| Ziliujing Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Toarcian, | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Sub-units | Dongyuemiao Member, Maanshan Member, Daanzhai Member |
| Underlies | Xintiangou Formation |
| Overlies | Zhenzhuchong Formation |
| Thickness | Dongyuemiao M. 5 to 11.2 metres (20 to 40 ft), Maanshan M. 131 to 180 metres (430 to 590 ft) Daanzhai M. 18 to 45.2 metres (60 to 150 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Mudstone |
| Other | Sandstone |
| Location | |
| Country |  China |
| Extent | Sichuan Basin |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Ziliujing District |
The Ziliujing Formation is a geological formation in China, It is Early Jurassic in age. It is part of the stratigraphy of the Sichuan Basin. The dinosaur Gongxianosaurus and indeterminate theropod material are known from the Dongyuemiao Member of the formation, as well as dinosaur footprints, Zizhongosaurus and indeterminate prosauropods from the Da'anzhai Member.[1] The basal sauropod Sanpasaurus is known from the Maanshan Member.[2] An unnamed stegosaur and the pliosauroid plesiosaur Sinopliosaurus are also known from this formation but they were found an indeterminate member.[2] An unnamed teleosaurid known from a complete skull has also been found in the formation, pending a formal description.[3] The deposition environment during the Da'anzhai Member in the lower Toarcian is thought to have been that of a giant freshwater lake encompassing the whole of the Sichuan basin, around 3 times larger than Lake Superior, coeval with the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event around 183 Ma.[4]
Paleofauna
Color key
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Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Bivalves
| Genus | Species | Location | Section | Material | Notes | Images |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater mussel, considered a member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. Ecological indicator of shallow zone of the big fresh-water lake under a hot climate |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. |
 Lamprotula | |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater mussel, member of the family Margaritiferidae inside Unionida. |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater mussel, member of the family Mytilidae inside Mytiloida. |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater clam, member of the family Pseudocardiniidae inside Trigoniida. |
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Isolated Shells |
A freshwater clam, member of the family Pseudocardiniidae inside Trigoniida. |
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Phyllopods
| Genus | Species | Location | Section | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Palaeolimnadia[7] |
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A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Limnadiidae. The species Palaeolimnadia baitianbaensis represent the main member of its own fauna section, that comprises other 52 species of Phyllopods |
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Pseudolimnadia[7] |
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A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Limnadiidae. |
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Euestheria[7] |
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A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Lioestheriinae. |
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A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Lioestheriinae. |
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Pseudestheria[7] |
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A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Lioestheriinae. |
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Iliestheria[7] |
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A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Triglyptidae. |
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Loxomegaglypta[7] |
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A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Triglyptidae. |
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Loxomicroglypta[7] |
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A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Triglyptidae. |
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Ovjurium[7] |
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A clam shrimp (“conchostracan”), member of the family Ovjuridae. |
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Fish
| Genus | Species | Location | Section | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Bony Fish, considered a member of the family Semionotidae. The only major Bony fish recovered in this unit, with resemblance with coeval European species. Unlike that ones, the local Lepidotes lived in Freshwater settings. |
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Sarcopterygii
| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Section | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Ceratodus szechuanensis |
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A freshwater Lungfish, type member of the Ceratodontidae inside Ceratodontiformes. Lungfish related with late jurassic genera of the same region |
 Ceratodus reconstruction | |
Plesiosaurs
| Genus | Species | Location | Section | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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A plesiosaur, considered a member of the family Rhomaleosauridae. An unusual freshwater plesiosaur linked to the large Sichuan Lake system developed locally.[10] |
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A plesiosaur, considered a member of the family Pliosauridae. Likely an invalid genus of freshwater pliosaur |
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Testudinata
| Genus | Species | Location | Section | Material | Notes | Images |
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Turtle remains of uncertain affinity. The only major turtle remains recovered in this unit. This along some undescribed shell fragments from the Lower Jurassic of Sichuan appear to represent the first documented occurrence of the fossil Testudines in China |
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Crocodylomorphs
| Genus | Species | Location | Section | Material | Notes | Images |
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A teleosaur, considered a member of the family Teleosaurinae. An unusual freshwater teleosauroid, previously referred Peipehsuchus teleorhinus.[12] |
 Skull of the Ziliujing teleosaurid | |
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Teleosaurus? sp. |
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A teleosaur, considered a member of the family Teleosaurinae. |
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Dinosaurs
| Genus | Species | Location | Section | Material | Notes | Images |
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Footprints |
Ornithischian footprints which resemble the pes of some neornithischians |
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Footprints |
Sauropod footprints which resemble the pes of some mamenchisaurids. Associated Brontopodus-like trackway with Liujianpus indicates that small and large sauropodomorphs may have co-existed. |
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Cetiosauridae Indet. |
