Lowbush blueberry
Pancake Bay Provincial Park, Ontario
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Vaccinium
Species:
V. angustifolium
Binomial name
Vaccinium angustifolium
Aiton 1789 not Benth. 1840[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Cyanococcus angustifolium (Aiton) Rydb.
  • Vaccinium nigrum (Alph. Wood) Britton

Vaccinium angustifolium, commonly known as the wild lowbush blueberry, is a species of blueberry native to eastern and central Canada (from Manitoba to Newfoundland) and the northeastern United States, growing as far south as the Great Smoky Mountains and west to the Great Lakes region.[3][4] Vaccinium angustifolium is the most common species of the commercially used wild blueberries and is considered the "low sweet" berry.[5]

Etymology

The species epithet angustifolium is a combination of the Latin words angustum meaning 'narrow', and folium meaning 'leaf'.

Description

V. angustifolium growing in a forest of another fire-adapted species, Pinus banksiana

Vaccinium angustifolium is a low spreading deciduous shrub growing 5 to 60 cm (2 to 24 in) tall.[6] Its rhizomes can lie dormant up to 100 years, and when given the adequate amount of sunlight, soil moisture, and oxygen content they will sprout. The leaves are glossy blue-green in summer, turning a variety of reds in the fall. The leaf shape is broad to elliptical. Buds are brownish red in stem axils. The flowers are white or pink,[7] bell-shaped, 4 to 6 mm (0.16 to 0.24 in) long. The fruit is a small sweet dark blue to black berry, full of antioxidants and flavonoids. This plant grows best in wooded areas, old abandoned farmyards or open areas with well-drained acidic soils. In some areas it produces natural blueberry barrens, where it is practically the only species covering large areas.[8]

Several buds may be on a healthy stem, and each bud can open up and have several blossoms. A blueberry field that has full plant coverage can have as many as 150 million blossoms per acre.

The Vaccinium angustifolium plant is fire-tolerant, and its numbers often increase in an area following a forest fire. Traditionally, blueberry growers burn their fields every few years to eliminate shrubs and fertilize the soil. In Acadian French, a blueberry field is known as a brûlis (from brûlé 'burnt') because of that technique, which is still in use.

Distribution and habitat

The lowbush blueberry is native to central and eastern Canada as well as north-central and eastern United States.[9] In its native habitat the plant grows in open conifer woods, old fields, and sandy or rocky balds.[10]

Geographical change

Glacier ice from the Ice Age sculpted the Maine landscape and is responsible for creating some of the most productive Vaccinium angustifolium habitat.[11]

Ecology

Many animals feed on the fruit and foliage of the lowbush berry, some of which include black bears, racoons, foxes, white-tailed deer and birds.[6]

Its leaves are also popular among caterpillars. It is a larval host to the pale tiger moth, the peppered moth,[12] the chain-dotted geometer, the saw-wing moth, the blueberry gray moth, the mousy angle moth,[13] Caloptilia vacciniella, Andromeda underwing, the shadowy arches, the two-spot dart,[14] the dingy cutworm moth, the speckled cutworm,[15] the decorated owlet, the pirate looper, Norman's dart, the gray swordgrass moth, the pink-edged sulphur butterfly, the pawpaw sphinx moth, and the blueberry leaftier moth.

Production cycle

Vaccinium angustifolium has a two year production cycle.[16] The first year is known as the vegetative year and the second is known as the fruit-bearing year.

In order to be productive each year, most farmers divide their land to have half their crop in the vegetative year while the other half is in the fruit-bearing year.[17]

Pruning

Native Americans regularly burned away trees and shrubs in parts of eastern Maine to stimulate blueberry production. Modern farmers use various methods of burning or mowing to accomplish this.[18] There are several methods growers use to stimulate blueberry production on their land, such as burning the land or using a flail mower, bush hog, lawnmower, etc. to cut the plants off as close to the ground as possible without scalping the land. These procedures are used to promote the spreading of rhizomes under the soil. Some growers use a sickle bar mower in the fall after the crop has been harvested to mow the plants off, leaving roughly 1 to 2 inches of stem so the growers can then burn the remainder of the plants in the spring, using less fuel for the fire.

