Bobsled team members from Germany-2 (orange and white), USA-1, (center row in blue) and USA-2 wave to the crowd after receiving their newly awarded medals during a ceremony in Salt Lake City for the men's four-man bobsled event in the 2002 Winter Olympics.
Army National Guard Outstanding Athlete Program bobsled pilot Sgt. Mike Kohn drives USA-3 through Turn 11 at Whistler Sliding Centre during the first heat of the Olympic two-man bobsled event on Saturday during the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Jill Bakken holds flowers aloft and enjoys her moment of triumph after winning the gold in the first-ever women's Olympic bobsled race 19 February. Her brakeman Vonetta Flowers is also being lifted by teammates on the left.
Bobsleigh is an Olympic sport that is contested at the Winter Olympic Games. The sport was included in the first Winter Olympics in 1924 and has been held at every Olympics since, except 1960. The four-man event, which was first held in 1924, was switched to a five-man event in 1928. The two-man event was introduced at the 1932 Lake Placid games and a two-woman event was first contested at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics.[1]
Four-man
The numbers in brackets denotes bobsledders who won gold medal in corresponding disciplines more than one time. Bold numbers denotes record number of victories in certain disciplines.
Former Army World Class Athlete Program bobsledder Steven Holcomb, front right, leads USA-1, AKA "The Night Train", team of Justin Olsen, Steve Mesler and Curtis Tomasevicz to a start time of 4.77 seconds in the third heat of the Olympic four-man bobsled event in Whistler, British Columbia at the 2010 Winter Olympics. The quartet won the first U.S. Olympic gold medal in the sport in 62 years.
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- Medals:
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Germany | 7 | 4 | 3 | 14 |
| 2 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Switzerland | 5 | 5 | 5 | 15 |
| 3 |  United States | 4 | 5 | 3 | 12 |
| 4 |  East Germany | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| 5 |  Italy | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 6 |  Austria | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 7 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 8 |  Latvia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 9 |  Great Britain | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 10 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Belgium | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 11 |  Russia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 South Korea | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 13 | West Germany | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 14 |  France | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Soviet Union | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Total | 22 | 23 | 22 | 67 | |
Two-man
The numbers in brackets denotes bobsledders who won gold medal in corresponding disciplines more than one time. Bold numbers denotes record number of victories in certain disciplines.
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- Medals:
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 6 | 3 | 3 | 12 |
| 2 | Switzerland | 5 | 5 | 6 | 16 |
| 3 | Italy | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 4 | East Germany | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| 5 | United States | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| 6 | Canada | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 7 | West Germany | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| 8 | Soviet Union | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 9 | Great Britain | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 10 | Latvia | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 11 |  Romania | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Russia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Total | 23 | 19 | 21 | 63 | |
Two-woman
The numbers in brackets denotes bobsledders who won gold medal in corresponding disciplines more than one time. Bold numbers denotes record number of victories in certain disciplines.
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- Medals:
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| 2 | Canada | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 3 | United States | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 |
| 4 | Italy | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 | |
Women's monobob
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 Beijing |
Kaillie Humphries United States |
Elana Meyers United States |
Christine de Bruin Canada |
Statistics
Medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 13 | 6 | 6 | 25 |
| 2 | Switzerland | 10 | 10 | 11 | 31 |
| 3 | United States | 7 | 10 | 8 | 25 |
| 4 | East Germany | 5 | 5 | 3 | 13 |
| 5 | Canada | 5 | 2 | 2 | 9 |
| 6 | Italy | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
| 7 | West Germany | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| 8 | Austria | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 9 | Great Britain | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 10 | Latvia | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| Soviet Union | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | |
| 12 | Belgium | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Russia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 14 | South Korea | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 15 | France | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Romania | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (16 entries) | 49 | 46 | 47 | 142 | |
Bobsledders medal leaders
East German brakeman Bogdan Musioł participated in five Winter Olympics and won record 7 medals, including gold in 1980.