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A eusauropod related to the family Cetiosauridae; likely the oldest referred specimen to this family |
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Indeterminate remains of theropods with resemblance to the genus Elaphrosaurus, initially thought to be a member of Coeluridae.[2] |
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Footprints |
Theropod footprints of uncertain affinity, probably related to theropods such as Dilophosaurus |
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A sauropod that may represent a late-surviving basal member of the group. It has some features of both sauropods and sauropodomorphs, and may be regarded as an intermediate type in the evolution between both groups. |
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Footprints |
Theropod footprints of uncertain affinity. The Grallator relationships of these tracks are solid, as they don't display features of other ichnogenera found in the early Jurassic of the same region. Includes some of the smallest Grallator (and avian theropod) tracks ever described in the literature.[22] |
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Liujianpus[15] |
Liujianpus shunan |
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Footprints |
Sauropodomorph footprints, with features seen in the ichnogenus Otozum, as well as in the sauropod ichnogenus Brontopodus. This ichnogenus dominates all the track assemblages where it is found, with a presence of up the 97%.[23] |
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A sauropodomorph; probably a member of the family Massospondylidae. One of the youngest non-sauropod sauropodomorphs discovered worldwide. It represents its own faunal section. |
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Mamenchisauridae Indet. |
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An eusauropod, related to the family Mamenchisauridae; likely the oldest referred specimen to this family (Unless Tonganosaurus is a mamenchisaur) |
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Indeterminate remains of theropods, very common along Gongxianosaurus fossils. |
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Indeterminate remains of possible ornithischians |
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Parabrontopodus isp. |
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Footprints |
Sauropod footprints. The narrow-gauge trackway pattern resembles Parabrontopodus, well known from the Jurassic, but other features, such as the low heteropody, are different |
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A sauropodomorph; the associated clutch provides strong evidence for the earliest known leathery eggs. |
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A sauropod with uncertain affinities inside the group. Originally interpreted it as the remains of an ornithopod ornithischian.[27] |
 Sanpasaurus material | |
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A sauropod, referred to the family Shunosaurinae. Likely not Shunosaurus. It was described in the Zigong Museum Guide |
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Indeterminate remains of possible thyrephorans. "Gen. indet. imperfectus" represents a large possible ornithischian or a sauropod that was originally assigned to Sanpasaurus |
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An invalid genus of sauropod of uncertain affinities. "Yibinosaurus" is from the same locality as Gongxianosaurus, and Gongxianosaurus sp. nov. may be the "Yibinosaurus" material |
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A sauropod, referred to the family Vulcanodontidae or Shunosaurinae. It builds its own faunal section, yet some authors view it as a nomen dubium. |
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Flora
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. Based on analogies with morphologically similar extant Equisetum species, it is interpreted to represent a plant of consistently moist habitats, such as marshes, lake margins or forest understorey, developed normally dense thickets. |
 Example of Equisetites specimen | |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales. |
.jpg.webp) Example of Phlebopteris specimen | |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales. Dictyophyllum is a common Dipteridacean genus of the mid-Mesozoic. Here is indicator of Toarcian age for the sedimnets |
 Dictyophyllum nilssonii specimen | |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales. |
 Example of Clathropteris meniscioides specimen | |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Schizaeaceae inside Schizaeales. Grass Ferns |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Schizaeaceae inside Schizaeales. Grass Ferns |
 Example of Klukia exilis specimen | |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Dicksoniaceae inside Cyatheales. Common cosmopolitan Mesozoic Tree fern genus. |
.jpg.webp) Coniopteris specimen | |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Osmundaceae inside Osmundales. Lower vegetation members |
 Cladophlebis nebbensis specimen | |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Insufficient and incomplete material prevents certain allocation to that species. |
.jpg.webp) Otozamites specimen | |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with the Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Anomozamites is characterised by slender, (almost) completely and regularly segmented leaves whose leaflets are generally as long as broad or, at maximum, two times as long as broad. This genus is related with more arboreal Bennetitalean flora. Shows coriaceous leaves and is a genus linked more with dry climates. |
 Anomozamites specimen | |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Cycadales inside Cycadopsida. |
 Cycadites specimen | |
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Badong-Lichuan |
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Affinities with Karkeniaceae inside Ginkgoales. |
 Example of Baiera specimen | |
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Badong-Lichuan |
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Affinities with Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoales. |
 Ginkgoites specimen | |
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Ferganiella[31] |
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Yangtze Gorges area |
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Affinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales. |
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Badong-Lichuan |
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Affinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales. |
 Podozamites reconstruction | |
References
- 1 2 3 4 Xing, Lida; Peng, Guangzhao; Ye, Yong; Lockley, Martin G.; Klein, Hendrik; Persons, W. Scott; Zhang, Jianping; Shu, Chunkang; Hao, Baoqiao (2014-04-03). "Sauropod and Small Theropod Tracks from the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation of Zigong City, Sichuan, China, with an Overview of Triassic–Jurassic Dinosaur Fossils and Footprints of the Sican Basin". Ichnos. 21 (2): 119–130. doi:10.1080/10420940.2014.909352. ISSN 1042-0940. S2CID 129220218.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Young, C.C. (1944). "On the reptilian remains from Weiyuan, Szechuan, China". Bulletin of the Geological Society of China. 24 (3–4): 187–205. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.1944.mp243-4005.x.
