1993 Colorado Rockies
LeagueNational League
DivisionWest
BallparkMile High Stadium
CityDenver, Colorado
Record67–95 (.414)
Divisional place6th
OwnersJerry McMorris
General managersBob Gebhard
ManagersDon Baylor
TelevisionKWGN-TV
(Duane Kuiper, Charlie Jones)
RadioKOA (AM)
(Wayne Hagin, Jeff Kingery)
KCUV
(Francisco Gomez)
Seasons

The Colorado Rockies' 1993 season was the first for the Rockies. They played in the National League West. Don Baylor was their manager. Playing their home games in a football stadium (Mile High Stadium), the Rockies set the all-time Major League record for attendance, drawing an incredible 4,483,350 fans. It is a record that stands to this day. Despite their success at the gate, Colorado finished 37 games behind the NL West Champion Atlanta Braves with a record of 67–95, sixth in the division, only ahead of the San Diego Padres.

Vinny Castilla was the last player from the Rockies' inaugural season to retire, playing his last game at the end of 2006.[1]

Offseason

  • November 9, 1992: Neifi Pérez was signed as an amateur free agent by the Colorado Rockies.[2]
  • November 16, 1992: Andrés Galarraga was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies.[3]
  • November 17, 1992: Dante Bichette was traded by the Milwaukee Brewers to the Colorado Rockies for Kevin Reimer.[4]
  • December 7, 1992: Bruce Ruffin was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies.[5]
  • December 7, 1992: Bryn Smith was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies.[6]

Draft picks

Expansion draft

As opposed to previous expansion drafts such as the 1961 draft, players from both leagues were available to the expansion clubs. Each existing club could protect fifteen players on their roster from being drafted and only one player could be drafted from each team in the first round. Then for each additional round National League teams could protect an additional 3 players and American League teams could protect 4 more. All unprotected major and minor League players were eligible except those chosen in the amateur drafts of 1991 or 1992 and players who were 18 or younger when signed in 1990.

Round 1

PickPlayerPositionFromNote
1David NiedRHPATL
3Charlie Hayes3BNYY
5Darren HolmesRHPMIL
7Jerald ClarkOFSD
9Kevin ReimerOFTEXWas dealt the same day to MIL for Dante Bichette
11Eric Young2BLAD
13Jody Reed2BBOSWas dealt the same day to LAD for Rudy Seánez. Seánez played briefly in the Rockies' minor league system before being released in July '93
15Scott AldredLHPDET
17Alex ColeOFPIT
19Joe GirardiCCHC
21Willie BlairRHPHOU
23Jay OwensCMIN
25Andy AshbyRHPPHI

Round 2

PickPlayerPositionFromNote
28Freddie BenavidesSSCIN
30Roberto Mejía2BLAD
32Doug BochtlerRHPMONPlayed in the Rockies' minor league system before being traded to SD in the Brad Ausmus deal in July '93
34Lance PainterLHPSD
36Butch HenryLHPHOU
38Ryan HawblitzelRHPCHC
40Vinny CastillaSSATL
42Brett MerrimanRHPCALWas traded to MIN before the '93 season for Gary Wayne
44Jim Tatum3BMIL
46Kevin RitzRHPDET
48Eric WedgeC/1BBOS
50Keith ShepherdRHPPHI
52Calvin JonesRHPSEANever pitched in the Majors again; never even played in the Rockies' minor leagues

Round 3

PickPlayerPositionFromNote
54Brad AusmusCNYYWas traded to SD on July 26 and made MLB debut 2 days later
56Marcus MooreRHPTOR
58Armando ReynosoRHPATL
60Steve ReedRHPSF
62Mo SanfordRHPCIN
64Pedro Castellano3BCHC
66Curtis LeskanicRHPMIN
68Scott FredricksonRHPSD
70Braulio CastilloOFPHIPlayed 39 games for AAA Colorado Springs before being traded to HOU for Mark Grant, but never played in the Majors again
72Denis BoucherLHPCLETraded before the season to SD for Jay Gainer

1992 MLB June amateur draft and minor league affiliates

The Rockies and Florida Marlins, set to debut in 1993, were allowed to participate in all rounds of the June 1992 MLB first-year player draft. The Rockies selected 27th overall in the first round, with pitcher John Burke their top pick. Of the 50 amateur free agents selected, ten made the major leagues, including Burke and—most prominently—Craig Counsell (11th round) and Quinton McCracken (25th).[8] The Rockies affiliated with two minor league clubs during 1992 to develop drafted players.

