European countries grouped by preferred type of alcoholic drink, based on recorded alcohol per capita (age 15+) consumption (in litres of pure alcohol) in 2016
Map of Europe with individual countries grouped by preferred type of alcoholic drink, based on recorded alcohol per capita (age 15+) consumption (in litres of pure alcohol) in 2016[1]
  Wine
  Beer
  Spirits
European countries grouped into three regions by dominant patterns of alcohol consumption and traditionally preferred types of alcoholic drink
Map of Europe with individual countries grouped into three regions by dominant patterns of alcohol consumption and traditionally preferred types of alcoholic drink
  Wine-drinking countries[2][3]/Mediterranean pattern[4][5])
  Beer-drinking countries[2][3]/Central European pattern[4][5])
  Spirit-drinking countries[2][3]/Eastern/Northern European pattern[4][5])
Both Denmark[2][3][5] and Slovakia[3][5][4] are categorized either as beer-drinking countries or as spirit-drinking countries.

Alcohol preferences in Europe vary from country to country between beer, wine or spirits.[6] These preferences are traditionally associated with certain regions. Hence, the Central European pattern of alcohol consumption is associated with beer-drinking, the Mediterranean pattern with wine-drinking and the Eastern or Northern European pattern with spirit-drinking countries.[2][3][4][5] However, traditional preferences do not necessarily correspond to current drinking habits, as beer has become the most popular alcoholic drink world-wide.

Countries preferring spirits

The following countries, known as the vodka belt, are significant producers and consumers of spirits, particularly vodka:

The southern boundary of this region corresponds to the −2 °C (28°F) January isotherm in lowlands. With the exception of Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, and some regions of southern Russia, cultivation of grapes is impossible or very difficult. EU-countries preferring vodka produce over 70% of the EU's vodka.[7]

Vodka preference is sometimes associated exclusively with the Slavic countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as they are the historical homeland of vodka (Poland and Russia being the nations most often associated with the invention of the drink). Before the 19th century, vodka was considered very much a "people's drink" that was common among the peasantry who made up the majority of the population in most countries of the time, while the aristocracy preferred imported wines or other alcoholic drinks that were considered less plebeian.[10] There are exceptions, such as Żubrówka, a type of Polish vodka that dates back to the 16th century, which became popular among the szlachta (nobility) as well as the peasantry as early as the 18th century.

In his book about the Soviet Union,[11] Alex de Jonge elaborates on his concept of "geoalcoholics". In particular, he explains Russian peculiarities by their belonging to the vodka belt and the absence of the beer belt in the Soviet Union. Other than the prevalent hard liquor, the vodka belt is also characterised by a higher occurrence of binge drinking compared to the rest of Europe.[12] Likewise, in his Russia and the Russians, historian Geoffrey Hoskins notes the distinct effect vodka culture has had on the countries of the former Russian Empire, creating drinking as a social problem on a different level from other European countries.[13]

In many countries traditionally preferring vodka, it has been supplanted by beer as the alcoholic drink of choice since the early 21st century. Residents of Finland and Sweden consume twice as much beer as vodka (in terms of pure alcohol).[14] The Polish Beer-Lovers' Party (which won 16 seats in the Sejm in 1991) was founded on the notion of fighting alcoholism by a cultural abandonment of vodka for beer. And indeed in 1998, beer surpassed vodka as the most popular alcoholic drink in Poland.[15]

The term has received much attention since 2006 in the context of the "vodka war"[16] within the European Union about the standardisation of vodka: the vodka-preferring countries insist that only spirits produced from grains and potato must be allowed to be branded as "vodka", according to the long established traditions of its production, a brand protection similar to the "protected designation of origin".[7][17][18] The "Schnellhardt compromise", proposed by Horst Schnellhardt, suggests that vodkas from other than cereals, potatoes and molasses, should be labeled to say "Vodka produced from".[16]

Countries preferring beer

Countries in Europe in which beer is historically the most popular alcoholic drink are located to the southwest of countries preferring vodka and to the northeast of the countries preferring wine.[19][20][21]

These countries' geography is closely tied to the historical growing range of its two main ingredients, barley and hops. Barley was first domesticated during the Neolithic in the ancient Near East. It has been brewed into beer-like beverages for thousands of years and grown in most of Europe since ancient times. Hops are more narrowly distributed, preferring humid temperate climates, similar to potatoes. Originally, European "ale" (not yet called beer in Germanic languages) was produced without hops, which were introduced to Europe from the east. The first evidence of hops in Europe dates from 736 CE, in the Hallertau region of present-day Germany, although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was not until 1079.[22]

The westward spread of hops was slow, not reaching England until 1524. Ireland was still importing hops in the eighteenth century; more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone in 1752.[23] In 1516, the Bavarian Reinheitsgebot ("Purity Law") established that barley, hops and water were the only allowable ingredients in beer (yeast was considered a by-product rather than an ingredient). This became the template for beers across Europe. While non-barley beers (e.g. wheat beer), and non-hopped-beers (e.g. flavoured with gruit) are still produced, across most of Europe "beer" is synonymous with barley and hops. Since the northern range of hops does not include most of Scandinavia or Russia (or much of Scotland), these areas, for the most part, are outside of the beer belt and lie in the vodka/whisky belt.

As of 2012 the beer-preferring countries includes Belgium, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, some parts of Austria, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Slovenia, Central Federal District of Russia, the northern and eastern (German-speaking) cantons of Switzerland and the French regions of Alsace, Lorraine, Nord-Pas-de-Calais and the department of Ardennes.[24] There is quite a bit of overlap in these French regions, as well as in southwestern Germany, Luxembourg and most parts of Austria, due to the considerable consumption and cultivation of fine wine there, and Poland is also a part of the vodka belt.

