Development

With the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861, the U.S. Navy was faced with an urgent need for light-draft gunboats able to operate both at sea and close inshore to help enforce the Union blockade of Confederate ports. Since the Navy's Chief Engineer, Benjamin F. Isherwood, had recently designed and overseen construction at the Novelty Iron Works in New York City of the engines for two similar gunboats, built for the Imperial Russian Navy, he had to hand a ready-made design suitable for the new U.S. Navy gunboats, which was accepted by Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles.^[1][2]

The two men agreed, as a time-saving measure, to award the first four engine contracts directly to the Novelty Works, dispensing with the usual tendering process;^[1] in the event the contracts for all 23 vessels of the class would be signed between 29 June and 10 July without Congressional approval.^[3] As a result, the first four vessels of the new Unadilla class were completed in the remarkably short time of about three months, earning the class as a whole the popular name "90-day gunboats".^[1][2]

Contract distribution and cost

All ships of the class were built in privately owned shipyards along the Eastern seaboard. Six contracts went to New York shipbuilders, five to the State of Maine, four to Massachusetts, three each to Connecticut and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and one each to Delaware and Maryland. No individual shipyard built more than one ship. By contrast, reflecting the relative strength of the States' industrial bases, more than half the machinery contracts went to New York-based companies—seven to the Novelty Works, three to the Morgan Iron Works and two to the Allaire Works—while Pennsylvania companies accounted for another four, Massachusetts for three, Connecticut two and Delaware and Maryland one each.^[3][4]

Overall cost of the individual ships varied between $90,000 and $103,500, with cost of the hulls varying between $52,000 and $58,500. The largest price differential was for the machinery contracts, the first four of which, with the Novelty Works, were for only $31,500, as opposed to the $42,000 to $46,500 for the later ships.^[5] The difference is probably due primarily to the fact that the later vessels had 60% more boiler power than the original four. Total cost of all 23 vessels was $2,170,000.^[5]

Hulls

The hulls of the Unadilla-class gunboats may have been modelled on the 1860 rebuild of USS Pocahontas

The hulls of the Unadilla-class gunboats were designed by Samuel H. Pook, under the direction of the Navy's Chief of the Bureau of Construction, Equipment and Repairs, John Lenthall. The design was possibly based on the 1860 rebuild of USS Pocahontas, designed by Pook's father Samuel M. Pook.^[3] The hulls were 158 feet (48 m) in length on the waterline, with a beam of 28 feet (8.5 m), hold depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) and draft of 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 m).^[3][6]

Some details of the six New York-built vessels are available. These ships had frames, keels and keelsons of white oak "of the best quality", with port stanchions of locust and live oak. The keels and keelsons were fastened with corrosion-resistant copper bolts. The hulls were strengthened with diagonal iron braces, secured amidships "at the turn of the bilge" and running upward at a 45° angle to the outer frames. The ship stems were also strengthened with iron strapping.^[7] According to some sources, ships of the class were built with unseasoned timber and would therefore have been expected to have short working lives.^[3][8]

Machinery

The ships of the Unadilla class were each powered by a pair of 30-inch (76 cm) bore, 18-inch (46 cm) stroke horizontal back-acting engines, driving a single screw propeller.^[3][6]

As with the hulls, additional details for the machinery of the six New York-built ships are available; the machinery of the others was similar if not identical. The New York-built ships had two boilers each, of the Martin's vertical tubular type, placed side by side and spaced six inches apart. The boilers, "made of the best quality American charcoal iron", were 12 ft 3 in long, 8 ft 3 in wide and 9 ft 3 in high, with two furnaces each. The boilers were safety tested to a pressure of 60 psi before installation. The engines were fitted with Sewell's patent surface condensers. The ships' propellers were four-bladed, and nine feet in diameter with a mean blade pitch of 12 feet 6 inches.^[7]

Sources vary as to the speed of the ships. Some give a speed of 10 knots,^[3][6] but 8 to 9 knots seems to have been the typical speed during the war.^[9] Recorded speeds vary all the way from 6 knots to 11.5 knots.^[10] In all likelihood, the performance of the vessels was less than ideal in wartime conditions due to infrequency of maintenance, particularly for the boilers.