- 1 2 Johnson, Michela M.; Young, Mark T.; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2020). "The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution". PeerJ. 8: e9808. doi:10.7717/peerj.9808. PMC 7548081. PMID 33083104.
- ↑ Xu, Weimu; Ruhl, Micha; Jenkyns, Hugh C.; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Riding, James B.; Selby, David; Naafs, B. David A.; Weijers, Johan W. H.; Pancost, Richard D.; Tegelaar, Erik W.; Idiz, Erdem F. (February 2017). "Carbon sequestration in an expanded lake system during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event". Nature Geoscience. 10 (2): 129–134. Bibcode:2017NatGe..10..129X. doi:10.1038/ngeo2871. hdl:10871/24965. ISSN 1752-0894.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ma, Q H. (1982). "Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Lamellibranchia from Sichuan Basin". _Compiling Group of Continental Mesozoic Stratigraphy and Palaeontology in Sichuan Basin of China, ed. Continental Mesozoic Stratigraphy and Palaeontology in Sichuan Basin of China (In Chinese)_. 1 (1): 582–622.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gai, S. Y. (1986). "Fresh-water fossil bivalves from Maanshan Member of Ziliujing Formation in Weiyuan, Sichuan". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 5 (1): 560–566. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Li, G.; Matsuoka, A. (2012). "Jurassic clam shrimp ("conchostracan") faunas in China" (PDF). Science Report of Niigata University (Geology). 27 (2): 73–88. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- 1 2 3 Dong, Z. M (1980). "Chinese dinosaur faunas and their stratigraphic position" (PDF). Journal of Stratigraphy. 4 (4): 256–263. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ↑ Dong, Z.-M. "A new plesiosauria from the Lias of Sichuan Basin" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 18 (3): 191–197. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
- ↑ Sato, T.; Li, C.; Wu, X.-C. (2003). "Restudy of Bishanopliosaurus youngi Dong 1980, a freshwater plesiosaurian from the Jurassic of Chongqing". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 41 (1): 17–33.
- ↑ Yeh, H. (1979). Fossil turties in China. Beijing, China: Papers of Second Congress of Stratigraphy. pp. 1–8.
- ↑ Li, J. (1993). "A new specimen of Peipehsuchus teleorhinus from Ziliujing Formation of Daxian, Sichuan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 31 (3): 85–94.
- ↑ Liu, H.T. (1961). "The discovery of Teleosaurus in China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 1 (3): 69–71.
- 1 2 Xing, Lida; Lockley, Martin G.; Li, Chen; Kleine, Hendrik; Lid, Jinwang; Wang, Donghao (2022). "Two new dinosaur tracksites from the Jurassic Guizhou Province, China". Historical Biology. 33 (1): 112–126. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2021900. S2CID 245698951. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- 1 2 Xing, L.; Lockley, M. G.; Zhang, J.; Klein, H.; Li, D.; Miyashita, T.; Kümmell, S. B. (2016). "A new sauropodomorph ichnogenus from the Lower Jurassic of Sichuan, China fills a gap in the track record" (PDF). Historical Biology. 28 (7): 881–895. doi:10.1080/08912963.2015.1052427. S2CID 130151263. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 Dong, Z.; Zhou, S.; Zhang, Y. (1983). "Dinosaurs from the Jurassic of Sichuan". Palaeontologica Sinica. 162 (1): 1–151.
- ↑ Xing, L.D. (2010). "Report on dinosaur trackways from Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation of Gulin area, Sichuan, China". Geological Bulletin of China. 29 (11): 1730–1732.