In 2016, UNESCO inscribed Belgian beer culture on their list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity.

Countries preferring wine

Countries in Europe in which wine is historically the most popular alcoholic drink are located to the south of countries preferring beer or vodka.[20][21][25][26] The wine belt has been variously defined as approximately spanning 41–44°N,[27] 30–50°N,[28] and 35–50/51°N.[29]

Countries in the wine belt include Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Georgia, Cyprus, Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, San Marino, Switzerland, Romania, France, and Southern Federal District of Russia. The countries of Austria, Hungary, and Slovenia, which themselves produce some highly-regarded wines, may sometimes be considered as part of the wine belt, but they overlap largely and are in line more with the Beer Belt instead. Additionally, Southwest England (if one classes cider as a wine analogue), parts of the Low Countries, southwestern Germany and parts of Austria could be considered to lie either within the belt or within an overlap region.[24]

A number of countries in Southeast Europe that fall within the wine belt also produce a variety of fruit brandies, many of which are considered their "national drink", such as Țuică, Rakia, and Pálinka.

The UNESCO has declared some wine regions in its World Heritage Sites:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Global status report on alcohol and health 2018
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Karlsson, Thomas; Simpura, Jussi (2001). "Changes in living conditions and their links to alcohol consumption and drinking patterns in 16 European countries, 1950 to 2000" (PDF). Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 18 (1): 82–99. doi:10.1177/145507250101801S03. ISSN 1455-0725. S2CID 73002019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shield, Kevin D.; Kehoe, Tara; Gmel, Gerrit; Rehm, Maximilien X.; Rehm, Jürgen (2012). "Societal burden of alcohol" (PDF). In Anderson, Peter; Møller, Lars; Galea, Gauden (eds.). Alcohol in the European Union: Consumption, harm and policy approaches. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. pp. 10–28. ISBN 978-92-890-0264-6. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Iontchev, Atanas (1998). "Central and Eastern Europe". In Grant, Marcus (ed.). Alcohol And Emerging Markets: Patterns, Problems, And Responses. Taylor & Francis. pp. 177–202. ISBN 978-0-87630-978-0.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Popova, Svetlana; Rehm, Jürgen; Patra, Jayadeep; Zatonski, Witold (6 February 2007). "Comparing alcohol consumption in Central and Eastern Europe to other European countries". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 42 (5): 465–473. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.540.8795. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl124. PMID 17287207.
  6. ↑ Grigg, David (2004). "Wine, Spirits and Beer: World Patterns of Consumption". Geography. 89 (2): 99–110. JSTOR 40573955.
  7. 1 2 3 Stubb, Alexander (December 2006). "The European Vodka Wars" (PDF). Blue Wings. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2012.
  8. ↑ "'Estonian vodka' is a protected geographical indication in the European Union". Republic of Estonia, Ministry of Rural Affairs. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  9. ↑ Korotayev, Andrey; Khalturina, Darya (2008). Douglas W. Blum (ed.). Russia and Globalization: Identity, Security, and Society in an Era of Change (PDF). Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. pp. 37–78. ISBN 978-0-8018-8842-7. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  10. 1 2 "Krakow Beverages" at krakow-info.com
  11. ↑ Alex de Jonge, "Stalin and the Shaping of the Soviet Union", Collins, (1986), ISBN 0-688-04730-0, the relevant excerpt online Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ "Alcohol Alert Digest" Archived 27 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Institute of Alcohol Studies, UK.
  13. ↑ Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2001). Russia and the Russians: A History. Harvard University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-674-00473-3. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  14. ↑ "Alcohol in Postwar Europe: A Discussion of Indicators on Consumption and Alcohol-Related Harm"
  15. ↑ "EJPAU 2004. Kowalczuk I. Conditions of Alcoholic Beverages Consumption Among Polish Consumers". Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  16. 1 2 Vodka war: "MEPs serve up a compromise cocktail", a Europarliament news article
  17. ↑ "EU Farm Chief Warns of Legal Action in Vodka Row". Flexnews.com. Reuters. 25 October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007., a 25 October 2006 Reuters article
  18. ↑ "A spirited war: The search for the real vodka", International Herald Tribune, 23 November 2006
  19. ↑ Geeraerts, Dirk (1999). "Beer and semantics". In Leon de Stadler; Christoph Eyrich (eds.). Issues in cognitive linguistics: 1993 proceedings of the International Cognitive Linguistics Conference. Walter de Gruyter. p. 35. ISBN 978-3-11-015219-7.
  20. 1 2 "Euro MPs spurn 'pure vodka' bid". BBC News. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  21. 1 2 "Brussels braced for vodka battle". BBC News. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  22. ↑ Corran, H. S. (23 January 1975). A History of Brewing. Vermont, Canada: David and Charles PLC. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-7153-6735-3.
  23. ↑ "The London magazine, 1752", page 332
  24. 1 2 "Belgium, country of beer!". Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  25. ↑ "Charlemagne: In vino veritas". The Economist. 14 June 2007.
  26. ↑ Waldfogel, Joel (22 September 2006). "Global warming and vineyards". Slate Magazine.
  27. ↑ "Wines of Canada". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  28. ↑ "Introduction To NZ Wines". Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
  29. ↑ Philp, Robert Kemp (1867). A Journey of Discovery All Around Our House: Or, The Interview: a Companion Volume to 'Enquire Within Upon Everything'. Houlston & Wright. p. 51.
  30. ↑ "The Prosecco Hills of Conegliano and Valdobbiadene. (Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene".
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