Vision Zero is a multi-national road traffic safety project that aims to achieve a roadway system with no fatalities or serious injuries involving road traffic. It started in Sweden and was approved by their parliament in October 1997.[1] A core principle of the vision is that "Life and health can never be exchanged for other benefits within the society" rather than the more conventional comparison between costs and benefits, where a monetary value is placed on life and health, and then that value is used to decide how much money to spend on a road network towards the benefit of decreasing risk.[2]

Vision Zero was introduced in 1995.[3] It has been variously adopted in different countries or smaller jurisdictions, although its description varies significantly.

Principles

Roads in Sweden are built with safety prioritised over speed or convenience. Low urban speed-limits, pedestrian zones and barriers that separate cars from bikes and oncoming traffic have helped. Building 1,500 kilometres (900 miles) of "2+1" roads—where each lane of traffic takes turns to use a middle lane for overtaking—is reckoned to have saved around 145 lives over the first decade of Vision Zero --Why Sweden has so few road deaths, The Economist Explains[4] (26 February 2014)

Vision Zero is based on an underlying ethical principle that "it can never be ethically acceptable that people are killed or seriously injured when moving within the road transport system."[5] In most road transport systems, road users bear complete responsibility for safety. Vision Zero changes this relationship by emphasizing that responsibility is shared by transportation system designers and road users.[5]

Speed limits

Vision Zero suggests the following "possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure, given best practice in vehicle design and 100% restraint use".[6] These speeds are based on human and automobile limits. For example, the human tolerance for a pedestrian hit by a well-designed car is approximately 30 km/h (19 mph).[7][8] If a higher speed in urban areas is desired, the option is to separate pedestrian crossings from the traffic. If not, pedestrian crossings, or zones (or vehicles), must be designed to generate speeds of a maximum of 30 km/h (19 mph). Similarly, for occupants, the maximum inherent safe speed of well-designed cars can be anticipated to be a maximum of 70 km/h (43 mph) in frontal impacts, and 50 km/h (31 mph) in side impacts.[7][8] Speeds over 100 km/h (62 mph) can be tolerated if the infrastructure is designed to prevent frontal and side impacts.

Possible maximum travel speeds
Type of infrastructure and traffic Possible travel speed (km/h)
Locations with possible conflicts between pedestrians and cars30 km/h (19 mph)
Intersections with possible side impacts between cars50 km/h (31 mph)
Roads with possible frontal impacts between cars, including rural roads[9]70 km/h (43 mph)
Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact (only impact with the infrastructure)100 km/h (62 mph)+

"Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact" are sometimes designated as Type 1 ( motorways/freeways/Autobahns ), Type 2 ("2+2 roads") or Type 3 ("2+1 roads").[10] These roadways have crash barriers separating opposing traffic, limited access, grade separation and prohibitions on slower and more vulnerable road users. Undivided rural roads can be quite dangerous even with speed limits that appear low by comparison. In 2010, German rural roads, which are generally limited to 100 km/h (62 mph), had a fatality rate of 7.7 deaths per billion-travel-kilometers, higher than the 5.2 rate on urban streets (generally limited to 50 km/h (31 mph)), and far higher than the autobahn rate of 2.0; autobahns carried 31% of motorized road traffic while accounting for 11% of Germany's traffic deaths.[11]

A movement to reduce speed limits in residential areas to 20 mph (32 km/h) called "20's Plenty for Us" or "20 is Plenty" started gathering steam in the early 2000s in the United Kingdom.[12][13][14] It spread to the United States in 2010.[15][16][17]

Implementation

Canada

In December 2015, the Canadian injury prevention charity Parachute presented the Vision Zero concept, with Road Safety Strategist Matts Belin of Sweden, to nearly 100 road safety partners.[18]

In November 2016, Parachute hosted a one-day national road safety conference focused on Vision Zero goals and strategies, attended by leaders in health, traffic engineering, police enforcement, policy and advocacy.[19]

