Zanjan
زنجان (Persian)
زنگان (Azerbaijani)
City
Official seal of Zanjan
Seal
Zanjan is located in Iran
Zanjan
Zanjan
Coordinates: 36°40′44″N 48°30′20″E / 36.67889°N 48.50556°E / 36.67889; 48.50556[1]
CountryIran
Region3
ProvinceZanjan
CountyZanjan
DistrictCentral
Government
 • MayorAlireza Firouzfar
 • ParliamentWaqfchi and Ahmadi
Elevation
1,638 m (5,374 ft)
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total430,871
 • Rank
20th in Iran
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Websitewww.Zanjan.ir

Zanjan (Persian: زنجان, pronounced [zænˈdʒɒːn] ⓘ;[3] Azerbaijani: زنگان) is a city in the Central District of Zanjan County, Zanjan province, Iran, and serves as capital of the district, county, and province.[4]

At the 2006 census, its population was 341,801 in 89,829 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 386,851 people in 110,943 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 430,871 people in 132,469 households, making it the 20th largest city in Iran.[2] The population of Zanjan consists mostly of Iranian Azeris who are bilingual in Azerbaijani and Persian.[7]

The city lies 298 km (185 mi) northwest of Tehran on the main highway to Tabriz and Turkey, and approximately 125 km (78 mi) from the Caspian Sea. It is about 20 km (12 mi) south of the Qaflankuh Mountain Range.

Zanjan is known for its handcrafts such as knives, traditional sandals, called charoogh, and malileh, a handcraft made with silver wires. Zanjani artists make many things like various decorative dishes and their special covers as well as silver jewelry. In ancient times, Zanjan was known for its stainless and sharp knives. But this tradition is gradually becoming extinct by introduction of Chinese-made knives into the market which are far cheaper, more abundant and less artistic . Many villagers today are traditional carpet weavers. Zanjan's population boasts the highest level of happiness among the people of 30 other provinces in Iran, according to a detailed survey conducted by Isna.[8]

History

Drawing by Eugène Flandin

According to the Nuzhat al-Qulub of the 14th-century Iranian geographer Hamdallah Mustawfi (died after 1339/40), Zanjan was said to have been founded by the first Sasanian ruler Ardashir I (r. 224–242), who named it "Shahin." During the Arab invasion of Iran, Zanjan was conquered in 645 by a force led by al-Barra ibn Azib. Medieval geographers generally agree that Zanjan was located in the region of Jibal/Persian Iraq, near the frontier of the neighbouring region of Azerbaijan. Some geographers also include Zanjan as part of Daylam or Ray.[9]

After 833, the Abbasid Caliphate had a chain of forts constructed from Zanjan to Ardabil to counter the 817–837 rebellion of the Khurramite leader Babak Khorramdin (died 838).[10] In the 10th-century, Zanjan was ruled by local Daylamite dynasties such as the Musafirids (919–1062).[9] According to the 13th-century Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi (died 1229), the Persians referred the city as "Zangan."[11] During the Ilkhanate era (1256–1335), the inhabitants were reported by Hamdallah Mustawfi to have spoken "pure Pahlavi" (pahlavī-e rāst), a Median or northern form of Persian.[12][13]

One important moment in the history of the city was in 1851 when the city became a center for the suppressed Babi religious movement, along with Neyriz and a fortress known as Shaykh Tabarsi. The forces of the central government captured the Babi fort in Zanjan after a long siege on the orders of Grand Vizier (Prime Minister of Iran) Amir Kabir and killed or expelled the Bab's followers.[14]

Before becoming the capital of the namesake Zanjan province, Zanjan was a county of the Gilan province.[12]

Geography

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, rainfed agriculture makes up around 42% of Zanjan's land cover and grasslands account for another 37%. The remainder is bareland, irrigated agriculture, forest, orchard and riverbanks. Only 1.07% of the land is urban development.[15]

Climate

Zanjan has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with hot, dry summers and cold, moist winters, often with snowfall. Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls between October and May. On February 13, 2020, a temperature of -21.0 °C (-5.8 °F) was recorded.[16]