Launch and commission

USS Unadilla under construction at the yard of John Englis, New York

The first vessel of the class, Unadilla, was launched on 17 August 1861, barely two months after the signing of the contract. The rest rapidly followed, with another three being launched in August, four in September, fourteen in October and the last one, Penobscot, in November.^[3][4] Unadilla was again first to be commissioned, on 30 September, just 93 days after the laying of her keel.^[9] A total of eleven were commissioned before the end of the year, and another eleven by February 1862. Marblehead was the last ship of the class to enter commission, on 8 March.^[3][4]

Though popularly known as the "90-day gunboats" then, only the first four vessels of the class were commissioned in anything like 90 days.^[3][4] The rest took an average of about three months just to launch. Overall, the ships averaged a little under six months from signing of the contract to commission.^[11]

Armament and complement

Vessels of the class were initially armed with one Dahlgren 11 in (28 cm) smoothbore cannon; two 24-pounder smoothbores and a single 20-pounder Parrott rifle. As the war continued, most of them were upgunned on an ad hoc basis, so that they ended up with a variety of different armaments.^[6]

The crew complement is listed in some recent sources as 114 officers and men;^[3][6] however, DANFS and other sources give varying figures for the individual ships, ranging from a complement of 65 (Sciota)^[12] to 94 (Aroostook),^[13] with an average per ship of 80.^[10] The reason for these apparent discrepancies is unknown.

Performance

Sources vary as to the performance of the Unadilla class. According to Bauer and Roberts, the ships "sailed well in a strong wind and handled easily but rolled badly."^[3] Gardiner is less generous, describing the vessels as "poor sailors; their machinery frequently broke down; the steering mechanism was inefficient; and they were slow; maximum speed being 8–9 knots."^[9]

Thomas Main, a well-known contemporary engineer, criticized the engines of the class as "unusually heavy in all their parts", a common criticism of Isherwood's engines by private contractors. According to Main, the engines were fully 2.78 times heavier than required, leading to reduced efficiency and performance. Main notes that with a speed of only around 9 knots, the vessels were incapable of catching the faster blockade runners with speeds of 12 to 14 knots.^[14] Whatever their shortcomings, gunboats of the class were nonetheless to accumulate an "impressive" record of service during the war.^[9]

Battle of Port Royal

The first major such operation involving ships of the class occurred after the U.S. Navy determined that a supply port deep in Confederate territory would be required in order to effectively enforce the blockade of the Confederate coastline.^[15] In late October 1861, a large fleet of 77 ships, including 19 warships—the largest fleet then assembled by the Navy—departed New York with the capture of Port Royal, South Carolina as its objective.^[16]

On 4 November, four gunboats of the fleet, including the Unadilla-class vessels Ottawa, Seneca and Pembina, provided protection for the survey vessel USS Vixen as the latter made soundings in Port Royal harbor. The following morning, the same three Unadilla-class ships and two other gunboats returned to the harbor to engage the Confederate forts and gauge their strength.^[17] On 7 November, the entire Naval battle fleet, including the three previously mentioned Unadilla-class vessels along with a fourth, USS Unadilla, engaged and defeated the two enemy forts, thus capturing the harbor. Port Royal would subsequently become a key supply port for the Union cause.^[18]

Capture of New Orleans

Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip—map and order of battle

The largest and most important contribution made by ships of the Unadilla class to a single operation was to the capture of New Orleans, the Confederacy's largest and most economically powerful city, in April 1862. For the operation, Captain David Farragut, Commander of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, assembled a fleet of 17 warships including nine Unadilla-class gunboats: Cayuga, Itasca, Katahdin, Kennebec, Kineo, Pinola, Sciota, Winona and Wissahickon.^[19]