From that, the Parachute Vision Zero Network was formed, comprising more than 250 road safety advocates and practitioners, law enforcement, government and municipalities.[20] The network serves to provide a one-stop Canadian destination to connect these stakeholders with one other, and with information and resources to help communities address road safety challenges, using proven solutions.[21]

The second Parachute Vision Zero Summit was held in October 2017, attended by network members and politicians, including Ontario Transportation Minister Steven Del Duca.[22]

Another organization, Vision Zero Canada, launched their national campaign in December 2015.[23]

Efforts in Canadian cities:

  • Brantford, Ontario: A commitment to implementing Vision Zero principles in street planning.[24]
  • Edmonton: On 22 September 2015 Edmonton City Council announced that it was "the first Canadian city to officially adopt Vision Zero." Its Road Safety Strategy 2016-2020 moves "towards zero fatal and major-injury collisions" but does not include a target of zero deaths or major injuries. The targets for the strategy are decreased rates of 1) overall injury collisions, and 2) collisions at intersections.[25]
  • Hamilton: A commitment to work toward Vision Zero, though funding priorities were criticized by road safety advocates as "fluff" due to a focus on elements such as public education and highways rather than cycling and pedestrian infrastructure improvements or speed limit changes.[26]
  • Kitchener: Formal adoption by city council of a Vision Zero strategy in 2020.[27]
  • North Bay, Ontario: Creation in 2018 of a city council-endorsed North Bay Vision Zero Committee to advise the city's Engineering Department.[28]
  • Ottawa: On 5 July 2017, Ottawa ordered its transportation committee to produce a report with an updated action plan using principles set out in Vision Zero.[29]
  • Surrey: On 27 November 2017, Public Safety Committee endorsed adoption of the Vision Zero philosophy as a basis for Surrey's Safe Mobility Plan.[30]
  • Toronto: On 13 June 2016 Toronto Mayor John Tory announced a plan to reduce the number of people killed and seriously injured in traffic by 20 per cent within a decade.[31] In 2019, City Council followed up on this initial effort by passing "Vision Zero 2.0", bringing in additional measures like reduced speed limits and automated enforcement.[32]
  • Vancouver: On 5 April 2016 Vancouver City Council endorsed Vision Zero by directing staff to report back on a strategy for zero traffic-related fatalities and serious injuries.[33] On September 7, 2018, the City of Vancouver and Hackworks ran a hackathon focused on the Vision Zero Concept.[34]

India

  • Haryana: Became the first state in India to officially adopt vision zero approach by launching Haryana Vision Zero program.[35] The chief minister of Haryana, Manohar Lal Khattar, launched the program on 3 May 2017.[36] The program initially covered 10 districts of Haryana and saw positive results.[37] It has now been expanded to all the districts of the state with positive impact.[38]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the sustainable safety approach differs from Vision Zero in that it acknowledges that in the majority of accidents humans are to blame, and that roads should be designed to be "self-explaining" thus reducing the likelihood of crashes. Self-explaining roads are easy to use and navigate, it being self-evident to road users where they should be and how they should behave.[39] The Dutch also prevent dangerous differences in mass, speeds and/or directions from mixing. Roundabouts create crossings on an otherwise 50 or 50 km/h (31 mph) road that are slow enough, 30 km/h (19 mph), to permit pedestrians and cyclists to cross in safety. Mopeds, cyclists and pedestrians are kept away from cars on separate paths above 30 km/h (19 mph) in the built up area. Buses are also often given dedicated lanes, preventing their large mass from conflicting with low mass ordinary cars.

More recently the Dutch have introduced the idea that roads should also be "forgiving", i.e. designed to lessen the outcome of a traffic collision when the inevitable does occur, principles which are at the core of both the Dutch and Swedish policies.[40]

Sweden

In 1997 the Swedish Parliament introduced a "Vision Zero" policy that requires that fatalities and serious injuries are reduced to zero by 2020. This is a significant step-change in transport policy at the European level. All new roads are built to this standard and older roads are modified. Vision Zero also incorporated other countermeasures targeting drivers and vehicles. It is worth noting that Sweden's road death toll was declining prior to 1997 and continued to do so under Vision Zero. However, the number of deaths has not improved since 2013.