1992 farm system

Level Team League Manager
A-Short Season Bend Rockies Northwest League Gene Glynn
Rookie AZL Rockies/Cubs Arizona League Paul Zuvella

AZL club affiliation shared with Chicago Cubs

Regular season

Opening Day starters

Season standings

NL West W L Pct. GB Home Road
Atlanta Braves 10458 0.642 51–30 53–28
San Francisco Giants 10359 0.636 1 50–31 53–28
Houston Astros 8577 0.525 19 44–37 41–40
Los Angeles Dodgers 8181 0.500 23 41–40 40–41
Cincinnati Reds 7389 0.451 31 41–40 32–49
Colorado Rockies 6795 0.414 37 39–42 28–53
San Diego Padres 61101 0.377 43 34–47 27–54

Record vs. opponents


Sources:
Team ATL CHC CIN COL FLA HOU LAD MON NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL
Atlanta 7–510–313–07–58–58–57–59–36–67–59–47–66–6
Chicago 5–77–58–46–74–87–55–8–18–57–65–88–46–68–5
Cincinnati 3–105–79–47–56–75–84–86–64–88–49–42–115–7
Colorado 0–134–84–97–511–27–63–96–63–98–46–73–105–7
Florida 5–77–65–75–73–95–75–84–94–96–77–54–84–9
Houston 5–88–47–62–119–39–45–711–15–77–58–53–106–6
Los Angeles 5–85–78–56–77–54–96–68–42–108–49–47–66–6
Montreal 5–78–5–18–49–38–57–56–69–46–78–510–23–97–6
New York 3–95–86–66–69–41–114–84–93–104–95–74–85–8
Philadelphia 6-66–78–49–39–47–510–27–610–37–66–64–88–5
Pittsburgh 5–78–54–84–87–65–74–85–89–46–79–35–74–9
San Diego 4–94–84–97–65–75–84–92–107–56–63–93–107–5
San Francisco 6–76–611–210–38–410–36–79–38–48–47–510–34–8
St. Louis 6–65–87–57–59–46–66–66–78–55–89–45–78–4

Roster

1993 Colorado Rockies
Roster
Pitchers Catchers

Infielders

Outfielders Manager

Coaches

Transactions

  • April 3, 1993: Dale Murphy was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies.[10]
  • April 29, 1993: Scott Aldred was selected off waivers by the Montreal Expos from the Colorado Rockies.[11]
  • May 14, 1993: Mike Munoz was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies.[12]
  • May 19, 1993: Gerald Young was released by the Colorado Rockies.[13]
  • June 2, 1993: Bryn Smith was released by the Colorado Rockies.[6]
  • July 16, 1993: Kent Bottenfield was traded by the Montreal Expos to the Colorado Rockies for Butch Henry.[14]
  • July 26, 1993: Brad Ausmus was traded by the Colorado Rockies with Doug Bochtler and a player to be named later to the San Diego Padres for Bruce Hurst and Greg Harris. The Colorado Rockies sent Andy Ashby (July 27, 1993) to the San Diego Padres to complete the trade.[15]

