Voiced alveolar approximant
ɹ
ð̠˕
IPA Number151
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɹ
Unicode (hex)U+0279
X-SAMPAr\ or D_r_o
Braille⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)
Voiced postalveolar approximant
ɹ̠
Audio sample
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The voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ⟨ɹ⟩, a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.

The most common sound represented by the letter r in English is the voiced postalveolar approximant, pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as ⟨ɹ̠⟩, but ⟨ɹ⟩ is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol ⟨r⟩ even though this symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.

The bunched or molar r sounds remarkably similar to the postalveolar approximant and can be described as a voiced labial pre-velar approximant with tongue-tip retraction. It can be transcribed in IPA as ⟨ψ⟩[1] or ⟨ɹ̈⟩.

Features

A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ].
A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].

Features of the voiced alveolar approximant:

Occurrence

Alveolar

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Albaniangjelbër[ˈɟʑɛlbəɹ]'green'
ArmenianClassicalսուրճ[suɹtʃ]'coffee'
Assameseৰঙা (rônga)[ɹɔŋa]'red'
Assyrian Neo-AramaicAlqosh dialectܪܒ[ɹɑbɑ]'many'Corresponds to /ɾ/ in most other Assyrian dialects.
Tyari dialect
Bengali[2]Especially Eastern dialectsআবার[abaɹ]'again'Phonetic realisation of /r/, especially in some Eastern Dialects and sometimes in conjunct before consonants. Corresponds to [r ~ ɾ] in others. See Bengali phonology
Burmese[3][4]ပရိဘောဂ[pəɹḭbɔ́ɡa̰]'furniture'Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English.
Chukchiңирэк[ŋiɹek]'two'
Dahalo[5][káð̠˕i]'work'Apical. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be a weak fricative [ð̠] or simply a plosive [d] instead.[6]
DanishStandard[7][8][9]ved[ve̝ð̠˕ˠ]'at'Velarized and laminal; allophone of /d/ in the syllable coda.[7][8][9] For a minority of speakers, it may be a non-sibilant fricative instead.[9] See Danish phonology.
DutchCentral Netherlandicdoor[doːɹ]'through'Allophone of /r/ in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology.
Western Netherlandic
Leidenrat[ɹat]'rat'Corresponds to /r/ in other dialects.
Faroeseróður[ɹɔuwʊɹ]'rudder'See Faroese phonology.
German Moselle Franconian (Siegerland[10] and Westerwald[11] dialects) Rebe[ˈɹeːbə] 'vine'Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ], a uvular trill [ʀ] or an alveolar trill [r]. See Standard German phonology.
Silesian
Upper Lusatian
Greek[12]μέρα méra[ˈmɛɹɐ]'day'Allophone of /ɾ/ in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See Modern Greek phonology.
Icelandicbróðir[ˈprou̯ð̠˕ir]'brother'Usually apical. See Icelandic phonology.
LimburgishMontfortian dialect[13]maintenant[ˈmæ̃ːn˦ð̠˕ənɑ̃ː˨]'now'
Persianفارسی[fɒːɹˈsiː]'Persian'Allophone of /ɾ/ before /d/, /l/, /s/, /ʃ/, /t/, /z/, and /ʒ/. See Persian phonology.
PortugueseMultiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inland Centro-Sul[14]amor[aˈmoɹˠ]'love'Allophone of /ɾ ~ ʁ/ in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also be retroflex, post-alveolar and/or a rhotic vowel. See Portuguese phonology.
SpanishAndalusian[15]doscientos[do̞ɹˈθje̞n̪t̪o̞s]'two hundred'Allophone of /s/ before [θ]. See Spanish phonology.
Belizeaninvierno[imˈbjeɹno]'winter'Possible realization of /r/ in the syllable coda due to English influence.
Caribbean Colombian
Puerto Rican
SwedishCentral Standard[16]starkast[ˈs̪t̪äɹːkäs̪t̪]'strongest'Allophone of /r/. Some speakers have [ɾ] ([r] when geminated) in all positions. See Swedish phonology.
Tagalogparang[paɹaŋ]'like-'Allophone of the more usual and traditional flap or trill [ɾ ~ r] and is sometimes thus pronounced by some younger speakers due to exposure to mainstream English.
TurkishMarmara Regionartık[aɹtɯk]'excess, surplus'Occurs as an allophone of [ɾ] in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar [ɹ̠]. See Turkish phonology.
VietnameseSaigon[17]ra[ɹa]'go out'In free variation with [ɾ], [r] and [ʐ]. See Vietnamese phonology.
ZapotecTilquiapan[18]rdɨ[ɹd̪ɨ]'pass'Allophone of /ɾ/ before consonants.