Fatalities in Sweden
Source: Eurostat[41]

United Kingdom

Transport appraisal in the United Kingdom is based on New Approach to Appraisal which was first published in 1998 and updated in 2007. UK road safety plans have some similarities with Vision Zero, but do not specifically adopt it in the UK. In 2006 the Stockholm Environment Institute wrote a report at the request of the UK Department for Transport titled 'Vision zero: Adopting a Target of Zero for Road Traffic Fatalities and Serious Injuries'.[42] In 2008 the Road Safety Foundation published a report proposing on UK road safety which referenced Vision Zero.[40] The Campaign for Safe Road Design is a partnership between 13 UK major road safety stakeholders that is calling for the UK Government to invest in a safe road infrastructure which in their view could cut deaths on British roads by 33%. In 2007 Blackpool was the first British City to declare a vision zero target. In 2014 Brighton & Hove adopted vision zero in its "Safer Roads" strategy, predicated on the safe systems approach, alongside the introduction of an ISO accredited road traffic safety management system to ISO:39001. Edinburgh adopted a Road Safety Action Plan: Working Towards Vision Zero in May 2010 which "commits to providing a safe and modern road network where all users are safe from the risk of being killed or seriously injured".[43] Northern Ireland's DOE has a Share the road to zero" policy for zero deaths. Bristol adopted a safe systems approach in March 2015. Transport for London (TfL) say they are working towards zero KSI. UK Vision Zero campaigns include Vision Zero London and Vision Zero UK. Project EDWARD (Every Day Without A Road Death) was established in 2016 and is an annual UK-wide road safety campaign managed by the Association for Road Risk Management (ARRM) and RoadSafe which promotes an evidence-led "safe system" approach to create a road traffic system free from death and serious injury. Following a public consultation held in mid-2019, a 20 mph speed limit was imposed on all central London roads, which are managed by Transport for London.[44][45]

United States (cities/regions/states)