Draft picks

Major League debuts

Game log

Game Log
April (814)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
1April 5@ Mets30Gooden (10)Nied (01)53,12701
2April 7@ Mets61Saberhagen (10)Ruffin (01)27,29002
3April 9Expos114Smith (10)Bottenfield (01)80,22712
4April 10Expos95Nied (11)Martínez (02)65,26122
5April 11Expos199Jones (10)Henry (01)66,98723
6April 13Mets84Saberhagen (20)Holmes (01)52,08724
7April 14Mets63Fernandez (10)Smith (11)Maddux (1)57,48925
8April 15Mets53Nied (21)Gooden (12)52,60835
9April 16@ Expos32Bottenfield (11)Henry (02)Rojas (4)17,48336
10April 17@ Expos91Ruffin (11)Martínez (03)23,16646
11April 18@ Expos42Hill (20)Wayne (01)25,03447
12April 20@ Cardinals50Arocha (30)Smith (12)Olivares (1)30,51648
13April 21@ Cardinals112Nied (31)Magrane (02)25,43458
14April 22@ Cardinals52Perez (21)Wayne (02)Smith (6)34,21859
15April 23Marlins54Reed (10)Hammond (03)Holmes (1)57,78469
16April 24Marlins21Aquino (11)Ashby (01)Harvey (5)58,263610
17April 25Marlins111Bowen (21)Smith (13)71,192611
18April 26Cubs63Harkey (30)Nied (32)Myers (6)48,768612
19April 27Cubs112Henry (12)Morgan (14)48,328712
20April 28Cardinals76Murphy (11)Holmes (02)Smith (9)49,765713
21April 29Cardinals52Tewksbury (13)Ashby (02)Smith (10)57,472714
22April 30@ Marlins62Reynoso (10)Bowen (22)42,535814
May (722)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
23May 1@ Marlins76Harvey (11)Reed (11)43,583815
24May 2@ Marlins21Henry (22)Armstrong (23)Holmes (2)41,370915
25May 4@ Cubs1413Blair (10)McElroy (11)32,1991015
26May 5@ Cubs32Hibbard (22)Reynoso (11)Myers (8)20,2661016
27May 6Braves133Smoltz (33)Nied (33)50,6181017
28May 7Braves135Freeman (10)Parrett (01)65,4291018
29May 8Braves87Mercker (20)Fredrickson (01)Stanton (11)64,6141019
30May 9Braves127McMichael (11)Reed (12)70,7861020
31May 10Giants74Reynoso (21)Wilson (03)50,7051120
32May 11Giants53Swift (41)Nied (34)Beck (8)49,0721121
33May 12Giants82Black (30)Henry (23)50,1051122
34May 13Giants138Burkett (60)Ruffin (12)58,8331123
35May 14@ Reds135Pugh (33)Ashby (03)48,3521124
36May 15@ Reds53Hill (30)Reynoso (22)Reardon (6)49,6971125
37May 16@ Reds142Roper (10)Nied (35)35,4341126
38May 17@ Padres40Benes (63)Henry (24)15,2511127
39May 18@ Padres21Wayne (12)Rodriguez (12)Holmes (3)15,3471227
40May 19@ Padres73Harris (45)Painter (01)12,7731228
41May 20@ Padres54Harris (30)Holmes (03)22,0981229
42May 21@ Dodgers80Hershiser (54)Nied (36)51,8181230
43May 22@ Dodgers43McDowell (20)Henry (25)Gott (6)50,5371231
44May 23@ Dodgers40Martinez (33)Blair (11)48,3431232
45May 25@ Astros75Wayne (22)Hernandez (21)Ashby (1)18,8121332
46May 26@ Astros32Smith (23)Jones (14)Parrett (1)22,2671432
47May 27@ Astros80Drabek (55)Nied (37)22,3721433
48May 28Phillies159Rivera (32)Henry (26)58,3121434
49May 29Phillies60Mulholland (64)Blair (12)56,2631435
50May 30Phillies181Greene (70)Painter (02)56,7101436
51May 31Pirates62Reynoso (32)Wakefield (35)47,6651536
June (1114)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
52June 1Pirates86Walk (73)Smith (24)45,7521537
53June 2Pirates53Petkovsek (10)Parrett (02)Belinda (11)50,1221538
54June 4@ Phillies21Blair (22)Mulholland (65)Wayne (1)43,3331638
55June 5@ Phillies62Greene (80)Reynoso (33)43,8371639
56June 6@ Phillies117Schilling (71)Ashby (04)55,7141640