- 1 2 Yaonan, Luo; Changsheng, Wang (1999). "New discovery on dinosaur fossils from Early Jurassic, Sichuan, China". Chinese Science Bulletin. 44 (23): 2182–2188. Bibcode:1999ChSBu..44.2182L. doi:10.1007/bf03182705. S2CID 129593125. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- ↑ Yaonan, L.; Changsheng, W. (2000). "A new sauropod, Gongxianosaurus, from the Lower Jurassic of Sichuan, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 74 (2): 132–136. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2000.tb00440.x. S2CID 129100691. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- ↑ Peng, G. Z.; Xing, L. D.; Ye, Y.; Klein, H.; Gierlinski, G. D.; Shu, C. K. (2012). "Report on small-sized theropod tracks from the Early Jurassic Ziliujing Formation of Zigong City, Sichuan, China". In Xing, L. D. And Lockley, M. G. (Eds.), Abstract Book of Qijiang International Dinosaur Tracks Symposium, Chongqing Municipality, China, November 29–30. 2 (1): 98–100.
- ↑ Xing, L.D.; Lockley, M.G.; Zhang, J.P.; Klein, H.; Kümmell, S. B.; Persons IV, W.S.; Kuang, H. W. (2017). "Theropod tracks from the lower Jurassic of Gulin area, Sichuan province, China" (PDF). Palaeoworld. 26 (1): 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2015.11.003. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- ↑ Jiang, S.; Xing, L.; Peng, G.; Lockley, M.G.; Ye, Y.; Klein, H.; Xu, X. (2021). "The smallest non-avian dinosaur track in China (Lower Jurassic, Sichuan Province)". Historical Biology. 16 (1–5): 658–662. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1940997. S2CID 237817651. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- ↑ Xing, L.; Lockley, M. G.; Tang, D.; Klein, H.; Peng, G.; Ye, Y.; Hao, B. (2019). "Early Jurassic basal sauropodomorpha dominated tracks from Guizhou, China: Morphology, ethology, and paleoenvironment". Geoscience Frontiers. 10 (1): 229–240. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2018.06.001. S2CID 134892354. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
- ↑ Dong, Z.M. (1984). "A new prosauropod from Ziliujing Formation of Sichuan Basin". Vertebr Palasiat. 22 (1): 310–313.
- ↑ Peng, G. Z.; Ye, Y.; Gao, Y. H.; Shu, C. K.; Jiang, S. (2005). "Jurassic Dinosaur Faunas in Zigong". People's Publishing House of Sichuan, Chengdu, China. 1 (1): 1–236.
- ↑ Fenglu, Han; Yilun, Yu; Shukang, Zhang; Rong, Zeng; Xinjin, Wang; Huiyang, Cai; Tianzhuang, Wu; Yingfeng, Wen; Sifu, Cai; Chun, Li; Rui, Wu; Qi, Zhao; Xing, Xu (2023). "Exceptional early Jurassic fossils with leathery eggs shed light on dinosaur reproductive biology". National Science Review. 258 (1): 1–38. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ McPhee ., B. W.; Upchurch, P.; Mannion, P. D.; Sullivan, C.; Butler, R. J.; Barrett, P. M. (2016). "A revision of Sanpasaurus yaoi Young, 1944 from the Early Jurassic of China, and its relevance to the early evolution of Sauropoda (Dinosauria)". PeerJ. 4: e2578. doi:10.7717/peerj.2578. PMC 5075712. PMID 27781168.
- ↑ Ouyang, H. (2003). "Skeletal characteristics of Mamenchisaurus youngi and the systematics of mamenchisaurids". PhD Thesis. Chengdu University of Technology. 1 (1): 1–176.
- ↑ Li, K.; Zhang, Y.; Cai, K. (1999). "The Characteristics of the Composition of the Trace Elements in Jurassic Dinosaur Bones and Red Beds in Sichuan Basin". Geological Publishing House, Beijing. 12 (1): 1–155.
- ↑ Li, X. B.; Meng, F. S. (2003). "Discovery of fossil plants from the Ziliujing Formation in Hechuan of Chongqing". Geol. Min. 641 (3): 60–65. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3701.2003.03.011. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Meng, F. S.; Chen, D. Y. (1997). "Fossil plants and palaeoclimatic environment from the Ziliujing Formation in the western Yangtze Gorges area, China". Geol. Min. Res. S. China. 1 (1): 51–59. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fansong, M.; Xubing, L.; Huiming, C. (2003). "Fossil plants from Dongyuemiao Member of the Ziliujing Formation and Lower-Middle Jurassic boundary is Sichuan Basin, China". Gu Sheng Wu Xue Bao= Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 42 (4): 525–536. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- 1 2 3 Central South China Stratigraphic Group (1974). The Stratigraphic Tables of Central South China. Geology Press. pp. 1–435.