- Men
| Biathlete | Nation | Olympics * | Status ** | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bogdan Musiol | East Germany (GDR) Germany (GER) |
1980–1994 | B | 1 | 5 | 1 | 7 |
| Kevin Kuske | Germany (GER) |
2002–2018 | B | 4 | 2 | 0 | 6 |
| Wolfgang Hoppe | East Germany (GDR) Germany (GER) |
1984–1994 | P | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| Eugenio Monti | Italy (ITA) |
1956, 1964–1968 | P | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| André Lange | Germany (GER) |
2002–2010 | P | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| Fritz Feierabend |  Switzerland (SUI) |
1936, 1948–1952 | B/P | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| Francesco Friedrich | Germany (GER) |
2018–2022 | P | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Thorsten Margis | Germany (GER) |
2018–2022 | B | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Bernhard Germeshausen | East Germany (GDR) |
1976–1980 | B/P | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| Meinhard Nehmer | East Germany (GDR) |
1976–1980 | P | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Donat Acklin | Switzerland (SUI) |
1988–1994 | B | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Gustav Weder | Switzerland (SUI) |
1988–1994 | P | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Markus Zimmermann | Germany (GER) |
1992–2002 | B | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Christoph Langen | West Germany (FRG) Germany (GER) |
1988–1992, 1998–2002 |
B/P | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| Joseph Benz | Switzerland (SUI) |
1976–1980 | B | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Bernhard Lehmann | East Germany (GDR) |
1976, 1984–1988 | B/P | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Erich Schärer | Switzerland (SUI) |
1976–1980 | P | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Wolfgang Zimmerer | West Germany (FRG) |
1968–1976 | P | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Beat Hefti | Switzerland (SUI) |
2002–2014 | B/P | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
- Women
| Biathlete | Nation | Olympics * | Status ** | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elana Meyers Taylor | United States (USA) |
2010–2022 | B/P | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| Kaillie Humphries | Canada (CAN) United States (USA) |
2010–2022 | P | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| Heather Moyse | Canada (CAN) |
2006–2018 | B | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Sandra Kiriasis (Prokoff) | Germany (GER) |
2002–2014 | P | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Mariama Jamanka | Germany (GER) |
2018–2022 | P | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
* denotes all Olympics in which mentioned athletes took part. Boldface denotes latest Olympics.
** Status: B - participated at Olympics as brakeman, P - participated at Olympics as pilot, B/P - participated at Olympics both as brakeman and as pilot.
Most successful bobsledders
Top 10 most successful bobsledders (by number of victories) at the Winter Olympics are listed below. Boldface denotes active bobsledders and highest medal count among all bobsledders (including these who not included in these tables) per type.
In 2002-2010, German brakeman Kevin Kuske (left) and pilot André Lange (right) won 5 Olympic medals together, including record 4 golds and one silver. In 2018 Kevin Kuske won another silver medal therefore becoming the most successful bobsledder in Olympic history.
Men
| Rank | Bobsledder | Country | From * | To * | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Status ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kevin Kuske | Germany | 2002 | 2018 | 4 | 2 | - | 6 | B |
| 2 | André Lange | Germany | 2002 | 2010 | 4 | 1 | - | 5 | P |
| 3 | Francesco Friedrich | Germany | 2018 | 2022 | 4 | - | - | 4 | P |
| Thorsten Margis | Germany | 2018 | 2022 | 4 | - | - | 4 | B | |
| 5 | Bernhard Germeshausen | East Germany | 1976 | 1980 | 3 | 1 | - | 4 | B/P |
| 6 | Meinhard Nehmer | East Germany | 1976 | 1980 | 3 | - | 1 | 4 | P |
| 7 | Wolfgang Hoppe | East Germany Germany | 1984 | 1994 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 | P |
| 8 | Eugenio Monti | Italy | 1956 | 1968 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | P |
| 9 | Donat Acklin | Switzerland | 1992 | 1994 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | B |
| Gustav Weder | Switzerland | 1992 | 1994 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | P | |
| Markus Zimmermann | Germany | 1992 | 2002 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | B |
Canadian pilot Kaillie Humphries is the most successful female bobsledder in Olympic history. In 2010 and 2014 she and Heather Moyse won record 2 gold medals. In 2018 Kaillie Humphries won bronze medal in pair with Phylicia George.
Women
| Rank | Bobsledder | Country | From * | To * | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Status ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kaillie Humphries | Canada United States | 2010 | 2022 | 3 | - | 1 | 4 | P |
| 2 | Heather Moyse | Canada | 2010 | 2014 | 2 | - | - | 2 | B |
| 3 | Sandra Kiriasis (Prokoff) | Germany | 2002 | 2006 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | P |
| Mariama Jamanka | Germany | 2018 | 2022 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | P | |
| 5 | Jill Bakken | United States | 2002 | 2002 | 1 | - | - | 1 | P |
| Lisa Buckwitz | Germany | 2018 | 2018 | 1 | - | - | 1 | B | |
| Vonetta Flowers | United States | 2002 | 2002 | 1 | - | - | 1 | B | |
| Anja Schneiderheinze | Germany | 2006 | 2006 | 1 | - | - | 1 | B | |
| 9 | Elana Meyers Taylor | United States | 2010 | 2022 | - | 3 | 2 | 5 | B/P |
| 10 | Shelley-Ann Brown | Canada | 2010 | 2010 | - | 1 | - | 1 | B |
| Valerie Fleming | United States | 2006 | 2006 | - | 1 | - | 1 | B | |
| Lauren Gibbs | United States | 2018 | 2018 | - | 1 | - | 1 | B | |
| Ulrike Holzner | Germany | 2002 | 2002 | - | 1 | - | 1 | B | |
| Shauna Rohbock | United States | 2006 | 2006 | - | 1 | - | 1 | P | |
| Helen Upperton | Canada | 2010 | 2010 | - | 1 | - | 1 | P | |
| Lauryn Williams | United States | 2014 | 2014 | - | 1 | - | 1 | B |
* denotes only those Olympics at which mentioned biathletes won at least one medal
** Status: B - won Olympic medals as brakeman, P - won Olympic medals as Olympics as pilot, B/P - won Olympic medals both as brakeman and as pilot.