57June 8@ Pirates41Ruffin (22)Wagner (13)Shepherd (1)16,7221740
58June 9@ Pirates41Neagle (21)Blair (23)Belinda (13)30,6251741
59June 11Astros54Parrett (12)Hernandez (22)Holmes (4)57,1361841
60June 12Astros1411Shepherd (10)Jones (35)60,8641941
61June 13Astros91Ruffin (32)Swindell (56)60,3492041
62June 14Dodgers94Astacio (54)Blair (24)51,4752042
63June 15Dodgers124McDowell (30)Shepherd (11)55,7722043
64June 16Dodgers76Reynoso (43)Gross (55)Grant (1)51,7652143
65June 18Padres111Harris (77)Ruffin (33)52,1592144
66June 19Padres173Blair (34)Taylor (05)55,6032244
67June 20Padres31Reed (22)Mason (05)Holmes (5)63,6612344
68June 21Reds54Reed (32)Reardon (11)51,8352444
69June 22Reds1613Wickander (10)Grant (01)Dibble (6)58,5972445
70June 23Reds155Parrett (22)Pugh (39)60,2822545
71June 24@ Giants172Burkett (112)Blair (35)39,8272546
72June 25@ Giants72Hickerson (11)Henry (27)30,7222547
73June 26@ Giants51Reynoso (53)Wilson (54)39,3272647
74June 27@ Giants50Swift (104)Leskanic (01)45,4082648
75June 29@ Braves64Smoltz (77)Ruffin (34)Stanton (21)48,9742649
76June 30@ Braves32Wohlers (20)Shepherd (12)48,7912650
July (1017)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
77July 1@ Braves40Glavine (103)Reynoso (54)45,2522651
78July 2Cubs118Bautista (32)Shepherd (13)Myers (25)62,0372652
79July 3Cubs54Reed (42)Myers (12)63,8262752
80July 4Cubs31Parrett (32)Morgan (59)Holmes (6)59,2592852
81July 5Cubs101Harkey (62)Blair (36)55,1852853
82July 6Marlins83Reynoso (64)Hough (49)47,5282953
83July 7Marlins65Reed (52)Harvey (12)50,7073053
84July 8Marlins32Leskanic (11)Rapp (01)Holmes (7)56,8073153
85July 9@ Cardinals54Moore (10)Smith (22)Holmes (8)41,4663253
86July 10@ Cardinals93Osborne (83)Henry (28)53,1463254
87July 11@ Cardinals41Reynoso (74)Tewksbury (97)Reed (1)44,1053354
88July 15@ Cubs10Morgan (79)Blair (37)38,7653355
89July 16@ Cubs82Guzmán (87)Leskanic (12)39,2813356
90July 17@ Cubs51Harkey (73)Reynoso (75)39,5223357
91July 18@ Cubs122Hibbard (86)Parrett (33)39,0223358
92July 19@ Marlins31Bowen (59)Bottenfield (26)Harvey (26)37,7033359
93July 20@ Marlins63Blair (47)Hammond (106)Holmes (9)31,8523459
94July 21@ Marlins64Rapp (12)Leskanic (13)Harvey (27)32,1293460
95July 22Cardinals76Holmes (13)Burns (05)56,0133560
96July 23Cardinals1311Watson (20)Reed (53)Smith (34)58,5133561
97July 24Cardinals98Bottenfield (36)Osborne (94)Holmes (10)71,7843661
98July 25Cardinals54Olivares (32)Wayne (23)Guetterman (1)65,2113662
99July 26Braves127Maddux (118)Leskanic (14)62,9373663
100July 27Braves105Smoltz (98)Reynoso (76)54,5503664
101July 28Braves32Wohlers (50)Reed (54)McMichael (1)60,2373665
102July 30Giants104Brummett (23)Harris (1010)71,7103666
103July 31Giants43Swift (155)Bottenfield (37)Beck (30)72,2083667
August (1416)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
104August 1Giants65Burkett (164)Reynoso (77)Beck (31)72,4313668
105August 2@ Reds62Pugh (710)Blair (48)29,0883669
106August 3@ Reds54Spradlin (10)Leskanic (15)26,9823670
107August 4@ Reds93Roper (21)Harris (1011)22,9393671
108August 5@ Reds114Rijo (105)Bottenfield (38)33,8713672
109August 6@ Padres63Benes (137)Reynoso (78)Hoffman (3)3673
110August 6@ Padres62Sanders (10)Blair (49)41,0853674
111August 8@ Padres52Sanford (10)Brocail (28)Holmes (11)15,2483774
112August 9@ Dodgers32Reed (64)Gott (46)Holmes (12)31,9533874