  • Chicago: In May 2012, the "Chicago Forward Action Agenda Plan" was introduced aiming to reduce transport deaths to zero in 10 years[46]
  • New York City: In January 2014, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced adoption of New York City's Vision Zero plan and enumerated a long list of initiatives to reduce fatalities on city streets, including pushing for changes in the state legislature to allow the city more local control in the administration of traffic safety measures, such as speed reduction.[47] In the first four years of the plan's implementation, traffic injuries and traffic crashes in New York City have been increasing, though deaths have decreased.[48]
  • San Francisco: In January 2014, San Francisco District Supervisors Jane Kim, Norman Yee, and John Avalos introduced Vision Zero plan for San Francisco, where there were 25 pedestrian and bicyclist deaths in 2013 alone. San Francisco's Vision Zero plan calls for investing in engineering, enforcement, and education, and focusing on dangerous intersections. The law was passed with support from all 11 supervisors, including current mayor London Breed.[49] The goal of San Francisco's Vision Zero plan is to eliminate all traffic deaths by 2024.[50]
  • In May 2014, Montana launched its VisionZero campaign.[51]
  • Los Angeles: In September 2014, Mayor Eric Garcetti and the Los Angeles Department of Transportation released a strategic plan with a Vision Zero goal to eliminate all traffic deaths by 2035.[52][53][54]
  • Austin: In November 2014, the Austin City Council voted unanimously to form a Vision Zero Task Force to develop an action plan to direct City departments toward policies aligned with safer roadways.[55][56]
  • San Mateo: In February 2015, the San Mateo City Council passed a Sustainable Streets Plan that includes Vision Zero.[57][58]
  • Portland: In February 2015, Portland's Director of Transportation Leah Treat announced a ten-year plan to end traffic fatalities in the city as part of the Portland Bureau of Transportation's 2-year work plan.[59][60]
  • Seattle: Feb. 2015: Seattle launches Vision Zero plan to end traffic deaths and injuries by 2030[61][62]
  • San Jose: On 12 May 2015, San Jose's 11-member City Council unanimously adopted Vision Zero San Jose[63]
  • Santa Barbara: In May 2015, the Santa Barbara City Council embraced the goal of zero traffic fatalities within city limits.[64]
  • San Diego: On 22 June 2015, San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer announced his support for Vision Zero at a press conference with Mayor Pro Tem Marti Emerald and Council Member Mark Kersey[65]
  • Fort Lauderdale: In November 2015, the Fort Lauderdale City Commission passed Vision Zero Fort Lauderdale to commit to reduce all pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities to zero. In passing Vision Zero Fort Lauderdale, the city has become the first city in the state of Florida and the first city in the Southeastern United States to become a Vision Zero City.[66]
  • Boston: Boston launched Vision Zero in December 2015.[67]
  • Washington, D.C.: In December 2015, Washington, D.C.'s Department of Transportation announced an initiative to eliminate traffic fatalities. This initiative was endorsed by Mayor Muriel Bowser. Press coverage has focused on high traffic fines (up to $1,000) for speeding.[68]
  • Denver, Colorado In February 2016, the city and county of Denver announced its commitment to Vision Zero.[69] As one of 20 Vision Zero cities at the time, Denver set a goal of zero deaths by 2030.[70] The Denver Streets Partnership coalition organizes periodic Denver Streets Congress meetings to present, discuss and plan Vision Zero policy, funding and implementation of people-friendly street programs.
  • North Carolina: In October 2016, North Carolina implemented the NC Vision Zero initiative, using data-driven strategies, to take one step further in eliminating roadway deaths.
  • Minneapolis: The City of Minneapolis adopted the Vision Zero Resolution in 2017,[71] which sets a goal of eliminating traffic deaths and severe injuries on city streets by 2027.
  • North Dakota: On 18 January 2018, Governor Doug Burgum announced the Vision Zero goal for North Dakota in his State of the State address using the slogan "Zero Fatalities, Zero Excuses."[72]
  • Tempe, Arizona: On 8 February 2018, Mayor Mark Mitchell and the Tempe city council unanimously committed to Vision Zero.[73]
  • Boulder, Colorado: March 2018 formal adoption of Vision Zero, April 2020 adoption of "20 is Plenty" speed limits.[74][75][76]
  • Denver, Colorado regional plan: August 2019 by the Denver Regional Council of Governments[77][78] representing 56 municipalities and counties.
  • Maryland: During the 2019 legislative session, the Maryland General Assembly passed HB 885,[79] sponsored by Delegate Julie Palakovich Carr, for the state of Maryland to pursue Vision Zero. The legislation was signed into law by Governor Larry Hogan and went into effect on 1 October 2019.
  • Wisconsin: Although not under the same name, Wisconsin's Department of Transportation has committed to a "Zero in Wisconsin" public service campaign since 2011, which includes efforts to curtail impaired driving with regular accident prevention measures and multiple public service campaigns.[80]
  • Albuquerque, New Mexico: Mayor Tim Keller signed an executive order in May 2019 committing the City of Albuquerque to Vision Zero and eliminating traffic deaths in the city by 2040. The City of Albuquerque released its Vision Zero Action Plan in May 2021.[81]
  • Alameda, California: "In late 2019, the Alameda City Council adopted a resolution establishing Vision Zero as the city’s guiding principle for transportation planning, design, and maintenance. In 2021, the City of Alameda will complete a Vision Zero Action Plan that includes specific actions and policy changes to increase street safety in Alameda."[82]
  • Dallas, Texas: "In December of 2019, the Dallas City Council adopted a resolution to eliminate traffic fatalities and cut severe traffic injuries in half by 2030 by implementing Vision Zero."[83]

Not yet adopted but in the works

Other safety initiatives

EuroRAP

Across Europe, EuroRAP, the European Road Assessment Programme, is bringing together a partnership of motoring organisations, vehicle manufacturers and road authorities to develop protocols for identifying and communicating road accident risk and to develop tools and best practice guidelines for engineering safer roads.[90] EuroRAP aims to support governments in meeting their Vision Zero targets.

