_{p}}$

(1)

So we can write

${\displaystyle u_{p}e_{p}=(Q_{pq}(e'_{p}\otimes e_{q}))(v_{q}e_{q})}$

Thus

${\displaystyle u_{p}e_{p}=Q_{pq}v_{q}(e'_{p}\otimes e_{q})e_{q}}$

Incorporating (1), we have

${\displaystyle u_{p}e_{p}=Q_{pq}v_{q}e_{p}}$.

See also

• Mixed tensor
• Covariance and contravariance of vectors

References

External links

• Mathematical foundations of elasticity By Jerrold E. Marsden, Thomas J. R. Hughes
• Two-point Tensors at iMechanica