Farmers then treat their crops with pesticides to control weeds and insects.[19] The fields are then left for new growth to emerge, develop, and flourish for the remainder of the year.

Pollination

During the harvest or fruit bearing year, blueberry growers rent honey bee hives to put in their fields for pollination. These hives are placed in the fields at a density range of anywhere from 1-8 hives per acre. The hives are placed in the fields at 10-20% bloom allowing the bees to have enough forage rather than going elsewhere to forage. Hives are left in blueberry fields for 2 weeks on average, allowing the bees to pollinate the variety of clones in the field, all of which bloom at different times during the two-week period.

Some growers also use bumble bees as well in hopes of maximum pollination. Bumblebees will fly in colder and wetter weather conditions than the honey bee will, and they also pollinate in a different way than the honey bee. Bumblebees can sonicate the flowers, which releases pollen from deep inside the poricidal anthers. This is known as buzz-pollination.

Blueberry growers also rely on many wild bees for pollination, including solitary bees like Andrena carlini and Colletes inaequalis.[20]

State fruits

Giant blueberry person in Oxford, Nova Scotia

The lowbush blueberry is the state fruit of Maine,[21] and the wild low bush blueberry is also the Nova Scotian Provincial Berry.[22] Oxford, Nova Scotia is nicknamed "Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada."[23] Maine's state dessert is blueberry pie made with wild blueberries.[24]

References

  1. ↑ "Vaccinium angustifolium". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  2. ↑ "Vaccinium angustifolium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Vaccinium angustifolium". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2013-08-04.
  4. ↑ "Vaccinium angustifolium". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  5. ↑ "About Maine Wild Blueberry - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  6. 1 2 Tirmenstein, D. A. (1991). "Vaccinium angustifolium". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  7. ↑ "About Maine Wild Blueberry - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  8. ↑ Vander Kloet, Sam P. (2009). "Vaccinium angustifolium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  9. ↑ "Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  10. ↑ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  11. ↑ "Geological History and Climate Change | Wild Blueberry Heritage Center". Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  12. ↑ "Species Biston betularia - Pepper & Salt Geometer - Hodges#6640". bugguide.net.
  13. ↑ "Species Macaria argillacearia - Mousy Angle Moth - Hodges#6282". bugguide.net.
  14. ↑ "Species Eueretagrotis perattentus - Two-spot Dart Moth - Hodges#11008". bugguide.net.
  15. ↑ "Species Lacanobia subjuncta - Speckled Cutworm - Hodges#10299". bugguide.net.
  16. ↑ "Two-Year Wild Blueberry Production Cycle - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  17. ↑ "About Maine Wild Blueberry - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  18. ↑ "The University of Maine - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - 229-Pruning Lowbush Blueberry Fields". Umaine.edu. 1914-06-30. Retrieved 2013-08-04.
  19. ↑ "Two-Year Wild Blueberry Production Cycle - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension". Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  20. ↑ Bushmann, Sara L.; Drummond, Francis A. (August 2015). "Abundance and Diversity of Wild Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Found in Lowbush Blueberry Growing Regions of Downeast Maine". Environmental Entomology. 44 (4): 975–989. doi:10.1093/ee/nvv082. ISSN 1938-2936. PMID 26314043. S2CID 23922592.
  21. ↑ "State Berry - Wild Blueberry | Maine Secretary of State Kids' Page". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  22. ↑ Heritage, Canadian (2017-08-15). "Nova Scotia". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  23. ↑ Orkin, David (2017-03-05). Nova Scotia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 289. ISBN 9781784770402.
  24. ↑ "State Dessert - Blueberry Pie | Maine Secretary of State Kids' Page". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
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