113August 10@ Dodgers42Bottenfield (48)Astacio (87)34,1633974
114August 11@ Dodgers32Reynoso (88)Martínez (87)Reed (2)38,4214074
115August 12@ Dodgers41Blair (59)Hershiser (812)38,5494174
116August 13@ Astros53Wayne (33)Jones (39)Holmes (13)37,9724274
117August 14@ Astros90Harnisch (118)Harris (1012)41,5234275
118August 15@ Astros43Ruffin (44)Hernandez (33)Holmes (14)21,6904375
119August 17Phillies107Rivera (116)Reynoso (89)Williams (33)63,1834376
120August 18Phillies76Thigpen (20)Ruffin (45)Williams (34)61,0564377
121August 19Phillies65Moore (20)Mason (49)Holmes (15)53,4434477
122August 21Mets43Harris (1112)Innis (13)Holmes (16)4577
123August 21Mets86Reed (74)Jones (11)Holmes (17)60,6134677
124August 22Mets43Munoz (11)Fernandez (24)Reed (3)70,0644777
125August 23@ Phillies32Wayne (43)Mason (410)Holmes (18)40,4814877
126August 24@ Phillies42Jackson (109)Blair (510)Williams (36)43,4194878
127August 25@ Phillies85Schilling (116)Sanford (11)46,4484879
128August 26@ Mets71Gooden (1214)Harris (1113)20,0624880
129August 27@ Mets32Fernandez (34)Bottenfield (49)Innis (3)21,7654881
130August 28@ Mets75Reynoso (99)Jones (12)Holmes (19)25,2384981
131August 29@ Mets61Painter (12)Tanana (613)25,7745081
132August 30Expos61Fassero (103)Sanford (12)Rojas (10)47,6995082
133August 31Expos143Heredia (32)Harris (1114)46,2885083
September (179)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
134September 1Expos113Martínez (138)Bottenfield (410)46,7815084
135September 3Pirates76Holmes (23)Dewey (11)51,5125184
136September 4Pirates104Painter (22)Wakefield (49)56,1135284
137September 5Pirates41Ruffin (55)Walk (1213)Holmes (20)54,0345384
138September 6@ Expos43Scott (52)Reed (75)Wetteland (34)40,0665385
139September 7@ Expos43Martínez (148)Moore (21)Wetteland (35)18,9885386
140September 8@ Expos61Rueter (70)Reynoso (910)Scott (1)10,7645387
141September 9@ Pirates107Wayne (53)Johnston (23)10,0165487
142September 10@ Pirates98Moore (31)Minor (76)Holmes (21)15,3355587
143September 11@ Pirates32Bottenfield (510)Wakefield (410)Ruffin (1)21,6495687
144September 12@ Pirates43Menéndez (20)Munoz (12)21,0325688
145September 14Astros94Reynoso (1010)Drabek (816)Ruffin (2)5788
146September 14Astros65Holmes (33)Hernandez (35)42,6575888
147September 15Astros64Munoz (22)Williams (44)Holmes (22)40,8135988
148September 16Astros63Ruffin (65)Jones (12)Holmes (23)41,8476088
149September 17Dodgers123Nied (47)Candiotti (88)56,6796188
150September 18Dodgers90Astacio (138)Hurst (02)52,2936189
151September 19Dodgers85Reynoso (1110)Martínez (104)Holmes (24)61,5736289
152September 20Padres117Seminara (32)Harris (1115)Hoffman (5)41,5316290
153September 21Padres154Blair (610)Worrell (17)42,7276390
154September 22Padres114Nied (57)Benes (1514)41,0616490
155September 24Reds92Reed (85)Ayala (610)57,3306590
156September 25Reds60Rijo (148)Harris (1116)61,1796591
157September 26Reds127Reynoso (1210)Luebbers (25)70,0696691
158September 28@ Giants64Hickerson (75)Nied (58)Beck (45)28,5686692
159September 29@ Giants53Reed (95)Torres (34)Holmes (25)39,3776792
October (03)
#DateOpponentScoreWinLossSaveAttendanceRecord
160October 1@ Braves74Avery (186)Harris (1117)McMichael (18)48,9686793
161October 2@ Braves101Maddux (2010)Reynoso (1211)48,8996794
162October 3@ Braves53Glavine (226)Nied (59)McMichael (19)48,9046795