Climate data for Zanjan (1955-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.0
(62.6)		 22.0
(71.6)		 25.8
(78.4)		 32.0
(89.6)		 32.4
(90.3)		 40.0
(104.0)		 40.0
(104.0)		 43.0
(109.4)		 37.0
(98.6)		 30.0
(86.0)		 24.0
(75.2)		 21.4
(70.5)		 43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7)		 4.7
(40.5)		 10.3
(50.5)		 17.2
(63.0)		 22.7
(72.9)		 28.6
(83.5)		 31.9
(89.4)		 31.9
(89.4)		 28.0
(82.4)		 20.6
(69.1)		 12.3
(54.1)		 5.8
(42.4)		 18.1
(64.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 4.8
(40.6)		 10.6
(51.1)		 15.2
(59.4)		 19.9
(67.8)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.1
(73.6)		 18.9
(66.0)		 13.1
(55.6)		 6.4
(43.5)		 0.8
(33.4)		 11.1
(52.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.6
(18.3)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 3.9
(39.0)		 7.5
(45.5)		 11.2
(52.2)		 14.7
(58.5)		 14.3
(57.7)		 9.9
(49.8)		 5.5
(41.9)		 0.5
(32.9)		 −4.2
(24.4)		 4.1
(39.3)
Record low °C (°F) −30.0
(−22.0)		 −28.6
(−19.5)		 −19.6
(−3.3)		 −11.0
(12.2)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 1.6
(34.9)		 5.4
(41.7)		 5.6
(42.1)		 0.0
(32.0)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 −15.2
(4.6)		 −24.8
(−12.6)		 −30.0
(−22.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29.1
(1.15)		 29.4
(1.16)		 45.7
(1.80)		 58.2
(2.29)		 41.8
(1.65)		 11.3
(0.44)		 5.3
(0.21)		 3.8
(0.15)		 4.7
(0.19)		 22.0
(0.87)		 31.5
(1.24)		 28.3
(1.11)		 311.1
(12.26)
Average rainy days 10.8 10.1 12.6 13.0 11.5 4.2 2.7 2.3 1.9 6.4 8.0 9.9 93.4
Average snowy days 9.6 8.0 5.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 6.7 32.8
Average relative humidity (%) 73 69 61 55 51 42 41 40 41 51 62 69 55
Mean monthly sunshine hours 148.4 152.6 185.9 213.4 272.6 338.0 346.3 334.3 303.1 239.9 169.9 137.4 2,841.8
Source:

Main sights in the city of Zanjan

Soltaniyeh Dome

Zanjan bazaar

Zanjan's bazaar is a public marketplace that started in Agha Mohammadkhan Ghajar-era in 1784 CE, and completed in 1792 CE during the Fath-Ali Shah-era.[17] Mosques and a bath were added later. This bazaar has 940 shops, which consist of two defined parts, namely Bazaar-e Bala (upper bazaar) and Bazaar-e Paieen (lower bazaar).[17] Vendors are organized by their professions and commodities.[17]

Jameh Mosque of Zanjan

The central mosque of Zanjan is Jameh Mosque of Zanjan, also known as the Seyyed Mosque (Masjid-e-Seyyed), this was constructed in 1826 during the Qajar-era, by one of Fath-Ali Shah's sons.[18] This mosque was built in the old area of the city and it's the religious center of Zajan.

Saltmen museum at Zolfaghari House

It's built on Imam Street. This building holds six naturally preserved human remains called saltmen or “namaki”, which had been discovered in 1993 in the Chehrabad salt mines. These remains are originally from Achaemenian-era.

Tofighi’s building

Tofighi's building is related to last parts of Qajar-era and Pahlavi-era. It's built on Imam Street. It was a house of the greatest man of Zanjan that was mayor of city. This building has 2 floors and consists of a symmetrical form.

Match company

The Match company (3 stars match company) is related to Pahlavi-era and located on Safa street. It is the second company of city and constructed by Mahmud Shalchi, before the World War II. It has a brick chimney.

Dadamaan Hotel Zanjan

The old abbey was constructed 200 years ago in the area of Enghelab square which is the most central and oldest part of Zanjan. It initially served as a caravanserai and then for approx. 80 years it was the house of one of Zanjan's scholars, Sheikh Jalal Ashabi.

It had been uninhabited for 20 years after the passing of the Seikh from 1997. It began to be renovated in 2017 and now serves as a traditional hotel.

Sangi Caravanserai

The Sangi Caravanserai (stone caravanserai) is an ancient roadside inn, constructed in Safavi-era and was converted into a restaurant in the 1990s.[19][20] It's a single story stone building that has four iwans (porches) and a ceiling that is arcuate.

