In relational databases a virtual column is a table column whose value(s) is automatically computed using other columns values, or another deterministic expression. Virtual columns are defined of SQL:2003 as Generated Column,[1] and are only implemented by some DBMSs, like MariaDB, SQL Server, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQLite and Firebird (database server) (COMPUTED BY syntax).

Implementation

There are two types of virtual columns:

  • Virtual columns
  • Persistent columns

Virtual columns values are computed on the fly when needed, for example when they are returned by a SELECT statement. Persistent column values are computed when a row is inserted in a table, and they are written like all other values. They can change if other values change. Both virtual and persistent columns have advantages and disadvantages: virtual columns don't consume space on the disk, but they must be computed every time a query refers to them; persistent columns don't require any CPU time, but they consume disk space. However, sometimes a choice is not available, because some DBMS's support only one column type (or neither of them).

IBM Db2

IBM Db2 supports Virtual column of Version 8 as Generated column.[2]

MariaDB

MariaDB is a MySQL fork. Virtual columns were added in the 5.2 tree.[3]

Expressions that can be used to compute the virtual columns have the following limitations:

  • They must be deterministic
  • They cannot return constant values
  • They cannot use user-defined functions or stored procedures
  • They cannot include other virtual columns
  • They cannot make use of subqueries

Persistent columns can be indexed and can be part of a foreign key, with a few small limitations concerning constraint enforcement.

Virtual columns can only be used on tables which use a storage engine which supports them. Storage engines supporting virtual columns are:

MRG_MyISAM tables can be based on MyISAM tables which include persistent columns; but the corresponding MRG_MyISAM column should be defined as a regular column.

Syntax

A CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement can be used to add a virtual column. The syntax used to define a virtual column is the following:

<type>  [GENERATED ALWAYS]  AS   ( <expression> )  [VIRTUAL | PERSISTENT]  [UNIQUE] [UNIQUE KEY] [COMMENT <text>]
  • type is the column's data type
  • expression is the SQL expression which returns the column's value for each row
  • text is an optional column comment

MySQL

Support for virtual columns, known in MySQL as generated columns, started becoming available in MySQL 5.7. Various limitations on their use have been relaxed in subsequent versions. [4]

Oracle

Since version 11g, Oracle supports virtual columns.[5]

SQL Server

Microsoft SQL Server supports virtual columns, but they are called Computed Columns.[6]

SQL Server supports both persisted and non-persisted computed columns.

Firebird

Firebird has always supported virtual columns as its precursor InterBase supports it, called Computed Columns.[7]

Firebird supports virtual columns, not persistent ones and allows for sub-selects, calling built in functions, external functions and stored routines in the virtual column expression.

Syntax

Creating a virtual column can be done during table creation or when adding columns to an existing table. The syntax used to define a virtual column is the following:

column_name [type] COMPUTED BY (expression)

or the industry standard

column_name [type] GENERATED ALWAYS AS (expression)

PostgreSQL

Since version 12, PostgreSQL supports virtual columns, known as generated columns.[8]

SQLite

Since version 3.31.0 (2020-01-22), SQLite supports virtual columns, known as generated columns.[9]

See also

  • Derived column

References

  1. ↑ SQL:2003 Has Been Published
  2. ↑ SQL Reference Volume 2 Version 8
  3. ↑ Virtual Columns
  4. ↑ "MySQL :: MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual :: 13.1.18.7 CREATE TABLE and Generated Columns".
  5. ↑ "Oracle 11g Schema Management". Archived from the original on 2017-08-06.
  6. ↑ "Computed Columns". 4 October 2012.
  7. ↑ "TABLE".
  8. ↑ "5.3. Generated Columns". 12 August 2021.
  9. ↑ "Generated Columns".
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