Player stats

= Indicates team leader

Batting

Starters by position

Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pos Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
C Joe Girardi 86 310 90 .290 3 31
1B Andrés Galarraga 120 470 174 .370 22 98
2B Eric Young 144 490 132 .269 3 42
SS Vinny Castilla 105 337 86 .255 9 30
3B Charlie Hayes 157 573 175 .305 25 98
LF Jerald Clark 140 478 135 .282 13 67
CF Alex Cole 126 348 89 .256 0 24
RF Dante Bichette 141 538 167 .310 21 89

Other batters

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Player G AB H Avg. HR RBI
Daryl Boston12429176.2611440
Roberto Mejía6522953.231520
Danny Sheaffer8221660.278432
Freddie Benavides7421361.286326
Chris Jones8620957.273631
Nelson Liriano4815146.305215
Jim Tatum929820.204112
Jayhawk Owens338618.20936
Pedro Castellano347113.18337
Dale Murphy26426.14307
Jay Gainer23417.17136
Gerald Young19191.05301
Eric Wedge9112.18201

Pitching

Starting pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
Armando Reynoso30189.012114.00117
David Nied1687.0595.1746
Butch Henry2084.2286.5939
Kent Bottenfield1476.2356.1030
Greg Harris1373.1186.5040
Bruce Hurst38.2015.196

Other pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G IP W L ERA SO
Willie Blair46146.06104.7584
Bruce Ruffin59139.2653.87126
Jeff Parrett4073.2335.3866
Curtis Leskanic1857.0155.3730
Andy Ashby2054.0048.5033
Lance Painter1039.0226.0016
Mo Sanford1135.2125.3036
Bryn Smith1129.2248.499

Relief pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Player G W L SV ERA SO
Darren Holmes6233254.0560
Gary Wayne655315.0549
Steve Reed649534.4851
Marcus Moore273106.8413
Scott Fredrickson250106.2120
Mike Munoz212104.5016
Keith Shepherd141316.987
Mark Grant1401112.568
Scott Aldred500010.805
Mark Knudson400022.243
Scott Service30009.643

Farm system

Level Team League Manager
AAA Colorado Springs Sky Sox Pacific Coast League Brad Mills
A Central Valley Rockies California League Paul Zuvella
A-Short Season Bend Rockies Northwest League Howie Bedell
Rookie AZL Rockies Arizona League P. J. Carey

[18]

References

  1. "Vinny Castilla Stats".
  2. "Neifi Perez Stats".
  3. "Andres Galarraga Stats".
  4. Dante Bichette Statistics - Baseball-Reference.com
  5. "Bruce Ruffin Stats".
  6. 1 2 Bryn Smith Statistics - Baseball-Reference.com
  7. "1992 Colorado Rockies Picks in the MLB June Amateur Draft".
  8. "1992 Colorado Rockies Picks in the 1992 June Amateur Draft" Baseball Reference
  9. 1993 Colorado Rockies Roster by Baseball Almanac
  10. Dale Murphy Statistics - Baseball-Reference.com
  11. "Scott Aldred Stats".
  12. "Mike Munoz Stats".
  13. "Gerald Young Stats".
  14. "Kent Bottenfield Stats".
  15. "Doug Bochtler Stats".
  16. "1993 Colorado Rockies Picks in the MLB June Amateur Draft".
  17. "1993 National League Baseball Debuts / Rookies by Baseball Almanac".
  18. Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 2nd and 3rd editions. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, 1997 and 2007
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