Postalveolar

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
EnglishAustralianred[ɹ̠ʷed]'red'Often labialized. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed ⟨r⟩. See Australian English phonology, English phonology, Rhoticity in English and Pronunciation of English /r/.
Most American dialects[19][ɹ̠ʷɛd]ⓘ
Received Pronunciation
Igbo[20]rí[ɹ̠í]'eat'
Malay راتوس / ratus [ɹ̠ä.tos] 'hundred' More commonly trill [r] or flap [ɾ]. See Malay phonology
MalteseSome dialects[21]malajr[mɐˈlɐjɹ̠]'quickly'Corresponds to [ɾ ~ r] in other dialects.[21]
Shipibo[22]roro[ˈd̠ɹ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽]'to break into pieces'Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of /r/.[22]

As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, [ɹ] occurs in Edo, Fula, Murrinh-patha, and Palauan.[23]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-521-45655-X.
  2. ↑ Khan (2010), pp. 223–224.
  3. ↑ Cornyn (1944:7)
  4. ↑ Watkins (2001)
  5. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  6. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
  7. 1 2 Basbøll (2005:59 and 63)
  8. 1 2 Grønnum (2003:121)
  9. 1 2 3 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:144)
  10. ↑ Kohler (1995:165f), cited in Universität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse
  11. ↑ Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache
  12. ↑ Arvaniti (2007:15–18)
  13. ↑ Bakkes (2007:)
  14. ↑ Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21 (in Portuguese)
  15. ↑ Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995)
  16. ↑ Engstrand (1999:141)
  17. ↑ Thompson (1959:459)
  18. ↑ Merrill (2008:109)
  19. ↑ Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999:283) citing Delattre & Freeman (1968), Zawadzki & Kuehn (1980), and Boyce & Espy-Wilson (1997)
  20. ↑ Ikekeonwu (1999:108)
  21. 1 2 Puech (2013:74)
  22. 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
  23. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:240–241)

References

  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
  • Bakkes, Pierre (2007), Mofers Waordebook (in Dutch), Stichting Mofers Waordebook, ISBN 978-90-9022294-3
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, OUP Oxford, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
  • Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997), "Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101 (6): 3741–3753, Bibcode:1997ASAJ..101.3741B, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.16.4174, doi:10.1121/1.418333, PMID 9193061
  • Browman, C.P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position in American English", in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues: for Katherine Safford Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 9–33
  • Cornyn, William (1944), Outline of Burmese Grammar, Supplement to Language, vol. 20 no. 4, Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America
  • Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968), "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture", Linguistics, 44: 29–68
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 9780521637510
  • Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically conditioned articulatory variation: A Review", UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73
  • Grønnum, Nina (2003), "Why are the Danes so hard to understand?", in Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg; Bleses, Dorthe; Madsen, Thomas O.; Thomsen, Pia (eds.), Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday, Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, pp. 119–130
  • Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999), "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants", Journal of Phonetics, 27 (3): 281–306, doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
  • Ikekeonwu, Clara I. (1999), "Igbo", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 108–110, ISBN 9780521637510
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
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