The "Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area" issued in 2011 by the European Commission states in point 2.5 (9): "By 2050, move close to zero fatalities in road transport. In line with this goal, the EU aims at halving road casualties by 2020."[91]

United Nations

The United Nations has more modest goals. Its "Decade of Action for Road Safety" is founded on a goal to "stabilize and then reduce" road traffic fatalities by 2020. It established the Road Safety Fund "to encourage donor, private sector and public support for the implementation of a Global Plan of Action.[92]

Outcomes

Despite some countries borrowing some ideas from the Vision Zero project, it has been noted that the richer countries have been making outstanding progress in reducing traffic deaths while the poorer countries tend to see an increase in traffic fatalities due to increased motorization.[4] Some locales have seen divergent results between the number of accidents and injuries on the one hand, and the number of deaths; in the first four years of the plan's implementation in New York City, for example, traffic injuries and traffic crashes have been increasing, though deaths have decreased.[48]

Road fatalities in 2013, with comparison to 1980, by country
Country[93] 1980 killed 2013 killed 2013/1980 percent 2013 killed per million population 2013 killed per 100 billion vehicle-kilometers
Australia 3,272 1,185 36.2 51 496
Austria 2,003 455 22.7 54 583
Belgium 2,396 723 30.2 65 707
Canada 5,462 2,255 41.3 65
Czech Republic 1,261 655 52.9 62 1,573
Denmark 690 191 27.7 34 386
Finland 551 258 46.8 48 476
France 13,636 3,268 24.0 51
Germany 15,050 3,339 22.2 41 460
Greece 1,446 874 60.4 79
Hungary 1,630 591 36.3 60
Ireland 564 190 33.7 41 396
Italy 9,220 3,385 36.7 57
Japan 11,388 5,152 45.2 40 694
Luxembourg 98 45 45.9 84
Netherlands 1,996 476 23.8 28 374
Norway 362 187 51.7 37 426
Poland 6,002 3,357 55.9 87
Portugal 2,850 637 23.4 61
Slovenia 558 125 22.4 61
South Korea 6,449 5,092 79.0 101 1,720
Spain 6,522 1,680 25.7 36
Sweden 848 260 30.7 27 337
Switzerland 1,209 269 22.2 33 429
United Kingdom 6,182 1,770 28.6 28 348
United States 51,091 32,719 64.0 104 680

Norway

Norway adopted its version of Vision Zero in 1999. In 2008, a staff engineer at the Norwegian Public Roads Administration said "The zero vision has drawn more attention to road safety, but it has not yielded any significant short-term gains so far."[94] Traffic fatalities in Norway has nevertheless continued to decline as time has passed by, and 2020 marked the important milestone of being the first year in Norwegian history to see fewer than 100 road fatalities; 95 people died on Norwegian roads that year. The Norwegian Road Authorities announced that the number of annual fatalities had been cut by more than 80% since the worst year of 1970 when 560 people lost their lives on Norwegian roads – this despite the amount of traffic having more than quadrupled since then.[95]

Sweden

Sweden, which initiated Vision Zero, has had somewhat better results than Norway. With a population of about 9.6 million, Sweden has a long tradition in setting quantitative road traffic safety targets. In the mid-1990s a 10-year target was set at a 50% reduction for 2007. This target was not met; the actual ten-year reduction was 13% to 471 deaths. The target was revised to 50% by 2020 and to 0 deaths by 2050. In 2009 the reduction from 1997 totals was 34.5% to 355 deaths.