On the night of April 20, Farragut despatched three of his Unadilla-class gunboats, Itasca, Kineo and Pinola to remove the chains obstructing the Mississippi River below New Orleans. Though coming under heavy but inaccurate fire from Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the vessels were able to clear a narrow passage. On the night of the 24th, Farragut took the bulk of his fleet through the passage, though three of his Unadilla-class gunboats, Itasca, Kennebec and Winona, became entangled in the river obstructions and were forced to turn back.^[20] The rest of the fleet, however, continued on to New Orleans, which was forced to capitulate a few days later.^[21]

Vicksburg campaign

The capture of New Orleans enabled Naval forces to move further north along the Mississippi to threaten the key Confederate city of Vicksburg. Several ships of the class were subsequently involved in the ensuing Vicksburg Campaign. For example, in June 1862, several vessels of the class were involved in the "run past Vicksburg" to link up with the naval forces of the upper Mississippi, although this action proved to be of little significance. In August, Cayuga, Katahdin, Kineo and Sciota were involved in the Battle of Baton Rouge, and Katahdin and Winona in the recapture of the city in December.^[22] Vicksburg was however far too well defended to be threatened by the Navy, and defeat of the Confederate forces in this theater of operations was ultimately left to the Army.

Other actions

The Unadilla class was involved in numerous other operations against enemy-held territory during the war, most notably the Battle of Mobile Bay in August 1864 and the First and Second battles of Fort Fisher in December 1864 and January 1865 respectively. The main duty of the class, however, was maintenance of the blockade along the Confederate coast. While vessels of the class were too slow to catch the faster blockade runners, they nonetheless accumulated an impressive record of prizes during the war, capturing or destroying no less than 146 blockade runners during the war^[2]—almost 10% of the total number of blockade runners neutralized by the Union blockade.^[23] The most successful of the Unadillas in this regard were Sagamore, with 21 prizes; Kanawha with 19; Chocura and Penobscot with 13 each; and Owasco and Tahoma with 11 apiece.^[22]

Only one ship of the class, Sciota, was sunk during the war, but ironically this vessel was sunk on two separate occasions. The first occurred on 14 July 1863 when USS Antona collided with Sciota on the Mississippi, sinking the latter in about 12 feet of water.^[24][25] Sciota was raised and returned to service, but shortly after the war, on 14 July 1865—the day of Lincoln's assassination—Sciota ran onto a mine in Mobile Bay and was sunk a second time. Again she was salvaged, but this time only to be sold out of the Navy.^[12][25]

Postwar service

USS Aroostook in Chinese waters, ca. 1867

After the war, most of the ships of the Unadilla-class were quickly decommissioned and sold into merchant service. Seventeen had been decommissioned by August 1865, and fifteen of these had been sold by the end of the year, with the remaining two, Seneca and Penobscot, seeing no further naval service and being sold in 1868 and 1869 respectively. Some of these vessels were still in existence as late as 1885.^[22]

Of the remaining six, Chocura and Tahoma briefly saw service with the Gulf Squadron in 1866-67 before being decommissioned and sold in the latter half of 1867; Marblehead saw service with the North Atlantic Squadron, and Huron in South American waters, until their decommission in late 1868 and subsequent sale.^[22]

The last two vessels of the class to see service with the Navy, Aroostook and Unadilla, were transferred to the newly established Asiatic Squadron in 1867 and subsequently employed in the suppression of piracy along the coast of China.^[13][26] In June 1868, Unadilla became the first American warship to enter Siam's Chao Phraya River, bearing gifts from the President of the United States, Andrew Johnson, to Chulalongkorn, King of Siam.^[26][27]

In 1869, both Aroostook and Unadilla were condemned as unfit for further service due to rotting hulls—a legacy of their construction with unseasoned timber—and they were sold shortly thereafter. Unadilla became the merchant Dang Wee and was sunk in a collision off Hong Kong in the fall of 1870; Aroostook's later history, like that of most other vessels of the class, is unknown.^[13]