Medals per year
| × | NOC did not exist or did not participate in bobsleigh events | # | Number of medals won by the NOC | – | NOC did not win any medals |
- bolded numbers indicate the highest medal count at that year's Olympic Games.
| NOC | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 94 | 98 | 02 | 06 | 10 | 14 | 18 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (AUT) | × | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| Belgium (BEL) | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | × | – | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | – | – | – | 2 |
| Canada (CAN) | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| France (FRA) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | 1 | – | – | × | – | – | 1 |
| East Germany (GDR) | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | 13 |
| West Germany (FRG) | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | 1 | 3 | 2 | – | – | – | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | 6 |
| Germany (GER) | × | 1 | 1 | – | × | 2 | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | – | 4 | 25 |
| Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | – | × | 1 | – | × | – | × | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 5 |
| Italy (ITA) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | × | 3 | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | 12 |
| Latvia (LAT) | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Romania (ROU) | × | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Russia (RUS) | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | × | 2 |
| South Korea (KOR) | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | – | – | 1 | 1 |
| Soviet Union (URS) | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | 1 | 2 | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | 3 |
| Switzerland (SUI) | 1 | – | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | × | – | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | – | 1 | – | 31 |
| United States (USA) | × | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | × | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 25 |
Medal sweep events
These are events in which athletes from one NOC won all three medals.
| Games | Event | NOC | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 Beijing | Two-man | Germany (GER) |
Francesco Friedrich Thorsten Margis |
Johannes Lochner Florian Bauer |
Christoph Hafer Matthias Sommer |
See also
References
- General
- "Results database". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- "Bobsleigh: 2-Man Bobsled". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- "Bobsleigh: Four-Man Bobsled". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- "Bobsleigh: 2-Woman Bobsled". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- "Olympic Review and Revue Olympique". LA84 Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- Specific
- ↑ "Bobsleigh History". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Great Britain Bobsleigh at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Belgium Bobsleigh at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "United States Bobsleigh at the 1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Germany Bobsleigh at the 1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "United States Bobsleigh at the 1932 Lake Placid Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Germany Bobsleigh at the 1932 Lake Placid Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 3 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Great Britain Bobsleigh at the 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 3 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "United States Bobsleigh at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Belgium Bobsleigh at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Germany Bobsleigh at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "United States Bobsleigh at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 3 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Italy Bobsleigh at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "United States Bobsleigh at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Canada Bobsleigh at the 1964 Innsbruck Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Austria Bobsleigh at the 1964 Innsbruck Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 3 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Italy Bobsleigh at the 1964 Innsbruck Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Italy Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Austria Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1972 Sapporo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Italy Bobsleigh at the 1972 Sapporo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 3 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "West Germany Bobsleigh at the 1972 Sapporo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "East Germany Bobsleigh at the 1976 Innsbruck Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1976 Innsbruck Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "West Germany Bobsleigh at the 1976 Innsbruck Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "East Germany Bobsleigh at the 1980 Lake Placid Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1980 Lake Placid Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "East Germany Bobsleigh at the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1988 Calgary Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "East Germany Bobsleigh at the 1988 Calgary Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Soviet Union Bobsleigh at the 1988 Calgary Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Austria Bobsleigh at the 1992 Albertville Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Germany Bobsleigh at the 1992 Albertville Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1992 Albertville Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Germany Bobsleigh at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Germany Bobsleigh at the 1998 Nagano Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1998 Nagano Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "France Bobsleigh at the 1998 Nagano Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Great Britain Bobsleigh at the 1998 Nagano Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Germany Bobsleigh at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "United States Bobsleigh at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Germany Bobsleigh at the 2006 Torino Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Russia Bobsleigh at the 2006 Torino Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 2006 Torino Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "United States Bobsleigh at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Germany Bobsleigh at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Canada Bobsleigh at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1932 Lake Placid Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "United States Bobsleigh at the 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- 1 2 Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Switzerland Bobsleigh at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Great Britaim Bobsleigh at the 1964 Innsbruck Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "West Germany Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Romania Bobsleigh at the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
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