Number of fatalities on Swedish roads[96][97][98][99][100][101]
Accident year Fatalities
1997 541
1998 531
1999 580
2000 591
2001 583
2002 532
2003 529
2004 480
2005 440
2006 445
2007 471
2008 396
2009 355
2010 266
2011 319
2012 285
2013 260
2014 270
2015 259
2016 270
2017 253
2018 324
2019 221
2020 204
2021 192

Traffic volume in Sweden increased steadily over the same period.[102]

Dominican Republic

Vision Zero has influenced other countries, such as the Dominican Republic. The country, despite having the deadliest traffic in the world, has managed to get to a point where only forty Dominicans die per 100,000 Dominicans each year, by following a set of guidelines based on the similar goal of reducing traffic fatalities.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Goodyear, Sarah (20 November 2014). "The Swedish Approach to Road Safety: 'The Accident Is Not the Major Problem'" (Written account of Goodyear's interview with Matts-Åke Belin, traffic safety strategist with the Swedish Transport Administration and one of its key architects of the original Vision Zero program). CityLab. Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  2. ↑ See for example, Ezra Hauer, "Computing what the Public wants: Some issues in road safety cost-benefit analysis", Accident Analysis and Prevention, January 2011
  3. ↑ "Road Safety: Vision Zero on the move" (PDF). Swedish Transport Administration.
  4. 1 2 3 "The Economist explains: Why Sweden has so few road deaths". The Economist. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  5. 1 2 Tingvall, Claes; Haworth, Narelle. "Vision Zero - An ethical approach to safety and mobility". Monash University Accident Research Center. Monash University. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  6. ↑ Claes Tingvall and Narelle Haworth. "Vision Zero - An ethical approach to safety and mobility". Table 1. Possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure, given best practice in vehicle design and 100% restraint use...
  7. 1 2 Wilson, Steven (1 January 2006). "Speed Management". International Transport Forum, OECD. p. 41. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  8. 1 2 "Speed management : a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners". www.who.int. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  9. ↑ "EU wants to slash rural speed limit". Irish Independent newspaper. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ↑ "NRA New Divided Road Types: Type 2 and Type 3 Dual-carriageways" (PDF). (Ireland) National Road Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  11. ↑ "Traffic and Accident Data: Summary Statistics – Germany" (PDF). Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Federal Highway Research Institute). Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen. September 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  12. ↑ "How to Stop a Global Killer of Children". Pulitzer Center. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  13. ↑ "Is Twenty Plenty?". www.speedlimit.org.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  14. ↑ Goodyear, Sarah. "The Grassroots Campaign to Slow U.K. Traffic to 20 mph". CityLab. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  15. ↑ Journal, Katie Colaneri/The Jersey (28 October 2010). "City launches "Twenty is Plenty" campaign". nj. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  16. ↑ Chason, Rachel (23 June 2014). "NYC trying to lower speed limit as others raise it". USA TODAY. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  17. ↑ "Essay: It's time to rethink how the world's great cities manage traffic | CityMetric". www.citymetric.com. 26 September 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  18. ↑ "Parachute - Preventing Injuries. Saving Lives". parachutecanada.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
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  25. ↑ "Vision Zero :: City of Edmonton". www.edmonton.ca. City of Edmonton. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
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  27. ↑ Thompson, Catherine (2 March 2020). "Vision Zero would systematically aim to reduce deadly crashes in Kitchener". Waterloo Region Record. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  28. ↑ Campaigne, Stu (6 September 2018). "Vision Zero eyes advisory role in the future of North Bay's road safety". My North Bay Now. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  29. ↑ "Minutes of the Ottawa Transportation Committee, July 5, 2017".
  30. ↑ "Public Safety Committee Minutes" (PDF).
  31. ↑ Spurr, Ben (13 June 2016). "Lower speed limits part of Toronto plan to reduce pedestrian deaths". Toronto star. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016.
  32. ↑ "2022 Council Briefing: Vision Zero 2.0 – Road Safety". City of Toronto. 14 November 2022.
  33. ↑ "New Action to Enhance Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists" (PDF). Vancouver City Council. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  34. ↑ Vancouver, City of. "VANquish Collisions Hackathon". vancouver.ca. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