Rakhtshooy Khaneh Edifice

The Rakhtshooy Khaneh Edifice is a historical wash-house and Iranian national heritage site, that is currently being used as Zanjan anthropological museum.[21]

Industries

  • Lead
  • Zinc
  • Pasteurized milk
  • Chemical productions
  • Weaving
  • Cotton
  • Food productions
  • Transformer
  • Electrical productions

Handicrafts

The most famous handicrafts are knives, charuq (a local style of women's shoes, similar to clodhopper shoes),[22] filigree and gilding. Gilding is the one important art for decoration the books and calligraphies. Other handicrafts include coppersmithing, rug weaving and carpet weaving (including Kilim and Jajim style).[22]

Colleges and universities

Zanjan is also home to several universities such as:

Sports

Zanjan is known for having one of the best indoor sport climbing walls in the Middle East, located in Enghelab sports complex. The facility also includes standard speed climbing walls. The city's football team is Shahrdari Zanjan F.C., who play in the 2nd Division.[23]

Demographics

Approximately half of the population of Zanjan Province lives in Zanjan city.[7] In a 2017 study, researchers concluded that Azerbaijani-speaking families in the city display language shift to Persian.[7]

Notable people

For a complete list see: Category:People from Zanjan, Iran

Sister cities

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zanjan.

References

  1. ↑ OpenStreetMap contributors (27 February 2023). "Zanjan, Zanjan County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 19. Archived from the original (Excel) on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ↑ Zanjan, Iran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3088976" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  4. ↑ Habibi, Hassan (7 July 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of elements and units of country divisions of Zanjan province, centered in Zanjan city". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  5. ↑ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 19. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  6. ↑ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 19. Archived from the original (Excel) on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 Mirvahedi, Seyed Hadi; Jafari, Rasoul (2017). "Family language policy in the City of Zanjan: a city for the forlorn Azerbaijani". International Journal of Multilingualism. 18 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/14790718.2018.1545019.
  8. ↑ "ایسنا - شادترين استانهاي ايران كدامند؟". isna.ir.
  9. 1 2 Bosworth 2002, p. 446.
  10. ↑ Mottahedeh 1975, p. 75.
  11. ↑ Le Strange 1905, p. 222.
  12. 1 2 Bosworth 2002, p. 447.
  13. ↑ Yarshater 1988, pp. 238–245.
  14. ↑ Abdu'l-Bahá, Edward Granville. "A Traveller's Narrative Written to Illustrate the Episode of the Báb", Published by Kalimat Press, 2004, ISBN 1-890688-37-1, ISBN 978-1-890688-37-0
  15. ↑ "Zanjan Province - Land Cover Map" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization.
  16. ↑ "40729: Zanjan (Iran)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  17. 1 2 3 "Zanjan Bazaar". Iran Daily. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  18. ↑ Rasaneh, Sirang. "Zanjan Jame' (Seyed) Mosque in Zanjan, Travel to IRAN". itto.org | Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  19. ↑ "Caravanserai Sangi Registered as National Monument". Tehran Times. 1 December 1998. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  20. ↑ "Canning Town Caravanserai". Caravanserai in the Modern World. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  21. ↑ "Rakhtshooy Khaneh Historical Edifice in Iran's Zanjan". Tasnim News Agency. 28 July 2018. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022.
  22. 1 2 Rasaneh, Sirang. "Handicrafts and Souvenirs of Zanjan in Zanjan, Travel to IRAN". itto.org | Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  23. ↑ "تیم فوتبال"شهرداری زنجان"پیدا شد" [The football team of "Zanjan Municipality" was found]. newspaper.hamshahrionline.ir. Retrieved 5 April 2021. تیم شهرداری زنجان طبق قانون قابل برگشت به شهرداری است و این موضوع با مصوبه اعضای شورای شهر مطالبه می‌شود [The Zanjan Municipality team can be returned to the municipality according to the law, and this issue is demanded with the approval of the city council members]
  24. ↑ ""Cənubi Azərbaycanın Mandelası"" [Iranian Azerbaijanis are happy about the release of Said Matinpour] (in Azerbaijani). BBC Azərbaycanca. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 29 August 2015.
  25. 1 2 "Zanjan sister Malacca, Malaysia". Zanjan Shora. 29 September 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2015.

Sources

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