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  36. ↑ "Zero mishap campaign: Haryana launches zero fatality campaign | Chandigarh News - Times of India". The Times of India. TNN. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  37. ↑ "Road Safety Project in Haryana Aids in Lowering Fatalities by 10%". The Wire. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  38. ↑ "Road accident deaths drop 6.7% in Haryana in the first six months of 2019". Hindustan Times. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  39. ↑ J. Theeuwes and H. Godthelp, “Self-explaining roads,” Saf. Sci., vol. 19, no. 2–3, pp. 217–225, 1995
  40. 1 2 Hill, Joanne. "Getting Ahead: Returning Britain to European leadership in road casualty reduction" (PDF). Road Safety Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
  41. ↑ Victims in road accidents by NUTS 2 regions (tran_r_acci) in Sweden
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  48. 1 2 NYC traffic injuries are up despite drop in fatalities
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  51. ↑ "About VisionZeroMT". www.mdt.mt.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  52. ↑ Orlov, Rick (29 September 2014). "Making Los Angeles streets 'great,' ending pedestrian deaths are Mayor Eric Garcetti and LADOT's goals". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
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  56. ↑ "Vision Zero | Planning and Zoning | AustinTexas.gov - The Official Website of the City of Austin". AustinTexas.gov. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
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  71. ↑ "Vision Zero Crash Study". www2.minneapolismn.gov. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  72. ↑ "2018 State of the State Address, North Dakota Office of the Governor". Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  73. ↑ "Vision Zero Tempe". tempe.gov.
  74. ↑ Burness, Alex. "Vision Zero campaign aims to eliminate deadly and serious-injury crashes in Boulder". Daily Camera. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  75. ↑ Lotus, Jean (15 December 2017). "Boulder Joins Denver In Vision Zero Traffic Fatality Plan". Boulder, CO Patch. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  76. ↑ "Boulder City Council adopts '20 is plenty,' slowing residential speed limits". Boulder Daily Camera. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  77. ↑ "Group launches regional 'Vision Zero' plan for Denver metro area". KUSA. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  78. ↑ "Regional Vision Zero | DRCOG". drcog.org. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  79. ↑ "Bill text for HB 885". mgaleg.maryland.gov.
  80. ↑ "Wisconsin Department of Transportation Zero in Wisconsin Page". Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  81. ↑ Vision Zero in ABQ, City of Albuquerque, Accessed December 15, 2021
  82. ↑ City of Alameda. "Vision Zero in Alameda". Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  83. ↑ City of Dallas. "Vision Zero in Dallas" (PDF). Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  84. ↑ "City council files motion for pedestrian safety program". www.local12.com. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  85. ↑ "Vision Zero for Houston report released - Houston Tomorrow". www.houstontomorrow.org. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  86. ↑ "Houston's Vision Zero". BikeHouston. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  87. ↑ Laughlin, Jason. "Philadelphia has a blueprint on how to make city streets safer". Philly.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  88. ↑ "3 things Pa. legislature can do right now to make Philly streets safer | Opinion". Philly.com.
  89. ↑ McCormick, Cindy. "Vision Zero". cityoflancasterpa.com. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  90. ↑ "About EuroRAP". Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  91. ↑ "WHITE PAPER : Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system" (PDF). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  92. ↑ "UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020". Road Safety fund. FIA foundation / WHO. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  93. ↑ "International Traffic and Accident Data" (PDF). Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  94. ↑ "Aiming to Reduce Fatal Traffic Accidents: Zero Vision, Zero Results?". Retrieved 13 November 2008.
  95. ↑ "Historisk lave dødstall på norske veier i 2020". Statensvegvesen.no. Statens Vegvesen – Norwegian Road Authorities. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  96. ↑ Anders Lie; Claes Tingvall. "GOVERNMENT STATUS REPORT, SWEDEN" (PDF). Swedish Road Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  97. ↑ "DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD SAFETY IN SWEDEN" (PDF). Unece.org. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  98. ↑ Road traffic injuries
  99. ↑ "Sweden: road traffic fatalities 2006-2019". Statista. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  100. ↑ "Nollvisionen". Transportstyrelsen [Swedish Transport Agency] (in Swedish).
  101. ↑ "Deaths in traffic fewer than 200 in Sweden last year". Smart City Sweden. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  102. ↑ "Does the Vision Zero work?". Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
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